diff --git a/src/spice2x/CMakeLists.txt b/src/spice2x/CMakeLists.txt
index 5b0c0ad..e74e99a 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/spice2x/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ set(RESOURCE_FILES build/manifest.manifest build/manifest.rc build/icon.rc cfg/W
 add_executable(spicetools_spice ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice
         PUBLIC d3d9 ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice PUBLIC winscard)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spice")
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ set(RESOURCE_FILES build/manifest.manifest build/manifest.rc build/icon.rc cfg/W
 add_executable(spicetools_spice_laa ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice_laa
         PUBLIC d3d9 ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice_laa PUBLIC winscard)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice_laa PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice_laa PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spice_laa")
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ set(RESOURCE_FILES build/manifest.manifest build/manifest.rc build/icon.rc cfg/W
 add_executable(spicetools_spice_linux ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice_linux
         PUBLIC d3d9 ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice_linux PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice_linux PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spice_linux")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_spice_linux PRIVATE NO_SCARD=1 PRIVATE SPICE_LINUX=1)
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ add_executable(spicetools_spice64 ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 # do NOT link against: mf, mfplat, mfreadwrite; otherwise unity games will break
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice64
         PUBLIC d3d9 ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp mfuuid strmiids dxva2
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice64 PUBLIC winscard)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice64 PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice64 PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spice64")
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ add_executable(spicetools_spice64_linux ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 # do NOT link against: mf, mfplat, mfreadwrite; otherwise unity games will break
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_spice64_linux
         PUBLIC d3d9 ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp mfuuid strmiids dxva2
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice64_linux PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_spice64_linux PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spice64_linux")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_spice64_linux PRIVATE SPICE64=1)
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ set(RESOURCE_FILES cfg/manifest.manifest cfg/manifest.rc cfg/icon.rc cfg/Win32D.
 add_executable(spicetools_cfg WIN32 ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_cfg
         PUBLIC ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp strmiids
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_cfg PUBLIC winscard)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_cfg PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_cfg PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spicecfg")
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ set(RESOURCE_FILES cfg/manifest.manifest cfg/manifest.rc cfg/icon.rc cfg/Win32D.
 add_executable(spicetools_cfg_linux WIN32 ${SOURCE_FILES} ${RESOURCE_FILES})
 target_link_libraries(spicetools_cfg_linux
         PUBLIC ws2_32 version comctl32 shlwapi iphlpapi hid secur32 setupapi psapi winmm winhttp strmiids
-        PRIVATE fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
+        PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only discord-rpc imgui hash-library minhook imm32 dwmapi CpuFeatures::cpu_features)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_cfg_linux PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_cfg_linux PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "spicecfg_linux")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_cfg_linux PRIVATE SPICETOOLS_SPICECFG_STANDALONE=1)
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ endif()
 # kbt.dll
 set(SOURCE_FILES stubs/stubs.cpp)
 add_library(spicetools_stubs_kbt SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES} stubs/stubs.def)
-target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kbt PRIVATE fmt-header-only)
+target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kbt PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kbt PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kbt PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "kbt")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_stubs_kbt PRIVATE STUB=1)
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ endif()
 
 # kbt.dll 64bit
 add_library(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES} stubs/stubs.def)
-target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 PRIVATE fmt-header-only)
+target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "kbt")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_stubs_kbt64 PRIVATE STUB=1)
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ endif()
 # kld.dll
 set(SOURCE_FILES stubs/stubs.cpp)
 add_library(spicetools_stubs_kld SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES} stubs/stubs.def)
-target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kld PRIVATE fmt-header-only)
+target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kld PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kld PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kld PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "kld")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_stubs_kld PRIVATE STUB=1)
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ endif()
 
 # kld.dll 64bit
 add_library(spicetools_stubs_kld64 SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES} stubs/stubs.def)
-target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kld64 PRIVATE fmt-header-only)
+target_link_libraries(spicetools_stubs_kld64 PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kld64 PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 set_target_properties(spicetools_stubs_kld64 PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "kld")
 target_compile_definitions(spicetools_stubs_kld64 PRIVATE STUB=1)
diff --git a/src/spice2x/api/response.cpp b/src/spice2x/api/response.cpp
index 74760c3..d7f28bb 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/api/response.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/api/response.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Response::Response(uint64_t id) {
     // check for error
     auto error = document.GetParseError();
     if (error)
-        log_warning("api", "response template parse error: {}", error);
+        log_warning("api", "response template parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
 
     // set ID
     document["id"].SetUint64(id);
diff --git a/src/spice2x/avs/automap.cpp b/src/spice2x/avs/automap.cpp
index 8f2fe43..b7a53ab 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/avs/automap.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/avs/automap.cpp
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ namespace avs::automap {
     int property_node_read(avs::core::node_ptr node, avs::core::node_type type, void *data, uint32_t data_size) {
         auto result = avs::core::property_node_read(node, type, data, data_size);
         if (result < 0 && property_patches_enabled(nullptr, node)) {
-            log_warning("automap", "property_node_read failed ({}): {}", type, result);
+            log_warning("automap", "property_node_read failed ({}): {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(type), result);
 
             // probably wrong type
             memset(data, 0, data_size);
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace avs::automap {
             if (parent_node && parent_node != node) {
                 char name_buf[256] {};
                 if (avs::core::property_node_name(node, name_buf, sizeof(name_buf)) >= 0) {
-                    log_warning("automap", "property_node_read replace type ({}): {}", type, result);
+                    log_warning("automap", "property_node_read replace type ({}): {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(type), result);
                     avs::core::property_node_remove(node);
                     avs::core::property_node_create(nullptr, parent_node, type, name_buf, data);
                 }
diff --git a/src/spice2x/cfg/config.cpp b/src/spice2x/cfg/config.cpp
index ddbab31..5f4b50f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/cfg/config.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/cfg/config.cpp
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Config::Config() {
                 this->firstFillConfigFile();
                 break;
             default:
-                log_warning("cfg", "Unknown XML error reading config: {}", configLoadError);
+                log_warning("cfg", "Unknown XML error reading config: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(configLoadError));
                 break;
         }
     } while (configLoadError != tinyxml2::XMLError::XML_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/src/spice2x/cfg/option.cpp b/src/spice2x/cfg/option.cpp
index 9197571..4b9e47f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/cfg/option.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/cfg/option.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 #include "util/logging.h"
 #include "util/utils.h"
 
+static auto format_as(OptionType f) {
+    return fmt::underlying(f);
+}
+
 void Option::value_add(std::string new_value) {
 
     // put in primary slot if possible
diff --git a/src/spice2x/cfg/screen_resize.cpp b/src/spice2x/cfg/screen_resize.cpp
index 8d78f1a..c1102aa 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/cfg/screen_resize.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/cfg/screen_resize.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace cfg {
         // check parse error
         auto error = doc.GetParseError();
         if (error) {
-            log_warning("ScreenResize", "config parse error: {}", error);
+            log_warning("ScreenResize", "config parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.clang-format b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.clang-format
deleted file mode 100644
index df55d34..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.clang-format
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# Run manually to reformat a file:
-# clang-format -i --style=file <file>
-Language: Cpp
-BasedOnStyle: Google
-IndentPPDirectives: AfterHash
-IndentCaseLabels: false
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.gitignore b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a37cb9..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-.vscode/
-.vs/
-
-*.iml
-.idea/
-.externalNativeBuild/
-.gradle/
-gradle/
-gradlew*
-local.properties
-build/
-support/.cxx
-
-bin/
-/_CPack_Packages
-/CMakeScripts
-/doc/doxyxml
-/doc/html
-/doc/node_modules
-virtualenv
-/Testing
-/install_manifest.txt
-*~
-*.a
-*.so*
-*.xcodeproj
-*.zip
-cmake_install.cmake
-CPack*.cmake
-fmt-*.cmake
-CTestTestfile.cmake
-CMakeCache.txt
-CMakeFiles
-FMT.build
-Makefile
-run-msbuild.bat
-fmt.pc
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CMakeLists.txt b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
index ae9c569..3c05513 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1...3.18)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8...3.28)
 
 # Fallback for using newer policies on CMake <3.12.
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.12)
+if (${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.12)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
-endif()
+endif ()
 
 # Determine if fmt is built as a subproject (using add_subdirectory)
 # or if it is the master project.
 if (NOT DEFINED FMT_MASTER_PROJECT)
   set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT OFF)
-  if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+  # NOTE: source vs current_source detection is unreliable
+  # this heuristic is more generally applicable esp w.r.t FetchContent
+  if (NOT DEFINED PROJECT_NAME)
     set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT ON)
     message(STATUS "CMake version: ${CMAKE_VERSION}")
   endif ()
@@ -17,22 +19,108 @@ endif ()
 
 # Joins arguments and places the results in ${result_var}.
 function(join result_var)
-  set(result )
+  set(result "")
   foreach (arg ${ARGN})
     set(result "${result}${arg}")
   endforeach ()
   set(${result_var} "${result}" PARENT_SCOPE)
 endfunction()
 
+# DEPRECATED! Should be merged into add_module_library.
 function(enable_module target)
   if (MSVC)
-    set(BMI ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${target}.ifc)
-    target_compile_options(${target}
-      PRIVATE /interface /ifcOutput ${BMI}
-      INTERFACE /reference fmt=${BMI})
+    if(NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR STREQUAL "Ninja")
+      set(BMI_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
+      file(TO_NATIVE_PATH "${BMI_DIR}/${target}.ifc" BMI)
+      target_compile_options(${target}
+        PRIVATE /interface /ifcOutput ${BMI}
+        INTERFACE /reference fmt=${BMI})
+      set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${BMI})
+      set_source_files_properties(${BMI} PROPERTIES GENERATED ON)
+    endif()
   endif ()
-  set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${BMI})
-  set_source_files_properties(${BMI} PROPERTIES GENERATED ON)
+endfunction()
+
+set(FMT_USE_CMAKE_MODULES FALSE)
+if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.28 AND
+    CMAKE_GENERATOR STREQUAL "Ninja")
+  set(FMT_USE_CMAKE_MODULES TRUE)
+endif ()
+
+# Adds a library compiled with C++20 module support.
+# `enabled` is a CMake variables that specifies if modules are enabled.
+# If modules are disabled `add_module_library` falls back to creating a
+# non-modular library.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   add_module_library(<name> [sources...] FALLBACK [sources...] [IF enabled])
+function(add_module_library name)
+  cmake_parse_arguments(AML "" "IF" "FALLBACK" ${ARGN})
+  set(sources ${AML_UNPARSED_ARGUMENTS})
+
+  add_library(${name})
+  set_target_properties(${name} PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE CXX)
+
+  if (NOT ${${AML_IF}})
+    # Create a non-modular library.
+    target_sources(${name} PRIVATE ${AML_FALLBACK})
+    set_target_properties(${name} PROPERTIES CXX_SCAN_FOR_MODULES OFF)
+    return()
+  endif ()
+
+  # Modules require C++20.
+  target_compile_features(${name} PUBLIC cxx_std_20)
+  if (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
+    target_compile_options(${name} PUBLIC -fmodules-ts)
+  endif ()
+
+  if (FMT_USE_CMAKE_MODULES)
+    target_sources(${name} PUBLIC FILE_SET fmt TYPE CXX_MODULES
+                   FILES ${sources})
+  else()
+    # `std` is affected by CMake options and may be higher than C++20.
+    get_target_property(std ${name} CXX_STANDARD)
+
+    if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+      set(pcms)
+      foreach (src ${sources})
+        get_filename_component(pcm ${src} NAME_WE)
+        set(pcm ${pcm}.pcm)
+
+        # Propagate -fmodule-file=*.pcm to targets that link with this library.
+        target_compile_options(
+          ${name} PUBLIC -fmodule-file=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${pcm})
+
+        # Use an absolute path to prevent target_link_libraries prepending -l
+        # to it.
+        set(pcms ${pcms} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${pcm})
+        add_custom_command(
+          OUTPUT ${pcm}
+          COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}
+                  -std=c++${std} -x c++-module --precompile -c
+                  -o ${pcm} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${src}
+                  "-I$<JOIN:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:${name},INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>,;-I>"
+          # Required by the -I generator expression above.
+          COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS
+          DEPENDS ${src})
+      endforeach ()
+
+      # Add .pcm files as sources to make sure they are built before the library.
+      set(sources)
+      foreach (pcm ${pcms})
+        get_filename_component(pcm_we ${pcm} NAME_WE)
+        set(obj ${pcm_we}.o)
+        # Use an absolute path to prevent target_link_libraries prepending -l.
+        set(sources ${sources} ${pcm} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${obj})
+        add_custom_command(
+          OUTPUT ${obj}
+          COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} $<TARGET_PROPERTY:${name},COMPILE_OPTIONS>
+                  -c -o ${obj} ${pcm}
+          DEPENDS ${pcm})
+      endforeach ()
+    endif ()
+    target_sources(${name} PRIVATE ${sources})
+  endif()
 endfunction()
 
 include(CMakeParseArguments)
@@ -79,28 +167,28 @@ option(FMT_INSTALL "Generate the install target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(FMT_TEST "Generate the test target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(FMT_FUZZ "Generate the fuzz target." OFF)
 option(FMT_CUDA_TEST "Generate the cuda-test target." OFF)
-option(FMT_OS "Include core requiring OS (Windows/Posix) " ON)
+option(FMT_OS "Include OS-specific APIs." ON)
 option(FMT_MODULE "Build a module instead of a traditional library." OFF)
+option(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS "Expose headers with marking them as system." OFF)
+option(FMT_UNICODE "Enable Unicode support." ON)
 
-set(FMT_CAN_MODULE OFF)
-if (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD GREATER 17 AND
-    # msvc 16.10-pre4
-    MSVC AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 19.29.30035)
-  set(FMT_CAN_MODULE ON)
-endif ()
-if (NOT FMT_CAN_MODULE)
-  set(FMT_MODULE OFF)
-  message(STATUS "Module support is disabled.")
-endif ()
 if (FMT_TEST AND FMT_MODULE)
   # The tests require {fmt} to be compiled as traditional library
   message(STATUS "Testing is incompatible with build mode 'module'.")
 endif ()
+set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE "")
+if (FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS)
+  set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE SYSTEM)
+endif ()
+if (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "MSDOS")
+  set(FMT_TEST OFF)
+  message(STATUS "MSDOS is incompatible with gtest")
+endif ()
 
-# Get version from core.h
-file(READ include/fmt/core.h core_h)
-if (NOT core_h MATCHES "FMT_VERSION ([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9])([0-9][0-9])")
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot get FMT_VERSION from core.h.")
+# Get version from base.h
+file(READ include/fmt/base.h base_h)
+if (NOT base_h MATCHES "FMT_VERSION ([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9])([0-9][0-9])")
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot get FMT_VERSION from base.h.")
 endif ()
 # Use math to skip leading zeros if any.
 math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
@@ -108,29 +196,19 @@ math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_2})
 math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH ${CMAKE_MATCH_3})
 join(FMT_VERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR}.
                  ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH})
-message(STATUS "Version: ${FMT_VERSION}")
+message(STATUS "{fmt} version: ${FMT_VERSION}")
 
 message(STATUS "Build type: ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")
 
 if (NOT CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
-  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
+  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
 endif ()
 
-set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH}
-  "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake")
+list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake")
 
-include(cxx14)
 include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
 include(JoinPaths)
 
-list(FIND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES "cxx_variadic_templates" index)
-if (${index} GREATER -1)
-  # Use cxx_variadic_templates instead of more appropriate cxx_std_11 for
-  # compatibility with older CMake versions.
-  set(FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES cxx_variadic_templates)
-endif ()
-message(STATUS "Required features: ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES}")
-
 if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET)
   set_verbose(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden CACHE STRING
               "Preset for the export of private symbols")
@@ -151,7 +229,7 @@ if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
       -Wcast-align
       -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wdisabled-optimization
       -Winvalid-pch -Woverloaded-virtual
-      -Wconversion -Wswitch-enum -Wundef
+      -Wconversion -Wundef
       -Wno-ctor-dtor-privacy -Wno-format-nonliteral)
   if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.6)
       set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
@@ -164,7 +242,13 @@ if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
   endif ()
   if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 6.0)
       set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wshift-overflow=2
-          -Wnull-dereference -Wduplicated-cond)
+          -Wduplicated-cond)
+      # Workaround for GCC regression
+      # [12/13/14/15 regression] New (since gcc 12) false positive null-dereference in vector.resize
+      # https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=108860
+      if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 12.0)
+        set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wnull-dereference)
+      endif ()
   endif ()
   set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
 endif ()
@@ -204,18 +288,6 @@ if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
     ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM} -p:FrameworkPathOverride=\"${netfxpath}\" %*")
 endif ()
 
-set(strtod_l_headers stdlib.h)
-if (APPLE)
-  set(strtod_l_headers ${strtod_l_headers} xlocale.h)
-endif ()
-
-include(CheckSymbolExists)
-if (WIN32)
-  check_symbol_exists(_strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
-else ()
-  check_symbol_exists(strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
-endif ()
-
 function(add_headers VAR)
   set(headers ${${VAR}})
   foreach (header ${ARGN})
@@ -225,29 +297,22 @@ function(add_headers VAR)
 endfunction()
 
 # Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
-add_headers(FMT_HEADERS args.h chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h
-                        format-inl.h locale.h os.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h
+set(FMT_HEADERS)
+add_headers(FMT_HEADERS args.h base.h chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h
+                        format-inl.h os.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h std.h
                         xchar.h)
-if (FMT_MODULE)
-  set(FMT_SOURCES src/fmt.cc)
-elseif (FMT_OS)
-  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc src/os.cc)
-else()
-  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
-endif ()
+set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
 
-add_library(fmt ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.rst ChangeLog.rst)
+add_module_library(fmt src/fmt.cc FALLBACK
+                   ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.md ChangeLog.md
+                   IF FMT_MODULE)
 add_library(fmt::fmt ALIAS fmt)
-
-if (HAVE_STRTOD_L)
-  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_LOCALE)
-endif ()
-
-if (MINGW)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag("Wa,-mbig-obj" FMT_HAS_MBIG_OBJ)
-  if (${FMT_HAS_MBIG_OBJ})
-    target_compile_options(fmt PUBLIC "-Wa,-mbig-obj")
-  endif()
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  enable_module(fmt)
+elseif (FMT_OS)
+  target_sources(fmt PRIVATE src/os.cc)
+else()
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_OS=0)
 endif ()
 
 if (FMT_WERROR)
@@ -256,13 +321,14 @@ endif ()
 if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
   target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
 endif ()
-if (FMT_MODULE)
-  enable_module(fmt)
+
+if (cxx_std_11 IN_LIST CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES)
+  target_compile_features(fmt PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
+else ()
+  message(WARNING "Feature cxx_std_11 is unknown for the CXX compiler")
 endif ()
 
-target_compile_features(fmt INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
-
-target_include_directories(fmt PUBLIC
+target_include_directories(fmt ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} BEFORE PUBLIC
   $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
   $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
 
@@ -270,7 +336,16 @@ set(FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX d CACHE STRING "Debug library postfix.")
 
 set_target_properties(fmt PROPERTIES
   VERSION ${FMT_VERSION} SOVERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}
-  DEBUG_POSTFIX "${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}")
+  PUBLIC_HEADER "${FMT_HEADERS}"
+  DEBUG_POSTFIX "${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}"
+
+  # Workaround for Visual Studio 2017:
+  # Ensure the .pdb is created with the same name and in the same directory
+  # as the .lib. Newer VS versions already do this by default, but there is no
+  # harm in setting it for those too. Ignored by other generators.
+  COMPILE_PDB_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}"
+  COMPILE_PDB_NAME "fmt"
+  COMPILE_PDB_NAME_DEBUG "fmt${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}")
 
 # Set FMT_LIB_NAME for pkg-config fmt.pc. We cannot use the OUTPUT_NAME target
 # property because it's not set by default.
@@ -280,25 +355,30 @@ if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
 endif ()
 
 if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
-  if (UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "SunOS" AND
-      NOT EMSCRIPTEN)
-    # Fix rpmlint warning:
-    # unused-direct-shlib-dependency /usr/lib/libformat.so.1.1.0 /lib/libm.so.6.
-    target_link_libraries(fmt -Wl,--as-needed)
-  endif ()
-  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_LIB_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
 endif ()
 if (FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
   target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
-endif()
+endif ()
 
 add_library(fmt-header-only INTERFACE)
 add_library(fmt::fmt-header-only ALIAS fmt-header-only)
 
-target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
-target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+if (NOT MSVC)
+  # Unicode is always supported on compilers other than MSVC.
+elseif (FMT_UNICODE)
+  # Unicode support requires compiling with /utf-8.
+  target_compile_options(fmt PUBLIC $<$<AND:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>,$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>>:/utf-8>)
+  target_compile_options(fmt-header-only INTERFACE $<$<AND:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>,$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>>:/utf-8>)
+else ()
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_UNICODE=0)
+endif ()
 
-target_include_directories(fmt-header-only INTERFACE
+target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
+target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
+
+target_include_directories(fmt-header-only
+  ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} BEFORE INTERFACE
   $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
   $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
 
@@ -318,7 +398,7 @@ if (FMT_INSTALL)
               "Installation directory for libraries, a relative path that "
               "will be joined to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
 
-  set_verbose(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE PATH
+  set_verbose(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE STRING
               "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, a relative "
               "path that will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an "
               "absolute path.")
@@ -343,11 +423,20 @@ if (FMT_INSTALL)
 
   set(INSTALL_TARGETS fmt fmt-header-only)
 
+  set(INSTALL_FILE_SET)
+  if (FMT_USE_CMAKE_MODULES)
+    set(INSTALL_FILE_SET FILE_SET fmt DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt")
+  endif()
+
   # Install the library and headers.
-  install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
+  install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS}
+          COMPONENT fmt_core
+          EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
           LIBRARY DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
           ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
-          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+          PUBLIC_HEADER DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt"
+          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+          ${INSTALL_FILE_SET})
 
   # Use a namespace because CMake provides better diagnostics for namespaced
   # imported targets.
@@ -355,20 +444,56 @@ if (FMT_INSTALL)
          FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${targets_export_name}.cmake)
 
   # Install version, config and target files.
-  install(
-    FILES ${project_config} ${version_config}
-    DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+  install(FILES ${project_config} ${version_config}
+          DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR}
+          COMPONENT fmt_core)
   install(EXPORT ${targets_export_name} DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR}
-          NAMESPACE fmt::)
+          NAMESPACE fmt::
+          COMPONENT fmt_core)
 
-  install(FILES $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:${INSTALL_TARGETS}>
-          DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR} OPTIONAL)
-  install(FILES ${FMT_HEADERS} DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt")
-  install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}")
+  install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}"
+          COMPONENT fmt_core)
 endif ()
 
+function(add_doc_target)
+  find_program(DOXYGEN doxygen
+    PATHS "$ENV{ProgramFiles}/doxygen/bin"
+          "$ENV{ProgramFiles\(x86\)}/doxygen/bin")
+  if (NOT DOXYGEN)
+    message(STATUS "Target 'doc' disabled because doxygen not found")
+    return ()
+  endif ()
+
+  find_program(MKDOCS mkdocs)
+  if (NOT MKDOCS)
+    message(STATUS "Target 'doc' disabled because mkdocs not found")
+    return ()
+  endif ()
+
+  set(sources )
+  foreach (source api.md index.md syntax.md get-started.md fmt.css fmt.js)
+    set(sources ${sources} doc/${source})
+  endforeach()
+
+  add_custom_target(
+    doc
+    COMMAND
+      ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+        -E env PYTHONPATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/python
+        ${MKDOCS} build -f ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/mkdocs.yml
+        # MkDocs requires the site dir to be outside of the doc dir.
+                        --site-dir ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/doc-html
+                        --no-directory-urls
+    SOURCES ${sources})
+
+  include(GNUInstallDirs)
+  install(DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/doc-html/
+          DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_DATAROOTDIR}/doc/fmt
+          COMPONENT fmt_doc OPTIONAL)
+endfunction()
+
 if (FMT_DOC)
-  add_subdirectory(doc)
+  add_doc_target()
 endif ()
 
 if (FMT_TEST)
@@ -398,13 +523,12 @@ if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND EXISTS ${gitignore})
     string(REPLACE "*" ".*" line "${line}")
     set(ignored_files ${ignored_files} "${line}$" "${line}/")
   endforeach ()
-  set(ignored_files ${ignored_files}
-    /.git /breathe /format-benchmark sphinx/ .buildinfo .doctrees)
+  set(ignored_files ${ignored_files} /.git /build/doxyxml .vagrant)
 
   set(CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR ZIP)
   set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES ${ignored_files})
   set(CPACK_SOURCE_PACKAGE_FILE_NAME fmt-${FMT_VERSION})
   set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME fmt)
-  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.rst)
+  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md)
   include(CPack)
 endif ()
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b82f145..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Contributing to {fmt}
-=====================
-
-By submitting a pull request or a patch, you represent that you have the right
-to license your contribution to the {fmt} project owners and the community,
-agree that your contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license, and agree
-to future changes to the licensing.
-
-All C++ code must adhere to [Google C++ Style Guide](
-https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html) with the following
-exceptions:
-
-* Exceptions are permitted
-* snake_case should be used instead of UpperCamelCase for function and type
-  names
-
-All documentation must adhere to the [Google Developer Documentation Style
-Guide](https://developers.google.com/style).
-
-Thanks for contributing!
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.md b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e96f9df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3299 @@
+# 12.1.0 - 2025-10-29
+
+- Optimized `buffer::append`, resulting in up to ~16% improvement on spdlog
+  benchmarks (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4541). Thanks @fyrsta7.
+
+- Worked around an ABI incompatibility in `std::locale_ref` between clang and
+  gcc (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4573).
+
+- Made `std::variant` and `std::expected` formatters work with `format_as`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4574,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4575). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made `fmt::join<string_view>` work with C++ modules
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4379,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4577). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Exported `fmt::is_compiled_string` and `operator""_cf` from the module
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4544). Thanks @CrackedMatter.
+
+- Fixed a compatibility issue with C++ modules in clang
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4548). Thanks @tsarn.
+
+- Added support for cv-qualified types to the `std::optional` formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4561,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4562). Thanks @OleksandrKvl.
+
+- Added demangling support (used in exception and `std::type_info` formatters)
+  for libc++ and clang-cl
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4542,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4560,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4568,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4571).
+  Thanks @FatihBAKIR and @rohitsutreja.
+
+- Switched to global `malloc`/`free` to enable allocator customization
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4569,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4570). Thanks @rohitsutreja.
+
+- Made the `FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL` macro configurable by users
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4546). Thanks @SnapperTT.
+
+- Fixed compilation with locales disabled in the header-only mode
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4550).
+
+- Fixed compilation with clang 21 and `-std=c++20`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4552).
+
+- Fixed a dynamic linking issue with clang-cl
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4576,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4584). Thanks @FatihBAKIR.
+
+- Fixed a warning suppression leakage on gcc
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4588). Thanks @ZedThree.
+
+- Made more internal color APIs `constexpr`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4581). Thanks @ishani.
+
+- Fixed compatibility with clang as a host compiler for NVCC
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4564). Thanks @valgur.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and lint issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4565,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4572,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4557).
+  Thanks @LiangHuDream and @teruyamato0731.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4549,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4551,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4566,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4567,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4578,).
+  Thanks @teruyamato0731, @petersteneteg and @zimmerman-dev.
+
+# 12.0.0 - 2025-09-17
+
+- Optimized the default floating point formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3675,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4516). In particular, formatting a
+  `double` with format string compilation into a stack allocated buffer is
+  more than 60% faster in version 12.0 compared to 11.2 according to
+  [dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark):
+
+  ```
+  Function  Time (ns)  Speedup
+  fmt11        34.471    1.00x
+  fmt12        21.000    1.64x
+  ```
+
+  <img width="766" height="609" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d7d768ad-7543-468c-b0bb-449abf73b31b" />
+
+- Added `constexpr` support to `fmt::format`. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  using namespace fmt::literals;
+  std::string s = fmt::format(""_cf, 42);
+  ```
+
+  now works at compile time provided that `std::string` supports `constexpr`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3403,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4456). Thanks @msvetkin.
+
+- Added `FMT_STATIC_FORMAT` that allows formatting into a string of the exact
+  required size at compile time.
+
+  For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  constexpr auto s = FMT_STATIC_FORMAT("{}", 42);
+  ```
+
+  compiles to just
+
+  ```s
+  __ZL1s:
+        .asciiz "42"
+  ```
+
+  It can be accessed as a C string with `s.c_str()` or as a string view with
+  `s.str()`.
+
+- Improved C++20 module support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4451,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4459,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4476,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4488,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4491,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4495).
+  Thanks @arBmind, @tkhyn, @Mishura4, @anonymouspc and @autoantwort.
+
+- Switched to using estimated display width in precision. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  fmt::print("|{:.4}|\n|1234|\n", "🐱🐱🐱");
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ![](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/6c4446b3-13eb-43b9-b74a-b4543540ad6a)
+
+  because `🐱` has an estimated width of 2
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4272,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4443,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4475).
+  Thanks @nikhilreddydev and @localspook.
+
+- Fix interaction between debug presentation, precision, and width for strings
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4478). Thanks @localspook.
+
+- Implemented allocator propagation on `basic_memory_buffer` move
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4487,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4490). Thanks @toprakmurat.
+
+- Fixed an ambiguity between `std::reference_wrapper<T>` and `format_as`
+  formatters (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4424,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4434). Thanks @jeremy-rifkin.
+
+- Removed the following deprecated APIs:
+
+  - `has_formatter`: use `is_formattable` instead,
+  - `basic_format_args::parse_context_type`,
+    `basic_format_args::formatter_type` and similar aliases in context types,
+  - wide stream overload of `fmt::printf`,
+  - wide stream overloads of `fmt::print` that take text styles,
+  - `is_*char` traits,
+  - `fmt::localtime`.
+
+- Deprecated wide overloads of `fmt::fprintf` and `fmt::sprintf`.
+
+- Improved diagnostics for the incorrect usage of `fmt::ptr`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4453). Thanks @TobiSchluter.
+
+- Made handling of ANSI escape sequences more efficient
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4511,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4528).
+  Thanks @localspook and @Anas-Hamdane.
+
+- Fixed a buffer overflow on all emphasis flags set
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4498). Thanks @dominicpoeschko.
+
+- Fixed an integer overflow for precision close to the max `int` value.
+
+- Fixed compatibility with WASI (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4496,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4497). Thanks @whitequark.
+
+- Fixed `back_insert_iterator` detection, preventing a fallback on slower path
+  that handles arbitrary iterators (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4454).
+
+- Fixed handling of invalid glibc `FILE` buffers
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4469).
+
+- Added `wchar_t` support to the `std::byte` formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4479,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4480). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Changed component prefix from `fmt-` to `fmt_` for compatibility with
+  NSIS/CPack on Windows, e.g. `fmt-doc` changed to `fmt_doc`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4441,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4442). Thanks @n-stein.
+
+- Added the `FMT_CUSTOM_ASSERT_FAIL` macro to simplify providing a custom
+  `fmt::assert_fail` implementation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4505).
+  Thanks @HazardyKnusperkeks.
+
+- Switched to `FMT_THROW` on reporting format errors so that it can be
+  overriden by users when exceptions are disabled
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4521). Thanks @HazardyKnusperkeks.
+
+- Improved master project detection and disabled install targets when using
+  {fmt} as a subproject by default (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4536).
+  Thanks @crueter.
+
+- Made various code improvements
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4445,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4448,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4473,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4522).
+  Thanks @localspook, @tchaikov and @way4sahil.
+
+- Added Conan instructions to the docs
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4537). Thanks @uilianries.
+
+- Removed Bazel files to avoid issues with downstream packaging
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4530). Thanks @mering.
+
+- Added more entries for generated files to `.gitignore`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4355,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4512).
+  Thanks @dinomight and @localspook.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4447,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4470,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4474,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4477,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4471,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4483,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4515,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4533,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4534).
+  Thanks @dodomorandi, @localspook, @remyjette, @Tomek-Stolarczyk, @Mishura4,
+  @mattiasljungstrom and @FatihBAKIR.
+
+# 11.2.0 - 2025-05-03
+
+- Added the `s` specifier for `std::error_code`. It allows formatting an error
+  message as a string. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto ec = std::make_error_code(std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory);
+    fmt::print("{:s}\n", ec);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ```
+  No such file or directory
+  ```
+  (The actual message is platform-specific.)
+
+- Fixed formatting of `std::chrono::local_time` and `tm`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3815,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4350).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/8o4b1PPn5)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    std::chrono::zoned_time zt(
+      std::chrono::current_zone(),
+      std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+    fmt::print("{}", zt.get_local_time());
+  }
+  ```
+
+  is now formatted consistenly across platforms.
+
+- Added diagnostics for cases when timezone information is not available.
+  For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  fmt::print("{:Z}", std::chrono::local_seconds());
+  ```
+
+  now gives a compile-time error.
+
+- Deprecated `fmt::localtime` in favor of `std::localtime`.
+
+- Fixed compilation with GCC 15 and C++20 modules enabled
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4347). Thanks @tkhyn.
+
+- Fixed handling of named arguments in format specs
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4360,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4361). Thanks @dinomight.
+
+- Added error reporting for duplicate named arguments
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4282,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4367). Thanks @dinomight.
+
+- Fixed formatting of `long` with `FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES=0`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4375,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4394).
+
+- Optimized `text_style` using bit packing
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4363). Thanks @localspook.
+
+- Added support for incomplete types (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3180,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4383). Thanks @localspook.
+
+- Fixed a flush issue in `fmt::print` when using libstdc++
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4398).
+
+- Fixed `fmt::println` usage with `FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING` and legacy
+  compile-time checks (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4407).
+  Thanks @madmaxoft.
+
+- Removed legacy header `fmt/core.h` from docs
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4421,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4422). Thanks @krzysztofkortas.
+
+- Worked around limitations of `__builtin_strlen` during constant evaluation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4423,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4429). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Worked around a bug in MSVC v141 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4412,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4413). Thanks @hirohira9119.
+
+- Removed the `fmt_detail` namespace
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4324).
+
+- Removed specializations of `std::is_floating_point` in tests
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4417).
+
+- Fixed a CMake error when setting `CMAKE_MODULE_PATH` in the pedantic mode
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4426). Thanks @rlalik.
+
+- Updated the Bazel config (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4400).
+  Thanks @Vertexwahn.
+
+# 11.1.4 - 2025-02-26
+
+- Fixed ABI compatibility with earlier 11.x versions on Windows
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4359).
+
+- Improved the logic of switching between fixed and exponential format for
+  `float` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3649).
+
+- Moved `is_compiled_string` to the public API
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4335,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4342). Thanks @SwooshyCueb.
+
+- Simplified implementation of `operator""_cf`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4349). Thanks @localspook.
+
+- Fixed `__builtin_strlen` detection (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4329).
+  Thanks @localspook.
+
+- Fixed handling of BMI paths with the Ninja generator
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4344). Thanks @tkhyn.
+
+- Fixed gcc 8.3 compile errors (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4331,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4336). Thanks @sergiud.
+
+- Fixed a bogus MSVC warning (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4356).
+  Thanks @dinomight.
+
+# 11.1.3 - 2025-01-25
+
+- Fixed compilation on GCC 9.4 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4313).
+
+- Worked around an internal compiler error when using C++20 modules with GCC
+  14.2 and earlier (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4295).
+
+- Worked around a bug in GCC 6 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4318).
+
+- Fixed an issue caused by instantiating `formatter<const T>`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4303,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4325). Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+- Fixed formatting into `std::ostreambuf_iterator` when using format string
+  compilation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4309,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4312). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Restored a constraint on the map formatter so that it correctly reports as
+  unformattable when the element is (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4326).
+  Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+- Reduced the size of format specs (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4298).
+
+- Readded `args()` to `fmt::format_context`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4307,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4310). Thanks @Erroneous1.
+
+- Fixed a bogus MSVC warning (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4314,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4322). Thanks @ZehMatt.
+
+- Fixed a pedantic mode error in the CMake config
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4327). Thanks @rlalik.
+
+# 11.1.2 - 2025-01-12
+
+- Fixed ABI compatibility with earlier 11.x versions
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4292).
+
+- Added `wchar_t` support to the `std::bitset` formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4285,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4286,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4289,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4290). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Prefixed CMake components with `fmt-` to simplify usage of {fmt} via
+  `add_subdirectory` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4283).
+
+- Updated docs for meson (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4291).
+  Thanks @trim21.
+
+- Fixed a compilation error in chrono on nvcc
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4297,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4301). Thanks @breyerml.
+
+- Fixed various warnings
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4288,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4299). Thanks @GamesTrap and @edo9300.
+
+# 11.1.1 - 2024-12-27
+
+- Fixed ABI compatibility with earlier 11.x versions
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4278).
+
+- Defined CMake components (`core` and `doc`) to allow docs to be installed
+  separately (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4276).
+  Thanks @carlsmedstad.
+
+# 11.1.0 - 2024-12-25
+
+- Improved C++20 module support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4081,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4083,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4084,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4152,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4153,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4169,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4190,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4234,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4239).
+  Thanks @kamrann and @Arghnews.
+
+- Reduced debug (unoptimized) binary code size and the number of template
+  instantiations when passing formatting arguments. For example, unoptimized
+  binary code size for `fmt::print("{}", 42)` was reduced by ~40% on GCC and
+  ~60% on clang (x86-64).
+
+  GCC:
+  - Before: 161 instructions of which 105 are in reusable functions
+    ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/s9bGoo4ze)).
+  - After: 116 instructions of which 60 are in reusable functions
+    ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/r7GGGxMs6)).
+
+  Clang:
+  - Before: 310 instructions of which 251 are in reusable functions
+    ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/Ts88b7M9o)).
+  - After: 194 instructions of which 135 are in reusable functions
+    ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/vcrjP8ceW)).
+
+- Added an experimental `fmt::writer` API that can be used for writing to
+  different destinations such as files or strings
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2354).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/rWoKfbP7e)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+  void write_text(fmt::writer w) {
+    w.print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+  }
+
+  int main() {
+    // Write to FILE.
+    write_text(stdout);
+
+    // Write to fmt::ostream.
+    auto f = fmt::output_file("myfile");
+    write_text(f);
+
+    // Write to std::string.
+    auto sb = fmt::string_buffer();
+    write_text(sb);
+    std::string s = sb.str();
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Added width and alignment support to the formatter of `std::error_code`.
+
+- Made `std::expected<void, E>` formattable
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4145,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4148).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/hrj5c6G86)):
+
+  ```c++
+  fmt::print("{}", std::expected<void, int>());
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ```
+  expected()
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made `fmt::is_formattable<void>` SFINAE-friendly
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4147).
+
+- Added support for `_BitInt` formatting when using clang
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4007,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4072,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4140,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4173,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4176).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/KWjbWec5z)):
+
+  ```c++
+  using int42 = _BitInt(42);
+  fmt::print("{}", int42(100));
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Added the `n` specifier for tuples and pairs
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4107). Thanks @someonewithpc.
+
+- Added support for tuple-like types to `fmt::join`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4226,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4230). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made more types formattable at compile time
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4127). Thanks @AnthonyVH.
+
+- Implemented a more efficient compile-time `fmt::formatted_size`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4102,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4103). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed compile-time formatting of some string types
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4065). Thanks @torshepherd.
+
+- Made compiled version of `fmt::format_to` work with
+  `std::back_insert_iterator<std::vector<char>>`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4206,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4211). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::reference_wrapper`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4163,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4164). Thanks @yfeldblum and @phprus.
+
+- Added experimental padding support (glibc `strftime` extension) to `%m`, `%j`
+  and `%Y` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4161). Thanks @KKhanhH.
+
+- Made microseconds formatted as `us` instead of `µs` if the Unicode support is
+  disabled (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4088).
+
+- Fixed an unreleased regression in transcoding of surrogate pairs
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4094,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4095). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made `fmt::appender` satisfy `std::output_iterator` concept
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4092,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4093). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made `std::iterator_traits<fmt::appender>` standard-conforming
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4185). Thanks @CaseyCarter.
+
+- Made it easier to reuse `fmt::formatter<std::string_view>` for types with
+  an implicit conversion to `std::string_view`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4036,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4055). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Made it possible to disable `<filesystem>` use via `FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM`
+  for compatibility with some video game console SDKs, e.g. Nintendo Switch SDK
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4257,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4258,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4259). Thanks @W4RH4WK and @phprus.
+
+- Fixed compatibility with platforms that use 80-bit `long double`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4245,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4246). Thanks @jsirpoma.
+
+- Added support for UTF-32 code units greater than `0xFFFF` in fill
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4201).
+
+- Fixed handling of legacy encodings on Windows with GCC
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4162).
+
+- Made `fmt::to_string` take `fmt::basic_memory_buffer` by const reference
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4261,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4262). Thanks @sascha-devel.
+
+- Added `fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store::size`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4270). Thanks @hannes-harnisch.
+
+- Removed the ability to control locale usage via an undocumented
+  `FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR` in favor of `FMT_USE_LOCALE`.
+
+- Renamed `FMT_EXCEPTIONS` to `FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS` for consistency with other
+  similar macros.
+
+- Improved include directory ordering to reduce the chance of including
+  incorrect headers when using multiple versions of {fmt}
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4116). Thanks @cdzhan.
+
+- Made it possible to compile a subset of {fmt} without the C++ runtime.
+
+- Improved documentation and README
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4066,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4117,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4203,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4235). Thanks @zyctree and @nikola-sh.
+
+- Improved the documentation generator (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4110,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4115). Thanks @rturrado.
+
+- Improved CI (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4155,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4151). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2708,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4091,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4109,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4113,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4125,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4129,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4130,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4131,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4132,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4133,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4144,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4150,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4158,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4159,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4160,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4170,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4177,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4187,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4188,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4194,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4200,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4205,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4207,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4208,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4210,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4220,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4231,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4232,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4233,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4236,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4267,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4271).
+  Thanks @torsten48, @Arghnews, @tinfoilboy, @aminya, @Ottani, @zeroomega,
+  @c4v4, @kongy, @vinayyadav3016, @sergio-nsk, @phprus and @YexuanXiao.
+
+# 11.0.2 - 2024-07-20
+
+- Fixed compatibility with non-POSIX systems
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4054,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4060).
+
+- Fixed performance regressions when using `std::back_insert_iterator` with
+  `fmt::format_to` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4070).
+
+- Fixed handling of `std::generator` and move-only iterators
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4053,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4057). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Made `formatter<std::string_view>::parse` work with types convertible to
+  `std::string_view` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4036,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4055). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Made `volatile void*` formattable
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4049,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4056). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Made `Glib::ustring` not be confused with `std::string`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4052).
+
+- Made `fmt::context` iterator compatible with STL algorithms that rely on
+  iterator category (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4079).
+
+# 11.0.1 - 2024-07-05
+
+- Fixed version number in the inline namespace
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4047).
+
+- Fixed disabling Unicode support via CMake
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4051).
+
+- Fixed deprecated `visit_format_arg` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4043).
+  Thanks @nebkat.
+
+- Fixed handling of a sign and improved the `std::complex` formater
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4034,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4050). Thanks @tesch1 and @phprus.
+
+- Fixed ADL issues in `fmt::printf` when using C++20
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4042). Thanks @toge.
+
+- Removed a redundant check in the formatter for `std::expected`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4040). Thanks @phprus.
+
+# 11.0.0 - 2024-07-01
+
+- Added `fmt/base.h` which provides a subset of the API with minimal include
+  dependencies and enough functionality to replace all uses of the `printf`
+  family of functions. This brings the compile time of code using {fmt} much
+  closer to the equivalent `printf` code as shown on the following benchmark
+  that compiles 100 source files:
+
+  | Method       | Compile Time (s) |
+  |--------------|------------------|
+  | printf       | 1.6              |
+  | IOStreams    | 25.9             |
+  | fmt 10.x     | 19.0             |
+  | fmt 11.0     | 4.8              |
+  | tinyformat   | 29.1             |
+  | Boost Format | 55.0             |
+
+  This gives almost 4x improvement in build speed compared to version 10.
+  Note that the benchmark is purely formatting code and includes. In real
+  projects the difference from `printf` will be smaller partly because common
+  standard headers will be included in almost any translation unit (TU) anyway.
+  In particular, in every case except `printf` above ~1s is spent in total on
+  including `<type_traits>` in all TUs.
+
+- Optimized includes in other headers such as `fmt/format.h` which is now
+  roughly equivalent to the old `fmt/core.h` in terms of build speed.
+
+- Migrated the documentation at https://fmt.dev/ from Sphinx to MkDocs.
+
+- Improved C++20 module support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3990,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3991,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3993,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3994,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3997,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3998,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4004,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4005,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4006,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4013,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4027,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4029). In particular, native CMake support
+  for modules is now used if available. Thanks @yujincheng08 and @matt77hias.
+
+- Added an option to replace standard includes with `import std` enabled via
+  the `FMT_IMPORT_STD` macro (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3921,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3928). Thanks @matt77hias.
+
+- Exported `fmt::range_format`, `fmt::range_format_kind` and
+  `fmt::compiled_string` from the `fmt` module
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3970,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3999).
+  Thanks @matt77hias and @yujincheng08.
+
+- Improved integration with stdio in `fmt::print`, enabling direct writes
+  into a C stream buffer in common cases. This may give significant
+  performance improvements ranging from tens of percent to [2x](
+  https://stackoverflow.com/a/78457454/471164) and eliminates dynamic memory
+  allocations on the buffer level. It is currently enabled for built-in and
+  string types with wider availability coming up in future releases.
+
+  For example, it gives ~24% improvement on a [simple benchmark](
+  https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P3107R5.html#perf) compiled with Apple clang
+  version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.1.0.2.5) and run on macOS 14.2.1:
+
+  ```
+  -------------------------------------------------------
+  Benchmark             Time             CPU   Iterations
+  -------------------------------------------------------
+  printf             81.8 ns         81.5 ns      8496899
+  fmt::print (10.x)  63.8 ns         61.9 ns     11524151
+  fmt::print (11.0)  51.3 ns         51.0 ns     13846580
+  ```
+
+- Improved safety of `fmt::format_to` when writing to an array
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3805).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://www.godbolt.org/z/cYrn8dWY8)):
+
+  ```c++
+  auto volkswagen = char[4];
+  auto result = fmt::format_to(volkswagen, "elephant");
+  ```
+
+  no longer results in a buffer overflow. Instead the output will be truncated
+  and you can get the end iterator and whether truncation occurred from the
+  `result` object. Thanks @ThePhD.
+
+- Enabled Unicode support by default in MSVC, bringing it on par with other
+  compilers and making it unnecessary for users to enable it explicitly.
+  Most of {fmt} is encoding-agnostic but this prevents mojibake in places
+  where encoding matters such as path formatting and terminal output.
+  You can control the Unicode support via the CMake `FMT_UNICODE` option.
+  Note that some {fmt} packages such as the one in vcpkg have already been
+  compiled with Unicode enabled.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::expected`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3834). Thanks @dominicpoeschko.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::complex`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1467,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3886,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3892,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3900). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::type_info`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3978). Thanks @matt77hias.
+
+- Specialized `formatter` for `std::basic_string` types with custom traits
+  and allocators (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3938,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3943). Thanks @dieram3.
+
+- Added formatters for `std::chrono::day`, `std::chrono::month`,
+  `std::chrono::year` and `std::chrono::year_month_day`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3758,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3772,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3906,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3913). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+  #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::green), "{}\n", std::chrono::day(7));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints a green day:
+
+  <img width="306" alt="image" src="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/assets/576385/6e395f8b-451a-4cf7-bccc-ee92ca0dec65">
+
+  Thanks @zivshek.
+
+- Fixed handling of precision in `%S` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3794,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3814). Thanks @js324.
+
+- Added support for the `-` specifier (glibc `strftime` extension) to day of
+  the month (`%d`) and week of the year (`%W`, `%U`, `%V`) specifiers
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3976). Thanks @ZaheenJ.
+
+- Fixed the scope of the `-` extension in chrono formatting so that it doesn't
+  apply to subsequent specifiers (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3811,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3812). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Improved handling of `time_point::min()`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3282).
+
+- Added support for character range formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3857,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3863). Thanks @js324.
+
+- Added `string` and `debug_string` range formatters
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3973,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4024). Thanks @matt77hias.
+
+- Enabled ADL for `begin` and `end` in `fmt::join`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3813,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3824). Thanks @bbolli.
+
+- Made contiguous iterator optimizations apply to `std::basic_string` iterators
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3798). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added support for ranges with mutable `begin` and `end`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3752,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3800,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3955). Thanks @tcbrindle and @Arghnews.
+
+- Added support for move-only iterators to `fmt::join`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3802,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3946). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Moved range and iterator overloads of `fmt::join` to `fmt/ranges.h`, next
+  to other overloads.
+
+- Fixed handling of types with `begin` returning `void` such as Eigen matrices
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3839,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3964). Thanks @Arghnews.
+
+- Added an `fmt::formattable` concept (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3974).
+  Thanks @matt77hias.
+
+- Added support for `__float128` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3494).
+
+- Fixed rounding issues when formatting `long double` with fixed precision
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3539).
+
+- Made `fmt::isnan` not trigger floating-point exception for NaN values
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3948,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3951). Thanks @alexdewar.
+
+- Removed dependency on `<memory>` for `std::allocator_traits` when possible
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3804). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Enabled compile-time checks in formatting functions that take text colors and
+  styles.
+
+- Deprecated wide stream overloads of `fmt::print` that take text styles.
+
+- Made format string compilation work with clang 12 and later despite
+  only partial non-type template parameter support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4000,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4001). Thanks @yujincheng08.
+
+- Made `fmt::iterator_buffer`'s move constructor `noexcept`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3808). Thanks @waywardmonkeys.
+
+- Started enforcing that `formatter::format` is const for compatibility
+  with `std::format` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3447).
+
+- Added `fmt::basic_format_arg::visit` and deprecated `fmt::visit_format_arg`.
+
+- Made `fmt::basic_string_view` not constructible from `nullptr` for
+  consistency with `std::string_view` in C++23
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3846). Thanks @dalle.
+
+- Fixed `fmt::group_digits` for negative integers
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3891,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3901). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed handling of negative ids in `fmt::basic_format_args::get`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3945). Thanks @marlenecota.
+
+- Fixed handling of a buffer boundary on flush
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4229).
+
+- Improved named argument validation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3817).
+
+- Disabled copy construction/assignment for `fmt::format_arg_store` and
+  fixed moved construction (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3833).
+  Thanks @ivafanas.
+
+- Worked around a locale issue in RHEL/devtoolset
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3858,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3859). Thanks @g199209.
+
+- Added RTTI detection for MSVC (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3821,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3963). Thanks @edo9300.
+
+- Migrated the documentation from Sphinx to MkDocs.
+
+- Improved documentation and README
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3775,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3784,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3788,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3789,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3793,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3818,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3820,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3822,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3843,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3890,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3894,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3895,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3905,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3942,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4008).
+  Thanks @zencatalyst, WolleTD, @tupaschoal, @Dobiasd, @frank-weinberg, @bbolli,
+  @phprus, @waywardmonkeys, @js324 and @tchaikov.
+
+- Improved CI and tests
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3878,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3883,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3897,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3979,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3980,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3988,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4010,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4012,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4038).
+  Thanks @vgorrX, @waywardmonkeys, @tchaikov and @phprus.
+
+- Fixed buffer overflow when using format string compilation with debug format
+  and `std::back_insert_iterator` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3795,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3797). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Improved Bazel support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3792,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3801,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3962,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3965). Thanks @Vertexwahn.
+
+- Improved/fixed the CMake config
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3777,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3783,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3847,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3907). Thanks @phprus and @xTachyon.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3685,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3769,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3796,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3803,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3806,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3807,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3809,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3810,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3830,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3832,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3835,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3844,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3854,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3856,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3865,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3866,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3880,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3881,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3884,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3898,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3899,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3909,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3917,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3923,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3924,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3925,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3930,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3931,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3933,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3935,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3937,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3967,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3968,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3972,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3983,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3992,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3995,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4009,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4023).
+  Thanks @hmbj, @phprus, @res2k, @Baardi, @matt77hias, @waywardmonkeys, @hmbj,
+  @yakra, @prlw1, @Arghnews, @mtillmann0, @ShifftC, @eepp, @jimmy-park and
+  @ChristianGebhardt.
+
+# 10.2.1 - 2024-01-04
+
+- Fixed ABI compatibility with earlier 10.x versions
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3785,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3786). Thanks @saraedum.
+
+# 10.2.0 - 2024-01-01
+
+- Added support for the `%j` specifier (the number of days) for
+  `std::chrono::duration` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3643,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3732). Thanks @intelfx.
+
+- Added support for the chrono suffix for days and changed
+  the suffix for minutes from "m" to the correct "min"
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3662,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3664).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/9KhMnq9ba)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}\n", std::chrono::days(42)); // prints "42d"
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @Richardk2n.
+
+- Fixed an overflow in `std::chrono::time_point` formatting with large dates
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3725,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3727). Thanks @cschreib.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::source_location`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3730).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/YajfKjhhr)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <source_location>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}\n", std::source_location::current());
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ```
+  /app/example.cpp:5:51: int main()
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @felix642.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::bitset`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3660).
+  For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/bdEaGeYxe)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <bitset>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}\n", std::bitset<6>(42)); // prints "101010"
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @muggenhor.
+
+- Added an experimental `nested_formatter` that provides an easy way of
+  applying a formatter to one or more subobjects while automatically handling
+  width, fill and alignment. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+  struct point {
+    double x, y;
+  };
+
+  template <>
+  struct fmt::formatter<point> : nested_formatter<double> {
+    auto format(point p, format_context& ctx) const {
+      return write_padded(ctx, [=](auto out) {
+        return format_to(out, "({}, {})", nested(p.x), nested(p.y));
+      });
+    }
+  };
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("[{:>20.2f}]", point{1, 2});
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ```
+  [          (1.00, 2.00)]
+  ```
+
+- Added the generic representation (`g`) to `std::filesystem::path`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3715,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3729). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <filesystem>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:g}\n", std::filesystem::path("C:\\foo"));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints `"C:/foo"` on Windows.
+
+  Thanks @js324.
+
+- Made `format_as` work with references
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3739). Thanks @tchaikov.
+
+- Fixed formatting of invalid UTF-8 with precision
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3284).
+
+- Fixed an inconsistency between `fmt::to_string` and `fmt::format`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3684).
+
+- Disallowed unsafe uses of `fmt::styled`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3625):
+
+  ```c++
+  auto s = fmt::styled(std::string("dangle"), fmt::emphasis::bold);
+  fmt::print("{}\n", s); // compile error
+  ```
+
+  Pass `fmt::styled(...)` as a parameter instead.
+
+- Added a null check when formatting a C string with the `s` specifier
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3706).
+
+- Disallowed the `c` specifier for `bool`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3726,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3734). Thanks @js324.
+
+- Made the default formatting unlocalized in `fmt::ostream_formatter` for
+  consistency with the rest of the library
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3460).
+
+- Fixed localized formatting in bases other than decimal
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3693,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3750). Thanks @js324.
+
+- Fixed a performance regression in experimental `fmt::ostream::print`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3674).
+
+- Added synchronization with the underlying output stream when writing to
+  the Windows console
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3668,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3688,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3689).
+  Thanks @Roman-Koshelev and @dimztimz.
+
+- Changed to only export `format_error` when {fmt} is built as a shared
+  library (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3626,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3627). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made `fmt::streamed` `constexpr`.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3650). Thanks @muggenhor.
+
+- Made `fmt::format_int` `constexpr`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4031,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4032). Thanks @dixlorenz.
+
+- Enabled `consteval` on older versions of MSVC
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3757). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added an option to build without `wchar_t` support on Windows
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3631,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3636). Thanks @glebm.
+
+- Improved build and CI configuration
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3679,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3701,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3702,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3749).
+  Thanks @jcar87, @pklima and @tchaikov.
+
+- Fixed various warnings, compilation and test issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3607,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3610,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3624,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3630,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3634,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3638,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3645,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3646,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3647,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3652,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3654,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3663,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3670,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3680,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3694,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3695,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3699,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3705,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3710,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3712,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3713,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3714,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3716,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3723,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3738,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3740,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3741,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3743,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3745,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3747,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3748,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3751,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3754,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3755,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3760,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3762,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3763,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3764,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3774,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3779).
+  Thanks @danakj, @vinayyadav3016, @cyyever, @phprus, @qimiko, @saschasc,
+  @gsjaardema, @lazka, @Zhaojun-Liu, @carlsmedstad, @hotwatermorning,
+  @cptFracassa, @kuguma, @PeterJohnson, @H1X4Dev, @asantoni, @eltociear,
+  @msimberg, @tchaikov, @waywardmonkeys.
+
+- Improved documentation and README
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2086,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3637,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3642,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3653,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3655,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3661,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3673,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3677,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3737,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3742,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3744).
+  Thanks @idzm, @perlun, @joycebrum, @fennewald, @reinhardt1053, @GeorgeLS.
+
+- Updated CI dependencies
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3615,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3622,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3623,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3666,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3696,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3697,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3759,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3782).
+
+# 10.1.1 - 2023-08-28
+
+- Added formatters for `std::atomic` and `atomic_flag`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3574,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3594).
+  Thanks @wangzw and @AlexGuteniev.
+- Fixed an error about partial specialization of `formatter<string>`
+  after instantiation when compiled with gcc and C++20
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3584).
+- Fixed compilation as a C++20 module with gcc and clang
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3587,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3597,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3605).
+  Thanks @MathewBensonCode.
+- Made `fmt::to_string` work with types that have `format_as`
+  overloads (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3575). Thanks @phprus.
+- Made `formatted_size` work with integral format specifiers at
+  compile time (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3591).
+  Thanks @elbeno.
+- Fixed a warning about the `no_unique_address` attribute on clang-cl
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3599). Thanks @lukester1975.
+- Improved compatibility with the legacy GBK encoding
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3598,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3599). Thanks @YuHuanTin.
+- Added OpenSSF Scorecard analysis
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3530,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3571). Thanks @joycebrum.
+- Updated CI dependencies
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3591,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3592,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3593,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3602).
+
+# 10.1.0 - 2023-08-12
+
+- Optimized format string compilation resulting in up to 40% speed up
+  in compiled `format_to` and \~4x speed up in compiled `format_to_n`
+  on a concatenation benchmark
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3133,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3484).
+
+  {fmt} 10.0:
+
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark               Time             CPU   Iterations
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      BM_format_to         78.9 ns         78.9 ns      8881746
+      BM_format_to_n        568 ns          568 ns      1232089
+
+  {fmt} 10.1:
+
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark               Time             CPU   Iterations
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      BM_format_to         54.9 ns         54.9 ns     12727944
+      BM_format_to_n        133 ns          133 ns      5257795
+
+- Optimized storage of an empty allocator in `basic_memory_buffer`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3485). Thanks @Minty-Meeo.
+
+- Added formatters for proxy references to elements of
+  `std::vector<bool>` and `std::bitset<N>`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3567,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3570). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/zYb79Pvn8)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <vector>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto v = std::vector<bool>{true};
+    fmt::print("{}", v[0]);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @phprus and @felix642.
+
+- Fixed an ambiguous formatter specialization for containers that look
+  like container adaptors such as `boost::flat_set`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3556,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3561). Thanks @5chmidti.
+
+- Fixed compilation when formatting durations not convertible from
+  `std::chrono::seconds`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3430). Thanks @patlkli.
+
+- Made the `formatter` specialization for `char*` const-correct
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3432). Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+- Made `{}` and `{:}` handled consistently during compile-time checks
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3526).
+
+- Disallowed passing temporaries to `make_format_args` to improve API
+  safety by preventing dangling references.
+
+- Improved the compile-time error for unformattable types
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3478). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Improved the floating-point formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3448,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3450).
+  Thanks @florimond-collette.
+
+- Fixed handling of precision for `long double` larger than 64 bits.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3539,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3564).
+
+- Made floating-point and chrono tests less platform-dependent
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3337,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3433,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3434). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Removed the remnants of the Grisu floating-point formatter that has
+  been replaced by Dragonbox in earlier versions.
+
+- Added `throw_format_error` to the public API
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3551). Thanks @mjerabek.
+
+- Made `FMT_THROW` assert even if assertions are disabled when
+  compiling with exceptions disabled
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3418,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3439). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Made `format_as` and `std::filesystem::path` formatter work with
+  exotic code unit types.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3457,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3476). Thanks @gix and @hmbj.
+
+- Added support for the `?` format specifier to
+  `std::filesystem::path` and made the default unescaped for
+  consistency with strings.
+
+- Deprecated the wide stream overload of `printf`.
+
+- Removed unused `basic_printf_parse_context`.
+
+- Improved RTTI detection used when formatting exceptions
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3468). Thanks @danakj.
+
+- Improved compatibility with VxWorks7
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3467). Thanks @wenshan1.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3174,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3423,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3454,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3458,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3461,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3487,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3515).
+  Thanks @zencatalyst, @rlalik and @mikecrowe.
+
+- Improved build and CI configurations
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3449,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3451,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3452,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3453,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3459,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3481,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3486,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3489,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3496,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3517,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3523,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3563).
+  Thanks @joycebrum, @glebm, @phprus, @petrmanek, @setoye and @abouvier.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3408,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3424,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3444,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3446,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3475,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3482,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3492,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3493,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3508,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3509,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3533,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3542,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3543,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3540,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3544,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3548,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3549,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3550,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3552).
+  Thanks @adesitter, @hmbj, @Minty-Meeo, @phprus, @TobiSchluter,
+  @kieranclancy, @alexeedm, @jurihock, @Ozomahtli and @razaqq.
+
+# 10.0.0 - 2023-05-09
+
+- Replaced Grisu with a new floating-point formatting algorithm for
+  given precision (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3262,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2750,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3269,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3276). The new algorithm
+  is based on Dragonbox already used for the shortest representation
+  and gives substantial performance improvement:
+
+  ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/33922675/211956670-84891a09-6867-47d9-82fc-3230da7abe0f.png)
+
+  -   Red: new algorithm
+  -   Green: new algorithm with `FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX` defined
+      to 1
+  -   Blue: old algorithm
+
+  Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+- Replaced `snprintf`-based hex float formatter with an internal
+  implementation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3179,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3203). This removes the
+  last usage of `s(n)printf` in {fmt}. Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed alignment of floating-point numbers with localization
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3263,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3272). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Made handling of `#` consistent with `std::format`.
+
+- Improved C++20 module support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3134,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3254,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3386,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3387,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3388,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3392,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3397,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3399,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3400).
+  Thanks @laitingsheng, @Orvid and @DanielaE.
+  
+- Switched to the [modules CMake library](https://github.com/vitaut/modules)
+  which allows building {fmt} as a C++20 module with clang:
+
+      CXX=clang++ cmake -DFMT_MODULE=ON .
+      make
+
+- Made `format_as` work with any user-defined type and not just enums.
+  For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/b7rqhq5Kh)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+  struct floaty_mc_floatface {
+    double value;
+  };
+
+  auto format_as(floaty_mc_floatface f) { return f.value; }
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:8}\n", floaty_mc_floatface{0.42}); // prints "    0.42"
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Removed deprecated implicit conversions for enums and conversions to
+  primitive types for compatibility with `std::format` and to prevent
+  potential ODR violations. Use `format_as` instead.
+
+- Added support for fill, align and width to the time point formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3237,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3260,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3275). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/rKP6MGz6c)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    // prints "    2023"
+    fmt::print("{:>8%Y}\n", std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Implemented formatting of subseconds
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2207,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3117,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3115,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3143,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3144,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3349). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/45738oGEo)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    // prints 01.234567
+    fmt::print("{:%S}\n", std::chrono::microseconds(1234567));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @patrickroocks @phprus and @BRevzin.
+
+- Added precision support to `%S`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3148). Thanks @SappyJoy
+
+- Added support for `std::utc_time`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3098,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3110). Thanks @patrickroocks.
+
+- Switched formatting of `std::chrono::system_clock` from local time
+  to UTC for compatibility with the standard
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3199,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3230). Thanks @ned14.
+
+- Added support for `%Ez` and `%Oz` to chrono formatters.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3220,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3222). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Improved validation of format specifiers for `std::chrono::duration`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3219,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3232). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Fixed formatting of time points before the epoch
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3117,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3261). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/f7bcznb3W)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto t = std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) -
+             std::chrono::milliseconds(250);
+    fmt::print("{:%S}\n", t); // prints 59.750000000
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Experimental: implemented glibc extension for padding seconds,
+  minutes and hours
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2959,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3271). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::exception`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2977,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3012,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3062,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3076,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3119). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/8xoWGs9e4)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+  #include <vector>
+
+  int main() {
+    try {
+      std::vector<bool>().at(0);
+    } catch(const std::exception& e) {
+      fmt::print("{}", e);
+    }
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints:
+
+      vector<bool>::_M_range_check: __n (which is 0) >= this->size() (which is 0)
+
+  on libstdc++. Thanks @zach2good and @phprus.
+
+- Moved `std::error_code` formatter from `fmt/os.h` to `fmt/std.h`.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3125). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added formatters for standard container adapters:
+  `std::priority_queue`, `std::queue` and `std::stack`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3215,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3279). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/74h1xY9qK)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+  #include <stack>
+  #include <vector>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto s = std::stack<bool, std::vector<bool>>();
+    for (auto b: {true, false, true}) s.push(b);
+    fmt::print("{}\n", s); // prints [true, false, true]
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Added a formatter for `std::optional` to `fmt/std.h`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1367,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3303).
+  Thanks @tom-huntington.
+
+- Fixed formatting of valueless by exception variants
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3347). Thanks @TheOmegaCarrot.
+
+- Made `fmt::ptr` accept `unique_ptr` with a custom deleter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3177). Thanks @hmbj.
+
+- Fixed formatting of noncopyable ranges and nested ranges of chars
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3158
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3286,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3290). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Fixed issues with formatting of paths and ranges of paths
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3319,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3321
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3322). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Improved handling of invalid Unicode in paths.
+
+- Enabled compile-time checks on Apple clang 14 and later
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3331). Thanks @cloyce.
+
+- Improved compile-time checks of named arguments
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3105,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3214). Thanks @rbrich.
+
+- Fixed formatting when both alignment and `0` are given
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3236,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3248). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Improved Unicode support in the experimental file API on Windows
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3234,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3293). Thanks @Fros1er.
+
+- Unified UTF transcoding
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3416). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added support for UTF-8 digit separators via an experimental locale
+  facet (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1861). For
+  example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/f7bcznb3W)):
+
+  ```c++
+  auto loc = std::locale(
+    std::locale(), new fmt::format_facet<std::locale>("’"));
+  auto s = fmt::format(loc, "{:L}", 1000);
+  ```
+
+  where `’` is U+2019 used as a digit separator in the de_CH locale.
+
+- Added an overload of `formatted_size` that takes a locale
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3084,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3087). Thanks @gerboengels.
+
+- Removed the deprecated `FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM`.
+
+- Fixed a UB when using a null `std::string_view` with
+  `fmt::to_string` or format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3241,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3244). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added `starts_with` to the fallback `string_view` implementation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3080). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added `fmt::basic_format_string::get()` for compatibility with
+  `basic_format_string`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3111). Thanks @huangqinjin.
+
+- Added `println` for compatibility with C++23
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3267). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+- Renamed the `FMT_EXPORT` macro for shared library usage to
+  `FMT_LIB_EXPORT`.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3108,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3169,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3243).
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3404,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/4002).
+  Thanks @Cleroth, @Vertexwahn and @yujincheng08.
+
+- Improved build configuration and tests
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3118,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3120,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3188,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3189,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3198,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3205,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3207,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3210,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3240,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3256,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3264,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3299,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3302,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3312,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3317,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3328,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3333,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3369,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3373,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3395,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3406,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3411).
+  Thanks @dimztimz, @phprus, @DavidKorczynski, @ChrisThrasher,
+  @FrancoisCarouge, @kennyweiss, @luzpaz, @codeinred, @Mixaill, @joycebrum,
+  @kevinhwang and @Vertexwahn.
+
+- Fixed a regression in handling empty format specifiers after a colon
+  (`{:}`) (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3086). Thanks @oxidase.
+
+- Worked around a broken implementation of
+  `std::is_constant_evaluated` in some versions of libstdc++ on clang
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3247,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3281). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed formatting of volatile variables
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3068).
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3057,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3066,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3072,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3082,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3091,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3092,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3093,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3095,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3096,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3097,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3128,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3129,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3137,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3139,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3140,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3142,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3149,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3150,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3154,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3163,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3178,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3184,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3196,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3204,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3206,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3208,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3213,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3216,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3224,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3226,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3228,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3229,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3259,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3274,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3287,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3288,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3292,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3295,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3296,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3298,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3325,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3326,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3334,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3342,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3343,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3351,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3352,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3362,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3365,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3366,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3374,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3377,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3378,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3381,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3398,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3413,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3415).
+  Thanks @phprus, @gsjaardema, @NewbieOrange, @EngineLessCC, @asmaloney,
+  @HazardyKnusperkeks, @sergiud, @Youw, @thesmurph, @czudziakm,
+  @Roman-Koshelev, @chronoxor, @ShawnZhong, @russelltg, @glebm, @tmartin-gh,
+  @Zhaojun-Liu, @louiswins and @mogemimi.
+
+# 9.1.0 - 2022-08-27
+
+- `fmt::formatted_size` now works at compile time
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3026). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/1MW5rMdf8)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    constexpr size_t n = fmt::formatted_size("{}"_cf, 42);
+    fmt::print("{}\n", n); // prints 2
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @marksantaniello.
+
+- Fixed handling of invalid UTF-8
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3038,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3044,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3056).
+  Thanks @phprus and @skeeto.
+
+- Improved Unicode support in `ostream` overloads of `print`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2994,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3001,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3025). Thanks @dimztimz.
+
+- Fixed handling of the sign specifier in localized formatting on
+  systems with 32-bit `wchar_t`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3041).
+
+- Added support for wide streams to `fmt::streamed`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2994). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added the `n` specifier that disables the output of delimiters when
+  formatting ranges (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2981,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2983). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/roKqGdj8c)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+  #include <vector>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto v = std::vector{1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{:n}\n", v); // prints 1, 2, 3
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Worked around problematic `std::string_view` constructors introduced
+  in C++23 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3030,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3050). Thanks @strega-nil-ms.
+
+- Improve handling (exclusion) of recursive ranges
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2968,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2974). Thanks @Dani-Hub.
+
+- Improved error reporting in format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3055).
+
+- Improved the implementation of
+  [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox), the algorithm
+  used for the default floating-point formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2984). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+- Fixed issues with floating-point formatting on exotic platforms.
+
+- Improved the implementation of chrono formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3010). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2966,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3009,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3020,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3037).
+  Thanks @mwinterb, @jcelerier and @remiburtin.
+
+- Improved build configuration
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2991,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2995,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3004,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3007,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3040).
+  Thanks @dimztimz and @hwhsu1231.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2969,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2971,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2975,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2982,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2985,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2988,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2989,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3000,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3006,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3014,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3015,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3021,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3023,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3024,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3029,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3043,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3052,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3053,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3054).
+  Thanks @h-friederich, @dimztimz, @olupton, @bernhardmgruber and @phprus.
+
+# 9.0.0 - 2022-07-04
+
+- Switched to the internal floating point formatter for all decimal
+  presentation formats. In particular this results in consistent
+  rounding on all platforms and removing the `s[n]printf` fallback for
+  decimal FP formatting.
+
+- Compile-time floating point formatting no longer requires the
+  header-only mode. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/G37PTeG3b)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <array>
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  consteval auto compile_time_dtoa(double value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+    auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+    fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto answer = compile_time_dtoa(0.42);
+  ```
+
+  works with the default settings.
+
+- Improved the implementation of
+  [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox), the algorithm
+  used for the default floating-point formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2713,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2750). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+- Made `fmt::to_string` work with `__float128`. This uses the internal
+  FP formatter and works even on system without `__float128` support
+  in `[s]printf`.
+
+- Disabled automatic `std::ostream` insertion operator (`operator<<`)
+  discovery when `fmt/ostream.h` is included to prevent ODR
+  violations. You can get the old behavior by defining
+  `FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM` but this will be removed in the next major
+  release. Use `fmt::streamed` or `fmt::ostream_formatter` to enable
+  formatting via `std::ostream` instead.
+
+- Added `fmt::ostream_formatter` that can be used to write `formatter`
+  specializations that perform formatting via `std::ostream`. For
+  example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/5sEc5qMsf)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+  struct date {
+    int year, month, day;
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const date& d) {
+      return os << d.year << '-' << d.month << '-' << d.day;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <> struct fmt::formatter<date> : ostream_formatter {};
+
+  std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
+  // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
+  ```
+
+- Added the `fmt::streamed` function that takes an object and formats
+  it via `std::ostream`. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/5G3346G1f)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <thread>
+  #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+               fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Note that `fmt/std.h` provides a `formatter` specialization for
+  `std::thread::id` so you don\'t need to format it via
+  `std::ostream`.
+
+- Deprecated implicit conversions of unscoped enums to integers for
+  consistency with scoped enums.
+
+- Added an argument-dependent lookup based `format_as` extension API
+  to simplify formatting of enums.
+
+- Added experimental `std::variant` formatting support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2941). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/KG9z6cq68)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <variant>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto v = std::variant<int, std::string>(42);
+    fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints:
+
+      variant(42)
+
+  Thanks @jehelset.
+
+- Added experimental `std::filesystem::path` formatting support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2865,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2902,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2917,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2918). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/o44dMexEb)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <filesystem>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("There is no place like {}.", std::filesystem::path("/home"));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints:
+
+      There is no place like "/home".
+
+  Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added a `std::thread::id` formatter to `fmt/std.h`. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/j1azbYf3E)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <thread>
+  #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n", std::this_thread::get_id());
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Added `fmt::styled` that applies a text style to an individual
+  argument (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2793). For
+  example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/vWGW7v5M6)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+  #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    fmt::print(
+      "[{}] {}: {}\n",
+      fmt::styled(now, fmt::emphasis::bold),
+      fmt::styled("error", fg(fmt::color::red)),
+      "something went wrong");
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/175071215-12809244-dab0-4005-96d8-7cd911c964d5.png)
+
+  Thanks @rbrugo.
+
+- Made `fmt::print` overload for text styles correctly handle UTF-8
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2681,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2701). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+- Fixed Unicode handling when writing to an ostream.
+
+- Added support for nested specifiers to range formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2673). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/xd3Gj38cf)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <vector>
+  #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{::#x}\n", std::vector{10, 20, 30});
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints `[0xa, 0x14, 0x1e]`.
+
+  Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Implemented escaping of wide strings in ranges
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2904). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added support for ranges with `begin` / `end` found via the
+  argument-dependent lookup
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2807). Thanks @rbrugo.
+
+- Fixed formatting of certain kinds of ranges of ranges
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2787). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Fixed handling of maps with element types other than `std::pair`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2944). Thanks @BrukerJWD.
+
+- Made tuple formatter enabled only if elements are formattable
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2939,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2940). Thanks @jehelset.
+
+- Made `fmt::join` compatible with format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2719,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2720). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Made compile-time checks work with named arguments of custom types
+  and `std::ostream` `print` overloads
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2816,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2817,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819). Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+- Removed `make_args_checked` because it is no longer needed for
+  compile-time checks
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2760). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Removed the following deprecated APIs: `_format`, `arg_join`, the
+  `format_to` overload that takes a memory buffer, `[v]fprintf` that
+  takes an `ostream`.
+
+- Removed the deprecated implicit conversion of `[const] signed char*`
+  and `[const] unsigned char*` to C strings.
+
+- Removed the deprecated `fmt/locale.h`.
+
+- Replaced the deprecated `fileno()` with `descriptor()` in
+  `buffered_file`.
+
+- Moved `to_string_view` to the `detail` namespace since it\'s an
+  implementation detail.
+
+- Made access mode of a created file consistent with `fopen` by
+  setting `S_IWGRP` and `S_IWOTH`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2733). Thanks @arogge.
+
+- Removed a redundant buffer resize when formatting to `std::ostream`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2842,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2843). Thanks @jcelerier.
+
+- Made precision computation for strings consistent with width
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2888).
+
+- Fixed handling of locale separators in floating point formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2830).
+
+- Made sign specifiers work with `__int128_t`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2773).
+
+- Improved support for systems such as CHERI with extra data stored in
+  pointers (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2932).
+  Thanks @davidchisnall.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2706,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2712,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2789,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2803,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2805,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2815,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2924).
+  Thanks @BRevzin, @Pokechu22, @setoye, @rtobar, @rbrugo, @anoonD and
+  @leha-bot.
+
+- Improved build configuration
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2766,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2772,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2836,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2852,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2907,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2913,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2914).
+  Thanks @kambala-decapitator, @mattiasljungstrom, @kieselnb, @nathannaveen
+  and @Vertexwahn.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2507,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2697,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2715,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2717,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2722,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2724,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2725,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2726,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2728,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2732,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2738,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2742,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2744,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2745,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2746,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2754,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2755,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2757,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2758,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2761,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2762,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2763,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2765,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2769,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2770,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2771,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2777,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2779,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2782,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2783,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2794,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2796,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2797,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2801,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2802,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2808,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2818,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2829,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2835,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2848,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2860,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2861,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2882,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2886,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2891,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2892,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2895,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2896,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2903,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2906,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2908,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2909,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2920,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2922,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2927,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2929,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2936,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2937,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2938,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2951,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2954,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2957,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2958,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2960).
+  Thanks @matrackif @Tobi823, @ivan-volnov, @VasiliPupkin256,
+  @federico-busato, @barcharcraz, @jk-jeon, @HazardyKnusperkeks, @dalboris,
+  @seanm, @gsjaardema, @timsong-cpp, @seanm, @frithrah, @chronoxor, @Agga,
+  @madmaxoft, @JurajX, @phprus and @Dani-Hub.
+
+# 8.1.1 - 2022-01-06
+
+- Restored ABI compatibility with version 8.0.x
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2695,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2696). Thanks @saraedum.
+- Fixed chrono formatting on big endian systems
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2698,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2699).
+  Thanks @phprus and @xvitaly.
+- Fixed a linkage error with mingw
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2691,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2692). Thanks @rbberger.
+
+# 8.1.0 - 2022-01-02
+
+- Optimized chrono formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2500,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2537,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2541,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2544,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2550,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2551,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2576,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2577,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2586,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2591,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2594,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2602,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2617,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2628,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2633,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2670,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2671).
+
+  Processing of some specifiers such as `%z` and `%Y` is now up to
+  10-20 times faster, for example on GCC 11 with libstdc++:
+
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark                                  Before             After
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      FMTFormatter_z                             261 ns             26.3 ns
+      FMTFormatterCompile_z                      246 ns             11.6 ns
+      FMTFormatter_Y                             263 ns             26.1 ns
+      FMTFormatterCompile_Y                      244 ns             10.5 ns
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  Thanks @phprus and @toughengineer.
+
+- Implemented subsecond formatting for chrono durations
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2623). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/es7vWTETe)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:%S}", std::chrono::milliseconds(1234));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"01.234\".
+
+  Thanks @matrackif.
+
+- Fixed handling of precision 0 when formatting chrono durations
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2587,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2588). Thanks @lukester1975.
+
+- Fixed an overflow on invalid inputs in the `tm` formatter
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2564). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added `fmt::group_digits` that formats integers with a non-localized
+  digit separator (comma) for groups of three digits. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/TxGxG9Poq)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{} dollars", fmt::group_digits(1000000));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"1,000,000 dollars\".
+
+- Added support for faint, conceal, reverse and blink text styles
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2394):
+
+  <https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/147710227-c68f5317-f8fa-42c3-9123-7c4ba3c398cb.mp4>
+
+  Thanks @benit8 and @data-man.
+
+- Added experimental support for compile-time floating point
+  formatting (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2426,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2470). It is currently
+  limited to the header-only mode. Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Added UDL-based named argument support to compile-time format string
+  checks (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2640,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2649). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/ohGbbvonv)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("{answer:s}", "answer"_a=42);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 `consteval` and
+  non-type template parameter support (gcc 10+) because `s` is not a
+  valid format specifier for an integer.
+
+  Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Implemented escaping of string range elements. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/rKvM1vKf3)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+  #include <vector>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}", std::vector<std::string>{"\naan"});
+  }
+  ```
+
+  is now printed as:
+
+      ["\naan"]
+
+  instead of:
+
+      ["
+      aan"]
+
+- Added an experimental `?` specifier for escaping strings.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2674). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Switched to JSON-like representation of maps and sets for
+  consistency with Python\'s `str.format`. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/seKjoY9W5)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+  #include <map>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}", std::map<std::string, int>{{"answer", 42}});
+  }
+  ```
+
+  is now printed as:
+
+      {"answer": 42}
+
+- Extended `fmt::join` to support C++20-only ranges
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2549). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+- Optimized handling of non-const-iterable ranges and implemented
+  initial support for non-const-formattable types.
+
+- Disabled implicit conversions of scoped enums to integers that was
+  accidentally introduced in earlier versions
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1841).
+
+- Deprecated implicit conversion of `[const] signed char*` and
+  `[const] unsigned char*` to C strings.
+
+- Deprecated `_format`, a legacy UDL-based format API
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2646). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Marked `format`, `formatted_size` and `to_string` as `[[nodiscard]]`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2612). @0x8000-0000.
+
+- Added missing diagnostic when trying to format function and member
+  pointers as well as objects convertible to pointers which is
+  explicitly disallowed
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2598,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2609,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2610). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+- Optimized writing to a contiguous buffer with `format_to_n`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2489). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+- Optimized writing to non-`char` buffers
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2477). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+- Decimal point is now localized when using the `L` specifier.
+
+- Improved floating point formatter implementation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2498,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2499). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+- Fixed handling of very large precision in fixed format
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2616).
+
+- Made a table of cached powers used in FP formatting static
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2509). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+- Resolved a lookup ambiguity with C++20 format-related functions due
+  to ADL (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2639,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2641). Thanks @mkurdej.
+
+- Removed unnecessary inline namespace qualification
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2642,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2643). Thanks @mkurdej.
+
+- Implemented argument forwarding in `format_to_n`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2462,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2463). Thanks @owent.
+
+- Fixed handling of implicit conversions in `fmt::to_string` and
+  format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2565).
+
+- Changed the default access mode of files created by
+  `fmt::output_file` to `-rw-r--r--` for consistency with `fopen`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2530).
+
+- Make `fmt::ostream::flush` public
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2435).
+
+- Improved C++14/17 attribute detection
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2615). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+- Improved `consteval` detection for MSVC
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2559). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2446,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2493,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2513,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2515,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2522,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2562,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2575,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2606,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2620,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2676).
+  Thanks @sobolevn, @UnePierre, @zhsj, @phprus, @ericcurtin and @Lounarok.
+
+- Improved fuzzers and added a fuzzer for chrono timepoint formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2461,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2469). @pauldreik,
+
+- Added the `FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS` CMake option setting which marks
+  {fmt}\'s headers as system. It can be used to suppress warnings
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2644,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2651). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Added the Bazel build system support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2505,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2516). Thanks @Vertexwahn.
+
+- Improved build configuration and tests
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2437,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2558,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2648,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2650,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2663,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2677).
+  Thanks @DanielaE, @alexezeder and @phprus.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2353,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2356,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2399,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2414,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2427,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2432,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2442,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2434,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2439,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2447,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2450,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2455,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2465,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2472,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2474,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2476,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2478,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2479,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2481,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2482,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2483,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2490,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2491,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2510,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2518,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2528,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2529,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2539,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2540,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2545,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2555,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2557,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2570,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2573,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2582,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2605,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2611,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2647,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2627,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2630,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2635,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2638,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2653,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2654,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2661,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2664,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2684).
+  Thanks @DanielaE, @mwinterb, @cdacamar, @TrebledJ, @bodomartin, @cquammen,
+  @white238, @mmarkeloff, @palacaze, @jcelerier, @mborn-adi, @BrukerJWD,
+  @spyridon97, @phprus, @oliverlee, @joshessman-llnl, @akohlmey, @timkalu,
+  @olupton, @Acretock, @alexezeder, @andrewcorrigan, @lucpelletier and
+  @HazardyKnusperkeks.
+
+# 8.0.1 - 2021-07-02
+
+- Fixed the version number in the inline namespace
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2374).
+- Added a missing presentation type check for `std::string`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2402).
+- Fixed a linkage error when mixing code built with clang and gcc
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2377).
+- Fixed documentation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2396,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2403,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406). Thanks @mkurdej.
+- Removed dead code in FP formatter (
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2398). Thanks @javierhonduco.
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2351,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2359,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2365,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2368,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2370,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2376,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2381,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2382,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2386,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2389,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2395,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2397,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2400,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2401,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2407).
+  Thanks @zx2c4, @AidanSun05, @mattiasljungstrom, @joemmett, @erengy,
+  @patlkli, @gsjaardema and @phprus.
+
+# 8.0.0 - 2021-06-21
+
+- Enabled compile-time format string checks by default. For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/sMxcohGjz)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+  }
+  ```
+
+  gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 `consteval`
+  support (gcc 10+, clang 11+) because `d` is not a valid format
+  specifier for a string.
+
+  To pass a runtime string wrap it in `fmt::runtime`:
+
+  ```c++
+  fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+  ```
+
+- Added compile-time formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2019,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2044,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2056,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2072,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2075,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2078,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2129,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2326). For example
+  ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/Mxx9d89jM)):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  consteval auto compile_time_itoa(int value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+    auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+    fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto answer = compile_time_itoa(42);
+  ```
+
+  Most of the formatting functionality is available at compile time
+  with a notable exception of floating-point numbers and pointers.
+  Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Optimized handling of format specifiers during format string
+  compilation. For example, hexadecimal formatting (`"{:x}"`) is now
+  3-7x faster than before when using `format_to` with format string
+  compilation and a stack-allocated buffer
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1944).
+
+  Before (7.1.3):
+
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      FMTCompileOld/0                         15.5 ns         15.5 ns     43302898
+      FMTCompileOld/42                        16.6 ns         16.6 ns     43278267
+      FMTCompileOld/273123                    18.7 ns         18.6 ns     37035861
+      FMTCompileOld/9223372036854775807       19.4 ns         19.4 ns     35243000
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  After (8.x):
+
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      FMTCompileNew/0                         1.99 ns         1.99 ns    360523686
+      FMTCompileNew/42                        2.33 ns         2.33 ns    279865664
+      FMTCompileNew/273123                    3.72 ns         3.71 ns    190230315
+      FMTCompileNew/9223372036854775807       5.28 ns         5.26 ns    130711631
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  It is even faster than `std::to_chars` from libc++ compiled with
+  clang on macOS:
+
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      ToChars/0                               4.42 ns         4.41 ns    160196630
+      ToChars/42                              5.00 ns         4.98 ns    140735201
+      ToChars/273123                          7.26 ns         7.24 ns     95784130
+      ToChars/9223372036854775807             8.77 ns         8.75 ns     75872534
+      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  In other cases, especially involving `std::string` construction, the
+  speed up is usually lower because handling format specifiers takes a
+  smaller fraction of the total time.
+
+- Added the `_cf` user-defined literal to represent a compiled format
+  string. It can be used instead of the `FMT_COMPILE` macro
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2043,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2242):
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  using namespace fmt::literals;
+  auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42); // 🙁 not modern
+  auto s = fmt::format("{}"_cf, 42);           // 🙂 modern as hell
+  ```
+
+  It requires compiler support for class types in non-type template
+  parameters (a C++20 feature) which is available in GCC 9.3+.
+  Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Format string compilation now requires `format` functions of
+  `formatter` specializations for user-defined types to be `const`:
+
+  ```c++
+  template <> struct fmt::formatter<my_type>: formatter<string_view> {
+    template <typename FormatContext>
+    auto format(my_type obj, FormatContext& ctx) const {  // Note const here.
+      // ...
+    }
+  };
+  ```
+
+- Added UDL-based named argument support to format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2243,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2281). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+  using namespace fmt::literals;
+  auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{answer}"), "answer"_a = 42);
+  ```
+
+  Here the argument named \"answer\" is resolved at compile time with
+  no runtime overhead. Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Added format string compilation support to `fmt::print`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2280,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2304). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Added initial support for compiling {fmt} as a C++20 module
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2235,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2240,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2260,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2282,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2283,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2288,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2298,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2306,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2307,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2309,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2318,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2324,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2332,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2340). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+- Made symbols private by default reducing shared library size
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2301). For example
+  there was a \~15% reported reduction on one platform. Thanks @sergiud.
+
+- Optimized includes making the result of preprocessing `fmt/format.h`
+  \~20% smaller with libstdc++/C++20 and slightly improving build
+  times (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1998).
+
+- Added support of ranges with non-const `begin` / `end`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1953). Thanks @kitegi.
+
+- Added support of `std::byte` and other formattable types to
+  `fmt::join` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1981,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2040,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2050,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2262). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+  #include <cstddef>
+  #include <vector>
+
+  int main() {
+    auto bytes = std::vector{std::byte(4), std::byte(2)};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(bytes, ""));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"42\".
+
+  Thanks @kamibo.
+
+- Implemented the default format for `std::chrono::system_clock`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2319,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2345). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{}", std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"2021-06-18 15:22:00\" (the output depends on the current
+  date and time). Thanks @sunmy2019.
+
+- Made more chrono specifiers locale independent by default. Use the
+  `'L'` specifier to get localized formatting. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+    auto monday = std::chrono::weekday(1);
+    fmt::print("{}\n", monday);   // prints "Mon"
+    fmt::print("{:L}\n", monday); // prints "пн"
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Improved locale handling in chrono formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2337,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2349,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2350). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Deprecated `fmt/locale.h` moving the formatting functions that take
+  a locale to `fmt/format.h` (`char`) and `fmt/xchar` (other
+  overloads). This doesn\'t introduce a dependency on `<locale>` so
+  there is virtually no compile time effect.
+
+- Deprecated an undocumented `format_to` overload that takes
+  `basic_memory_buffer`.
+
+- Made parameter order in `vformat_to` consistent with `format_to`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2327).
+
+- Added support for time points with arbitrary durations
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2208). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    using tp = std::chrono::time_point<
+      std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::seconds>;
+    fmt::print("{:%S}", tp(std::chrono::seconds(42)));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"42\".
+
+- Formatting floating-point numbers no longer produces trailing zeros
+  by default for consistency with `std::format`. For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{0:.3}", 1.1);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"1.1\". Use the `'#'` specifier to keep trailing zeros.
+
+- Dropped a limit on the number of elements in a range and replaced
+  `{}` with `[]` as range delimiters for consistency with Python\'s
+  `str.format`.
+
+- The `'L'` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting can now
+  be combined with presentation specifiers as in `std::format`. For
+  example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/core.h>
+  #include <locale>
+
+  int main() {
+    std::locale::global(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"));
+    fmt::print("{0:.2Lf}", 0.42);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"0,42\". The deprecated `'n'` specifier has been removed.
+
+- Made the `0` specifier ignored for infinity and NaN
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2305,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2310). Thanks @Liedtke.
+
+- Made the hexfloat formatting use the right alignment by default
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2308,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2317). Thanks @Liedtke.
+
+- Removed the deprecated numeric alignment (`'='`). Use the `'0'`
+  specifier instead.
+
+- Removed the deprecated `fmt/posix.h` header that has been replaced
+  with `fmt/os.h`.
+
+- Removed the deprecated `format_to_n_context`, `format_to_n_args` and
+  `make_format_to_n_args`. They have been replaced with
+  `format_context`, `` format_args` and ``make_format_args\`\`
+  respectively.
+
+- Moved `wchar_t`-specific functions and types to `fmt/xchar.h`. You
+  can define `FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_XCHAR` to automatically include
+  `fmt/xchar.h` from `fmt/format.h` but this will be disabled in the
+  next major release.
+
+- Fixed handling of the `'+'` specifier in localized formatting
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2133).
+
+- Added support for the `'s'` format specifier that gives textual
+  representation of `bool`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2094,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2109). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:s}", true);
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints \"true\". Thanks @powercoderlol.
+
+- Made `fmt::ptr` work with function pointers
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2131). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("My main: {}\n", fmt::ptr(main));
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @mikecrowe.
+
+- The undocumented support for specializing `formatter` for pointer
+  types has been removed.
+
+- Fixed `fmt::formatted_size` with format string compilation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2141,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2161). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Fixed handling of empty format strings during format string
+  compilation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2042):
+
+  ```c++
+  auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE(""));
+  ```
+
+  Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+- Fixed handling of enums in `fmt::to_string`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2036).
+
+- Improved width computation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2033,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2091). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "你好", "世界");
+    fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "hello", "world");
+  }
+  ```
+
+  prints
+
+  ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/119840373-cea3ca80-beb9-11eb-91e0-54266c48e181.png)
+
+  on a modern terminal.
+
+- The experimental fast output stream (`fmt::ostream`) is now
+  truncated by default for consistency with `fopen`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2018). For example:
+
+  ```c++
+  #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+  int main() {
+    fmt::ostream out1 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+    out1.print("Zaphod");
+    out1.close();
+    fmt::ostream out2 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+    out2.print("Ford");
+  }
+  ```
+
+  writes \"Ford\" to the file \"guide\". To preserve the old file
+  content if any pass `fmt::file::WRONLY | fmt::file::CREATE` flags to
+  `fmt::output_file`.
+
+- Fixed moving of `fmt::ostream` that holds buffered data
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2197,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2198). Thanks @vtta.
+
+- Replaced the `fmt::system_error` exception with a function of the
+  same name that constructs `std::system_error`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2266).
+
+- Replaced the `fmt::windows_error` exception with a function of the
+  same name that constructs `std::system_error` with the category
+  returned by `fmt::system_category()`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2274,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2275). The latter is
+  similar to `std::system_category` but correctly handles UTF-8.
+  Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Replaced `fmt::error_code` with `std::error_code` and made it
+  formattable (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2269,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2270,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2273). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added speech synthesis support
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2206).
+
+- Made `format_to` work with a memory buffer that has a custom
+  allocator (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2300).
+  Thanks @voxmea.
+
+- Added `Allocator::max_size` support to `basic_memory_buffer`.
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1960). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Added wide string support to `fmt::join`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2236). Thanks @crbrz.
+
+- Made iterators passed to `formatter` specializations via a format
+  context satisfy C++20 `std::output_iterator` requirements
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2156,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2158,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2195,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2204). Thanks @randomnetcat.
+
+- Optimized the `printf` implementation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1982,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1984,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2016,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2164).
+  Thanks @rimathia and @moiwi.
+
+- Improved detection of `constexpr` `char_traits`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2246,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2257). Thanks @phprus.
+
+- Fixed writing to `stdout` when it is redirected to `NUL` on Windows
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2080).
+
+- Fixed exception propagation from iterators
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2097).
+
+- Improved `strftime` error handling
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2238,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2244). Thanks @yumeyao.
+
+- Stopped using deprecated GCC UDL template extension.
+
+- Added `fmt/args.h` to the install target
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2096).
+
+- Error messages are now passed to assert when exceptions are disabled
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2145). Thanks @NobodyXu.
+
+- Added the `FMT_MASTER_PROJECT` CMake option to control build and
+  install targets when {fmt} is included via `add_subdirectory`
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2098,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2100).
+  Thanks @randomizedthinking.
+
+- Improved build configuration
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2026,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2122).
+  Thanks @luncliff and @ibaned.
+
+- Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1947,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1959,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1963,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1965,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1966,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1974,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1975,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1990,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2000,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2001,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2002,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2004,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2006,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2009,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2010,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2038,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2039,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2047,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2053,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2059,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2065,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2067,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2068,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2073,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2103,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2105,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2106,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2107,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2116,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2117,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2118,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2119,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2127,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2128,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2140,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2142,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2143,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2144,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2147,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2148,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2149,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2152,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2160,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2170,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2175,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2176,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2177,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2178,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2179,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2180,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2181,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2183,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2184,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2185,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2186,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2187,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2190,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2192,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2194,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2205,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2210,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2211,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2215,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2216,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2218,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2220,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2228,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2229,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2230,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2233,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2239,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2248,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2252,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2253,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2255,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2261,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2278,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2284,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2287,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2289,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2290,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2293,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2295,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2296,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2297,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2311,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2313,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2315,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2320,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2321,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2323,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2328,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2329,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2333,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2338,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2341).
+  Thanks @darklukee, @fagg, @killerbot242, @jgopel, @yeswalrus, @Finkman,
+  @HazardyKnusperkeks, @dkavolis, @concatime, @chronoxor, @summivox, @yNeo,
+  @Apache-HB, @alexezeder, @toojays, @Brainy0207, @vadz, @imsherlock, @phprus,
+  @white238, @yafshar, @BillyDonahue, @jstaahl, @denchat, @DanielaE,
+  @ilyakurdyukov, @ilmai, @JessyDL, @sergiud, @mwinterb, @sven-herrmann,
+  @jmelas, @twoixter, @crbrz and @upsj.
+
+- Improved documentation
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1986,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2051,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2057,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2081,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2084,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2312).
+  Thanks @imba-tjd, @0x416c69 and @mordante.
+
+- Continuous integration and test improvements
+  (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1969,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1991,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2020,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2110,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2114,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2196,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2217,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2247,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2256,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2336,
+  https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2346).
+  Thanks @jgopel, @alexezeder and @DanielaE.
+
+The change log for versions 0.8.0 - 7.1.3 is available [here](
+doc/ChangeLog-old.md).
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.rst b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a182b5..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/ChangeLog.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4238 +0,0 @@
-8.0.0 - TBD
------------
-
-* Added compile-time formatting
-  (`#2019 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2019>`_,
-  `#2044 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2044>`_,
-  `#2056 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2056>`_,
-  `#2072 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2072>`_,
-  `#2075 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2075>`_,
-  `#2129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2129>`_,
-  `#2326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2326>`_).
-  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/Mxx9d89jM>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     consteval auto compile_time_itoa(int value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
-       auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
-       fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
-       return result;
-     }
-
-     constexpr auto answer = compile_time_itoa(42);
-
-  Most of the formatting functionality is available at compile time with a
-  notable exception of floating-point numbers and pointers.
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Optimized handling of format specifiers during format string compilation.
-  For example, hexadecimal formatting (``"{:x}"``) is now 3-7x faster than
-  before when using ``format_to`` with format string compilation and a
-  stack-allocated buffer (`#1944 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1944>`_).
-
-  Before (7.1.3)::
-
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    FMTCompileOld/0                         15.5 ns         15.5 ns     43302898
-    FMTCompileOld/42                        16.6 ns         16.6 ns     43278267
-    FMTCompileOld/273123                    18.7 ns         18.6 ns     37035861
-    FMTCompileOld/9223372036854775807       19.4 ns         19.4 ns     35243000
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  After (8.x)::
-
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    FMTCompileNew/0                         1.99 ns         1.99 ns    360523686
-    FMTCompileNew/42                        2.33 ns         2.33 ns    279865664
-    FMTCompileNew/273123                    3.72 ns         3.71 ns    190230315
-    FMTCompileNew/9223372036854775807       5.28 ns         5.26 ns    130711631
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  And even faster than ``std::to_chars`` from libc++ compiled with clang on
-  macOS::
-
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    ToChars/0                               4.42 ns         4.41 ns    160196630
-    ToChars/42                              5.00 ns         4.98 ns    140735201
-    ToChars/273123                          7.26 ns         7.24 ns     95784130
-    ToChars/9223372036854775807             8.77 ns         8.75 ns     75872534
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  In other cases, especially involving ``std::string`` construction, the
-  speed up is usually lower because handling format specifiers takes a smaller
-  fraction of the total time.
-
-* Added the ``_cf`` user-defined literal to represent a compiled format string.
-  It can be used instead of the ``FMT_COMPILE`` macro
-  (`#2043 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2043>`_,
-  `#2242 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2242>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     using namespace fmt::literals;
-     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42); // 🙁 not modern
-     auto s = fmt::format("{}"_cf, 42);           // 🙂 modern as hell
-
-  It requires compiler support for class types in non-type template parameters
-  (a C++20 feature) which is available in GCC 9.3+.
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Format string compilation now requires ``format`` functions of ``formatter``
-  specializations for user-defined types to be ``const``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     template <> struct fmt::formatter<my_type>: formatter<string_view> {
-       template <typename FormatContext>
-       auto format(my_type obj, FormatContext& ctx) const {  // Note const here.
-         // ...
-       }
-     };
-
-* Added UDL-based named argument support to format string compilation
-  (`#2243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2243>`_,
-  `#2281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2281>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     using namespace fmt::literals;
-     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{answer}"), "answer"_a = 42);
-
-  Here the argument named "answer" is resolved at compile time with no
-  runtime overhead.
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Added format string compilation support to ``fmt::print``
-  (`#2280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2280>`_,
-  `#2304 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2304>`_).
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Added initial support for compiling {fmt} as a C++20 module
-  (`#2235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2235>`_,
-  `#2240 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2240>`_,
-  `#2260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2260>`_,
-  `#2282 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2282>`_,
-  `#2283 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2283>`_,
-  `#2288 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2288>`_,
-  `#2298 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2298>`_,
-  `#2306 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2306>`_,
-  `#2307 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2307>`_,
-  `#2309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2309>`_,
-  `#2318 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2318>`_,
-  `#2324 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2324>`_,
-  `#2332 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2332>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Made symbols private by default reducing shared library size
-  (`#2301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2301>`_). For example there was
-  a ~15% reported reduction on one platform.
-  Thanks `@sergiud (Sergiu Deitsch) <https://github.com/sergiud>`_.
-
-* Added support of ranges with non-const ``begin`` / ``end``
-  (`#1953 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1953>`_).
-  Thanks `@kitegi (sarah) <https://github.com/kitegi>`_.
-
-* Added support of ``std::byte`` and other formattable types to ``fmt::join``
-  (`#1981 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1981>`_,
-  `#2040 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2040>`_,
-  `#2050 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2050>`_,
-  `#2262 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2262>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-     #include <cstddef>
-     #include <vector>
-
-     int main() {
-       auto bytes = std::vector{std::byte(4), std::byte(2)};
-       fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(bytes, ""));
-     }
-
-  prints "42".
-
-  Thanks `@kamibo (Camille Bordignon) <https://github.com/kamibo>`_.
-
-* Made more chrono specifiers locale independent by default. Use the ``'L'``
-  specifier to get localized formatting. For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
-       auto monday = std::chrono::weekday(1);
-       fmt::print("{}\n", monday);   // prints "Mon"
-       fmt::print("{:L}\n", monday); // prints "пн"
-     }
-
-* Deprecated ``fmt/locale.h`` moving the formatting functions that take a
-  locale to ``fmt/format.h`` (``char``) and ``fmt/xchar`` (other overloads).
-  This doesn't introduce a dependency on ``<locale>`` so there is virtually no
-  compile time effect.
-
-* Made parameter order in ``vformat_to`` consistent with ``format_to``
-  (`#2327 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2327>`_).
-
-* Added support for time points with arbitrary durations
-  (`#2208 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2208>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       using tp = std::chrono::time_point<
-         std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::seconds>;
-       fmt::print("{:%S}", tp(std::chrono::seconds(42)));
-     }
-
-  prints "42".
-
-* Formatting floating-point numbers no longer produces trailing zeros by default
-  for consistency with ``std::format``. For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{0:.3}", 1.1);
-     }
-
-  prints "1.1". Use the ``'#'`` specifier to keep trailing zeros.
-
-* Dropped a limit on the number of elements in a range and replaced ``{}`` with
-  ``[]`` as range delimiters for consistency with Python's ``str.format``.
-
-* The ``'L'`` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting can now be
-  combined with presentation specifiers as in ``std::format``. For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-     #include <locale>
-
-     int main() {
-       std::locale::global(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"));
-       fmt::print("{0:.2Lf}", 0.42);
-     }
-
-  prints "0,42". The deprecated ``'n'`` specifier has been removed.
-
-* Made the ``0`` specifier ignored for infinity and NaN
-  (`#2305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2305>`_,
-  `#2310 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2310>`_).
-  Thanks `@Liedtke (Matthias Liedtke) <https://github.com/Liedtke>`_.
-
-* Made the hexfloat formatting use the right alignment by default
-  (`#2308 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2308>`_,
-  `#2317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2317>`_).
-  Thanks `@Liedtke (Matthias Liedtke) <https://github.com/Liedtke>`_.
-
-* Removed the deprecated numeric alignment (``'='``). Use the ``'0'`` specifier
-  instead.
-
-* Removed the deprecated ``fmt/posix.h`` header that has been replaced with
-  ``fmt/os.h``.
-
-* Removed the deprecated ``format_to_n_context``, ``format_to_n_args`` and
-  ``make_format_to_n_args``. They have been replaced with ``format_context``,
-  ``format_args` and ``make_format_args`` respectively.
-
-* Moved ``wchar_t``-specific functions and types to ``fmt/wchar.h``.
-  You can define ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_WCHAR`` to automatically include
-  ``fmt/wchar.h`` from ``fmt/format.h`` but this will be disabled in the next
-  major release.
-
-* Fixed handling of the ``'+'`` specifier in localized formatting
-  (`#2133 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2133>`_).
-
-* Added support for the ``'s'`` format specifier that gives textual
-  representation of ``bool``
-  (`#2109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2109>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{:s}", true);
-     }
-
-  prints "true".
-  Thanks `@powercoderlol (Ivan Polyakov) <https://github.com/powercoderlol>`_.
-
-* Made ``fmt::ptr`` work with function pointers
-  (`#2131 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2131>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("My main: {}\n", fmt::ptr(main));
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@mikecrowe (Mike Crowe) <https://github.com/mikecrowe>`_.
-
-* Fixed ``fmt::formatted_size`` with format string compilation
-  (`#2141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2141>`_,
-  `#2161 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2161>`_).
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of empty format strings during format string compilation
-  (`#2042 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2042>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE(""));
-
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of enums in ``fmt::to_string``
-  (`#2036 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2036>`_).
-
-* Improved width computation
-  (`#2033 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2033>`_). For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "你好", "世界");
-       fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "hello", "world");
-     }
-
-  prints
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             119840373-cea3ca80-beb9-11eb-91e0-54266c48e181.png
-
-  on a modern terminal.
-
-* The experimental fast output stream (``fmt::ostream``) is now truncated by
-  default for consistency with ``fopen``. For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/os.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::ostream out1 = fmt::output_file("guide");
-       out1.print("Zaphod");
-       out1.close();
-       fmt::ostream out2 = fmt::output_file("guide");
-       out2.print("Ford");
-     }
-
-  writes "Ford" to the file "guide". To preserve the old file content if any
-  pass ``fmt::file::WRONLY | fmt::file::CREATE`` flags to ``fmt::output_file``.
-
-* Fixed moving of ``fmt::ostream`` that holds buffered data
-  (`#2197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2197>`_,
-  `#2198 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2198>`_).
-  Thanks `@vtta <https://github.com/vtta>`_.
-
-* Replaced the ``fmt::system_error`` exception with a function of the same
-  name that constructs ``std::system_error``
-  (`#2266 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2266>`_).
-
-* Replaced the ``fmt::windows_error`` exception with a function of the same
-  name that constructs ``std::system_error`` with the category returned by
-  ``fmt::system_category()``
-  (`#2274 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2274>`_,
-  `#2275 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2275>`_).
-  The latter is similar to ``std::sytem_category`` but correctly handles UTF-8.
-  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
-
-* Replaced ``fmt::error_code`` with ``std::error_code`` and made it formattable
-  (`#2269 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2269>`_,
-  `#2270 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2270>`_,
-  `#2273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2273>`_).
-  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
- 
-* Added speech synthesis support
-  (`#2206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2206>`_).
-
-* Made ``format_to`` work with a memory buffer that has a custom allocator
-  (`#2300 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2300>`_).
-  Thanks `@voxmea <https://github.com/voxmea>`_.
-
-* Added ``Allocator::max_size`` support to ``basic_memory_buffer``.
-  (`#1960 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1960>`_).
-  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
-
-* Added wide string support to ``fmt::join``
-  (`#2236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2236>`_).
-  Thanks `@crbrz <https://github.com/crbrz>`_.
-
-* Made iterators passed to ``formatter`` specializations via a format context
-  satisfy C++20 ``std::output_iterator`` requirements
-  (`#2156 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2156>`_,
-  `#2158 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2158>`_,
-  `#2195 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2195>`_,
-  `#2204 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2204>`_).
-  Thanks `@randomnetcat (Jason Cobb) <https://github.com/randomnetcat>`_.
-
-* Optimized the ``printf`` implementation
-  (`#1982 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1982>`_,
-  `#1984 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1984>`_,
-  `#2016 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2016>`_,
-  `#2164 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2164>`_).
-  Thanks `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_ and
-  `@moiwi <https://github.com/moiwi>`_.
-
-* Improved detection of ``constexpr`` ``char_traits``
-  (`#2246 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2246>`_,
-  `#2257 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2257>`_).
-  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
-
-* Fixed writing to ``stdout`` when it is redirected to ``NUL`` on Windows
-  (`#2080 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2080>`_).
-
-* Fixed exception propagation from iterators
-  (`#2097 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2097>`_).
-  
-* Improved ``strftime`` error handling 
-  (`#2238 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2238>`_,
-  `#2244 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2244>`_).
-  Thanks `@yumeyao <https://github.com/yumeyao>`_.
-
-* Stopped using deprecated GCC UDL template extension.
-
-* Added ``fmt/args.h`` to the install target.
-
-* Error messages are now passed to assert when exceptions are disabled
-  (`#2145 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2145>`_).
-  Thanks `@NobodyXu (Jiahao XU) <https://github.com/NobodyXu>`_.
-
-* Added the ``FMT_MASTER_PROJECT`` CMake option to control build and install
-  targets when {fmt} is included via ``add_subdirectory``
-  (`#2100 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2100>`_).
-  Thanks `@randomizedthinking <https://github.com/randomizedthinking>`_.
-
-* Improved build configuration
-  (`#2026 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2026>`_,
-  `#2122 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2122>`_).
-  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_ and
-  `@ibaned (Dan Ibanez) <https://github.com/ibaned>`_.
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#1959 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1959>`_,
-  `#1963 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1963>`_,
-  `#1965 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1965>`_,
-  `#1974 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1974>`_,
-  `#1975 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1975>`_,
-  `#1990 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1990>`_,
-  `#2001 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2001>`_,
-  `#2006 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2006>`_,
-  `#2009 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2009>`_,
-  `#2010 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2010>`_,
-  `#2038 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2038>`_,
-  `#2039 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2039>`_,
-  `#2047 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2047>`_,
-  `#2053 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2053>`_,
-  `#2059 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2059>`_,
-  `#2065 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2065>`_,
-  `#2067 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2067>`_,
-  `#2068 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2068>`_,
-  `#2073 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2073>`_,
-  `#2106 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2106>`_,
-  `#2107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2107>`_,
-  `#2117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2117>`_,
-  `#2119 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2119>`_,
-  `#2128 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2128>`_,
-  `#2140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2140>`_,
-  `#2142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2142>`_,
-  `#2143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2143>`_,
-  `#2144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2144>`_,
-  `#2147 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2147>`_,
-  `#2148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2148>`_,
-  `#2149 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2149>`_,
-  `#2152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2152>`_,
-  `#2160 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2160>`_,
-  `#2170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2170>`_,
-  `#2175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2175>`_,
-  `#2176 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2176>`_,
-  `#2177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2177>`_,
-  `#2178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2178>`_,
-  `#2179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2179>`_,
-  `#2180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2180>`_,
-  `#2181 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2181>`_,
-  `#2183 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2183>`_,
-  `#2184 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2184>`_,
-  `#2185 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2185>`_,
-  `#2186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2186>`_,
-  `#2187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2187>`_,
-  `#2190 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2190>`_,
-  `#2192 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2192>`_,
-  `#2194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2194>`_,
-  `#2205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2205>`_,
-  `#2210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2210>`_,
-  `#2211 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2211>`_,
-  `#2215 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2215>`_,
-  `#2216 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2216>`_,
-  `#2218 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2218>`_,
-  `#2220 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2220>`_,
-  `#2228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2228>`_,
-  `#2229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2229>`_,
-  `#2230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2230>`_,
-  `#2233 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2233>`_,
-  `#2239 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2239>`_,
-  `#2248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2248>`_,
-  `#2252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2252>`_,
-  `#2253 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2253>`_,
-  `#2255 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2255>`_,
-  `#2261 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2261>`_,
-  `#2278 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2278>`_,
-  `#2284 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2284>`_,
-  `#2287 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2287>`_,
-  `#2289 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2289>`_,
-  `#2290 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2290>`_,
-  `#2293 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2293>`_,
-  `#2295 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2295>`_,
-  `#2296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2296>`_,
-  `#2297 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2297>`_,
-  `#2311 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2311>`_,
-  `#2313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2313>`_,
-  `#2315 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2315>`_,
-  `#2320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2320>`_,
-  `#2321 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2321>`_,
-  `#2323 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2323>`_,
-  `#2328 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2328>`_,
-  `#2329 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2329>`_).
-  Thanks `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_,
-  `@fagg (Ashton Fagg) <https://github.com/fagg>`_,
-  `@killerbot242 (Lieven de Cock) <https://github.com/killerbot242>`_,
-  `@jgopel (Jonathan Gopel) <https://github.com/jgopel>`_,
-  `@yeswalrus (Walter Gray) <https://github.com/yeswalrus>`_,
-  `@Finkman <https://github.com/Finkman>`_,
-  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers) <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
-  `@dkavolis (Daumantas Kavolis) <https://github.com/dkavolis>`_
-  `@concatime (Issam Maghni) <https://github.com/concatime>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@summivox (Yin Zhong) <https://github.com/summivox>`_,
-  `@yNeo <https://github.com/yNeo>`_,
-  `@Apache-HB (Elliot) <https://github.com/Apache-HB>`_,
-  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_,
-  `@toojays (John Steele Scott) <https://github.com/toojays>`_,
-  `@Brainy0207 <https://github.com/Brainy0207>`_,
-  `@vadz (VZ) <https://github.com/vadz>`_,
-  `@imsherlock (Ryan Sherlock) <https://github.com/imsherlock>`_,
-  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_,
-  `@white238 (Chris White) <https://github.com/white238>`_,
-  `@yafshar (Yaser Afshar) <https://github.com/yafshar>`_,
-  `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_,
-  `@jstaahl <https://github.com/jstaahl>`_,
-  `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_,
-  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
-  `@ilyakurdyukov (Ilya Kurdyukov) <https://github.com/ilyakurdyukov>`_,
-  `@ilmai <https://github.com/ilmai>`_,
-  `@JessyDL (Jessy De Lannoit) <https://github.com/JessyDL>`_,
-  `@sergiud (Sergiu Deitsch) <https://github.com/sergiud>`_,
-  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
-  `@sven-herrmann <https://github.com/sven-herrmann>`_,
-  `@jmelas (John Melas) <https://github.com/jmelas>`_,
-  `@twoixter (Jose Miguel Pérez) <https://github.com/twoixter>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#2051 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2051>`_,
-  `#2057 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2057>`_,
-  `#2081 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2081>`_,
-  `#2312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2312>`_).
-  Thanks `@imba-tjd (谭九鼎) <https://github.com/imba-tjd>`_,
-  `@0x416c69 (AlιAѕѕaѕѕιN) <https://github.com/0x416c69>`_,
-  `@mordante <https://github.com/mordante>`_.
-
-* Continuous integration and test improvements
-  (`#1991 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1991>`_,
-  `#2020 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2020>`_,
-  `#2110 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2110>`_,
-  `#2114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2114>`_,
-  `#2196 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2196>`_,
-  `#2217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2217>`_,
-  `#2247 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2247>`_,
-  `#2256 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2256>`_).
-  Thanks `@jgopel (Jonathan Gopel) <https://github.com/jgopel>`_ and
-  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-  
-7.1.3 - 2020-11-24
-------------------
-
-* Fixed handling of buffer boundaries in ``format_to_n``
-  (`#1996 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1996>`_,
-  `#2029 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2029>`_).
-
-* Fixed linkage errors when linking with a shared library
-  (`#2011 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2011>`_).
-
-* Reintroduced ostream support to range formatters
-  (`#2014 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2014>`_).
-
-* Worked around an issue with mixing std versions in gcc
-  (`#2017 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2017>`_).
-
-7.1.2 - 2020-11-04
-------------------
-
-* Fixed floating point formatting with large precision
-  (`#1976 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1976>`_).
-
-7.1.1 - 2020-11-01
-------------------
-
-* Fixed ABI compatibility with 7.0.x
-  (`#1961 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1961>`_).
-
-* Added the ``FMT_ARM_ABI_COMPATIBILITY`` macro to work around ABI
-  incompatibility between GCC and Clang on ARM
-  (`#1919 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1919>`_).
-
-* Worked around a SFINAE bug in GCC 8
-  (`#1957 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1957>`_).
-
-* Fixed linkage errors when building with GCC's LTO
-  (`#1955 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1955>`_).
-
-* Fixed a compilation error when building without ``__builtin_clz`` or equivalent
-  (`#1968 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1968>`_).
-  Thanks `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_.
-
-* Fixed a sign conversion warning
-  (`#1964 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1964>`_).
-  Thanks `@OptoCloud <https://github.com/OptoCloud>`_.
-
-7.1.0 - 2020-10-25
-------------------
-
-* Switched from `Grisu3
-  <https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf>`_
-  to `Dragonbox <https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox>`_ for the default
-  floating-point formatting which gives the shortest decimal representation
-  with round-trip guarantee and correct rounding
-  (`#1882 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1882>`_,
-  `#1887 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1887>`_,
-  `#1894 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1894>`_). This makes {fmt} up to
-  20-30x faster than common implementations of ``std::ostringstream`` and
-  ``sprintf`` on `dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_
-  and faster than double-conversion and Ryū:
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
-
-  It is possible to get even better performance at the cost of larger binary
-  size by compiling with the ``FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX`` macro set to 1.
-
-  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
-
-* Added an experimental unsynchronized file output API which, together with
-  `format string compilation <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-api>`_,
-  can give `5-9 times speed up compared to fprintf
-  <https://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_
-  on common platforms (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/nsTcG8>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/os.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       auto f = fmt::output_file("guide");
-       f.print("The answer is {}.", 42);
-     }
-
-* Added a formatter for ``std::chrono::time_point<system_clock>``
-  (`#1819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1819>`_,
-  `#1837 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1837>`_). For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/c4M6fh>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
-       fmt::print("The time is {:%H:%M:%S}.\n", now);
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@adamburgess (Adam Burgess) <https://github.com/adamburgess>`_.
-
-* Added support for ranges with non-const ``begin``/``end`` to ``fmt::join``
-  (`#1784 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1784>`_,
-  `#1786 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1786>`_). For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/jP63Tv>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
-     #include <range/v3/view/filter.hpp>
-
-     int main() {
-       using std::literals::string_literals::operator""s;
-       auto strs = std::array{"a"s, "bb"s, "ccc"s};
-       auto range = strs | ranges::views::filter(
-         [] (const std::string &x) { return x.size() != 2; }
-       );
-       fmt::print("{}\n", fmt::join(range, ""));
-     }
-
-  prints "accc".
-
-  Thanks `@tonyelewis (Tony E Lewis) <https://github.com/tonyelewis>`_.
-
-* Added a ``memory_buffer::append`` overload that takes a range
-  (`#1806 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1806>`_).
-  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
-
-* Improved handling of single code units in ``FMT_COMPILE``. For example:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     char* f(char* buf) {
-       return fmt::format_to(buf, FMT_COMPILE("x{}"), 42);
-     }
-
-  compiles to just (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/5vncz3>`__):
-
-  .. code:: asm
-
-     _Z1fPc:
-       movb $120, (%rdi)
-       xorl %edx, %edx
-       cmpl $42, _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE23zero_or_powers_of_10_32E+8(%rip)
-       movl $3, %eax
-       seta %dl
-       subl %edx, %eax
-       movzwl _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE6digitsE+84(%rip), %edx
-       cltq
-       addq %rdi, %rax
-       movw %dx, -2(%rax)
-       ret
-
-  Here a single ``mov`` instruction writes ``'x'`` (``$120``) to the output
-  buffer.
-
-* Added dynamic width support to format string compilation
-  (`#1809 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1809>`_).
-
-* Improved error reporting for unformattable types: now you'll get the type name
-  directly in the error message instead of the note:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     struct how_about_no {};
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{}", how_about_no());
-     }
-
-  Error (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/GoxM4e>`__):
-
-  ``fmt/core.h:1438:3: error: static_assert failed due to requirement
-  'fmt::v7::formattable<how_about_no>()' "Cannot format an argument.
-  To make type T formattable provide a formatter<T> specialization:
-  https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt"
-  ...``
-
-* Added the `make_args_checked <https://fmt.dev/7.1.0/api.html#argument-lists>`_
-  function template that allows you to write formatting functions with
-  compile-time format string checks and avoid binary code bloat
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/PEf9qr>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     void vlog(const char* file, int line, fmt::string_view format,
-               fmt::format_args args) {
-       fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
-       fmt::vprint(format, args);
-     }
-
-     template <typename S, typename... Args>
-     void log(const char* file, int line, const S& format, Args&&... args) {
-       vlog(file, line, format,
-           fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format, args...));
-     }
-
-     #define MY_LOG(format, ...) \
-       log(__FILE__, __LINE__, FMT_STRING(format), __VA_ARGS__)
-
-     MY_LOG("invalid squishiness: {}", 42);
-
-* Replaced ``snprintf`` fallback with a faster internal IEEE 754 ``float`` and
-  ``double`` formatter for arbitrary precision. For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/dPhWvj>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{:.500}\n", 4.9406564584124654E-324);
-     }
-
-  prints
-
-  ``4.9406564584124654417656879286822137236505980261432476442558568250067550727020875186529983636163599237979656469544571773092665671035593979639877479601078187812630071319031140452784581716784898210368871863605699873072305000638740915356498438731247339727316961514003171538539807412623856559117102665855668676818703956031062493194527159149245532930545654440112748012970999954193198940908041656332452475714786901472678015935523861155013480352649347201937902681071074917033322268447533357208324319360923829e-324``.
-
-* Made ``format_to_n`` and ``formatted_size`` part of the `core API
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api>`__
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/sPjY1K>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       char buffer[10];
-       auto result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "{}", 42);
-     }
-
-* Added ``fmt::format_to_n`` overload with format string compilation
-  (`#1764 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1764>`_,
-  `#1767 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1767>`_,
-  `#1869 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1869>`_). For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/93h86q>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       char buffer[8];
-       fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_,
-  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Added ``fmt::format_to`` overload that take ``text_style``
-  (`#1593 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1593>`_,
-  `#1842 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1842>`_,
-  `#1843 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1843>`_). For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/91153r>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       std::string out;
-       fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
-                      fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
-                      "The answer is {}.", 42);
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@Naios (Denis Blank) <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
-
-* Made the ``'#'`` specifier emit trailing zeros in addition to the decimal
-  point (`#1797 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1797>`_). For example
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/bhdcW9>`__):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{:#.2g}", 0.5);
-     }
-
-  prints ``0.50``.
-
-* Changed the default floating point format to not include ``.0`` for
-  consistency with ``std::format`` and ``std::to_chars``
-  (`#1893 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1893>`_,
-  `#1943 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1943>`_). It is possible to get
-  the decimal point and trailing zero with the ``#`` specifier.
-
-* Fixed an issue with floating-point formatting that could result in addition of
-  a non-significant trailing zero in rare cases e.g. ``1.00e-34`` instead of
-  ``1.0e-34`` (`#1873 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1873>`_,
-  `#1917 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1917>`_).
-
-* Made ``fmt::to_string`` fallback on ``ostream`` insertion operator if
-  the ``formatter`` specialization is not provided
-  (`#1815 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1815>`_,
-  `#1829 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1829>`_).
-  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
-
-* Added support for the append mode to the experimental file API and
-  improved ``fcntl.h`` detection.
-  (`#1847 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1847>`_,
-  `#1848 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1848>`_).
-  Thanks `@t-wiser <https://github.com/t-wiser>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of types that have both an implicit conversion operator and
-  an overloaded ``ostream`` insertion operator
-  (`#1766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1766>`_).
-
-* Fixed a slicing issue in an internal iterator type
-  (`#1822 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1822>`_).
-  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
-
-* Fixed an issue in locale-specific integer formatting
-  (`#1927 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1927>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of exotic code unit types
-  (`#1870 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1870>`_,
-  `#1932 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1932>`_).
-
-* Improved ``FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE``
-  (`#1878 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1878>`_).
-  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
-
-* Removed dependency on ``windows.h``
-  (`#1900 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1900>`_).
-  Thanks `@bernd5 (Bernd Baumanns) <https://github.com/bernd5>`_.
-
-* Optimized counting of decimal digits on MSVC
-  (`#1890 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1890>`_).
-  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#1772 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1772>`_,
-  `#1775 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1775>`_,
-  `#1792 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1792>`_,
-  `#1838 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1838>`_,
-  `#1888 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1888>`_,
-  `#1918 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1918>`_,
-  `#1939 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1939>`_).
-  Thanks `@leolchat (Léonard Gérard) <https://github.com/leolchat>`_,
-  `@pepsiman (Malcolm Parsons) <https://github.com/pepsiman>`_,
-  `@Klaim (Joël Lamotte) <https://github.com/Klaim>`_,
-  `@ravijanjam (Ravi J) <https://github.com/ravijanjam>`_,
-  `@francesco-st <https://github.com/francesco-st>`_,
-  `@udnaan (Adnan) <https://github.com/udnaan>`_.
-
-* Added the ``FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS`` CMake option that reduces the
-  binary code size at the cost of some integer formatting performance. This can
-  be useful for extremely memory-constrained embedded systems
-  (`#1778 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1778>`_,
-  `#1781 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1781>`_).
-  Thanks `@kammce (Khalil Estell) <https://github.com/kammce>`_.
-
-* Added the ``FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES`` macro to control usage of inline
-  namespaces (`#1945 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1945>`_).
-  Thanks `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_.
-
-* Improved build configuration
-  (`#1760 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1760>`_,
-  `#1770 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1770>`_,
-  `#1779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779>`_,
-  `#1783 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1783>`_,
-  `#1823 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1823>`_).
-  Thanks `@dvetutnev (Dmitriy Vetutnev) <https://github.com/dvetutnev>`_,
-  `@xvitaly (Vitaly Zaitsev) <https://github.com/xvitaly>`_,
-  `@tambry (Raul Tambre) <https://github.com/tambry>`_,
-  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_,
-  `@martinwuehrer (Martin Wührer) <https://github.com/martinwuehrer>`_.
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#1790 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1790>`_,
-  `#1802 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1802>`_,
-  `#1808 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1808>`_,
-  `#1810 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1810>`_,
-  `#1811 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1811>`_,
-  `#1812 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1812>`_,
-  `#1814 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1814>`_,
-  `#1816 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1816>`_,
-  `#1817 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1817>`_,
-  `#1818 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1818>`_,
-  `#1825 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1825>`_,
-  `#1836 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1836>`_,
-  `#1855 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1855>`_,
-  `#1856 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1856>`_,
-  `#1860 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1860>`_,
-  `#1877 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1877>`_,
-  `#1879 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1879>`_,
-  `#1880 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1880>`_,
-  `#1896 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1896>`_,
-  `#1897 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1897>`_,
-  `#1898 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1898>`_,
-  `#1904 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1904>`_,
-  `#1908 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1908>`_,
-  `#1911 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1911>`_,
-  `#1912 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1912>`_,
-  `#1928 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1928>`_,
-  `#1929 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1929>`_,
-  `#1935 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1935>`_
-  `#1937 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1937>`_,
-  `#1942 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1942>`_,
-  `#1949 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1949>`_).
-  Thanks `@TheQwertiest <https://github.com/TheQwertiest>`_,
-  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_,
-  `@martinwuehrer (Martin Wührer) <https://github.com/martinwuehrer>`_,
-  `@n16h7hunt3r <https://github.com/n16h7hunt3r>`_,
-  `@Othereum (Seokjin Lee) <https://github.com/Othereum>`_,
-  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@AlexanderLanin (Alexander Lanin) <https://github.com/AlexanderLanin>`_,
-  `@gcerretani (Giovanni Cerretani) <https://github.com/gcerretani>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@noizefloor (Jan Schwers) <https://github.com/noizefloor>`_,
-  `@akohlmey (Axel Kohlmeyer) <https://github.com/akohlmey>`_,
-  `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_,
-  `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_,
-  `@rglarix (Riccardo Ghetta (larix)) <https://github.com/rglarix>`_,
-  `@moiwi <https://github.com/moiwi>`_,
-  `@heckad (Kazantcev Andrey) <https://github.com/heckad>`_,
-  `@MarcDirven <https://github.com/MarcDirven>`_.
-  `@BartSiwek (Bart Siwek) <https://github.com/BartSiwek>`_,
-  `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_.
-
-7.0.3 - 2020-08-06
-------------------
-
-* Worked around broken ``numeric_limits`` for 128-bit integers
-  (`#1787 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1787>`_).
-
-* Added error reporting on missing named arguments
-  (`#1796 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1796>`_).
-
-* Stopped using 128-bit integers with clang-cl
-  (`#1800 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1800>`_).
-  Thanks `@Kingcom <https://github.com/Kingcom>`_.
-
-* Fixed issues in locale-specific integer formatting
-  (`#1782 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782>`_,
-  `#1801 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1801>`_).
-
-7.0.2 - 2020-07-29
-------------------
-
-* Worked around broken ``numeric_limits`` for 128-bit integers
-  (`#1725 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1725>`_).
-
-* Fixed compatibility with CMake 3.4
-  (`#1779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of digit separators in locale-specific formatting
-  (`#1782 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782>`_).
-
-7.0.1 - 2020-07-07
-------------------
-
-* Updated the inline version namespace name.
-
-* Worked around a gcc bug in mangling of alias templates
-  (`#1753 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1753>`_).
-
-* Fixed a linkage error on Windows
-  (`#1757 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1757>`_).
-  Thanks `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_.
-
-* Fixed minor issues with the documentation.
-
-7.0.0 - 2020-07-05
-------------------
-
-* Reduced the library size. For example, on macOS a stripped test binary
-  statically linked with {fmt} `shrank from ~368k to less than 100k
-  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/05/21/reducing-library-size.html>`_.
-
-* Added a simpler and more efficient `format string compilation API
-  <https://fmt.dev/7.0.0/api.html#compile-api>`_:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
-     // runtime format string processing.
-     std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
-
-  The old ``fmt::compile`` API is now deprecated.
-
-* Optimized integer formatting: ``format_to`` with format string compilation
-  and a stack-allocated buffer is now `faster than to_chars on both
-  libc++ and libstdc++
-  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
-
-* Optimized handling of small format strings. For example,
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-      fmt::format("Result: {}: ({},{},{},{})", str1, str2, str3, str4, str5)
-
-  is now ~40% faster (`#1685 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1685>`_).
-
-* Applied extern templates to improve compile times when using the core API
-  and ``fmt/format.h`` (`#1452 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1452>`_).
-  For example, on macOS with clang the compile time of a test translation unit
-  dropped from 2.3s to 0.3s with ``-O2`` and from 0.6s to 0.3s with the default
-  settings (``-O0``).
-
-  Before (``-O2``)::
-
-    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
-    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  2.22s user 0.08s system 99% cpu 2.311 total
-
-  After (``-O2``)::
-
-    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
-    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  0.26s user 0.04s system 98% cpu 0.303 total
-
-  Before (default)::
-
-    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
-    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.53s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.601 total
-
-  After (default)::
-
-    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
-    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.24s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.301 total
-
-  It is still recommended to use ``fmt/core.h`` instead of ``fmt/format.h`` but
-  the compile time difference is now smaller. Thanks
-  `@alex3d <https://github.com/alex3d>`_ for the suggestion.
-
-* Named arguments are now stored on stack (no dynamic memory allocations) and
-  the compiled code is more compact and efficient. For example
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("The answer is {answer}\n", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
-     }
-
-  compiles to just (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/NcfEp_>`__)
-
-  .. code:: asm
-
-      .LC0:
-              .string "answer"
-      .LC1:
-              .string "The answer is {answer}\n"
-      main:
-              sub     rsp, 56
-              mov     edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
-              mov     esi, 23
-              movabs  rdx, 4611686018427387905
-              lea     rax, [rsp+32]
-              lea     rcx, [rsp+16]
-              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+8], 1
-              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp], rax
-              mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+16], 42
-              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+32], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
-              mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 0
-              call    fmt::v6::vprint(fmt::v6::basic_string_view<char>,
-                                      fmt::v6::format_args)
-              xor     eax, eax
-              add     rsp, 56
-              ret
-
-          .L.str.1:
-                  .asciz  "answer"
-
-* Implemented compile-time checks for dynamic width and precision
-  (`#1614 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1614>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print(FMT_STRING("{0:{1}}"), 42);
-     }
-
-  now gives a compilation error because argument 1 doesn't exist::
-
-    In file included from test.cc:1:
-    include/fmt/format.h:2726:27: error: constexpr variable 'invalid_format' must be
-    initialized by a constant expression
-      FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
-                              ^
-    ...
-    include/fmt/core.h:569:26: note: in call to
-    '&checker(s, {}).context_->on_error(&"argument not found"[0])'
-        if (id >= num_args_) on_error("argument not found");
-                            ^
-
-* Added sentinel support to ``fmt::join``
-  (`#1689 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1689>`_)
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    struct zstring_sentinel {};
-    bool operator==(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p == '\0'; }
-    bool operator!=(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p != '\0'; }
-
-    struct zstring {
-      const char* p;
-      const char* begin() const { return p; }
-      zstring_sentinel end() const { return {}; }
-    };
-
-    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(zstring{"hello"}, "_"));
-    // s == "h_e_l_l_o"
-
-  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
-
-* Added support for named arguments, ``clear`` and ``reserve`` to
-  ``dynamic_format_arg_store``
-  (`#1655 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1655>`_,
-  `#1663 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1663>`_,
-  `#1674 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1674>`_,
-  `#1677 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1677>`_).
-  Thanks `@vsolontsov-ll (Vladimir Solontsov)
-  <https://github.com/vsolontsov-ll>`_.
-
-* Added support for the ``'c'`` format specifier to integral types for
-  compatibility with ``std::format``
-  (`#1652 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1652>`_).
-
-* Replaced the ``'n'`` format specifier with ``'L'`` for compatibility with
-  ``std::format`` (`#1624 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1624>`_).
-  The ``'n'`` specifier can be enabled via the ``FMT_DEPRECATED_N_SPECIFIER``
-  macro.
-
-* The ``'='`` format specifier is now disabled by default for compatibility with
-  ``std::format``. It can be enabled via the ``FMT_DEPRECATED_NUMERIC_ALIGN``
-  macro.
-
-* Removed the following deprecated APIs:
-
-  * ``FMT_STRING_ALIAS`` and ``fmt`` macros - replaced by ``FMT_STRING``
-  * ``fmt::basic_string_view::char_type`` - replaced by
-    ``fmt::basic_string_view::value_type``
-  * ``convert_to_int``
-  * ``format_arg_store::types``
-  * ``*parse_context`` - replaced by ``*format_parse_context``
-  * ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS``
-  * ``FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT`` - incompatible with ``std::format``
-  * ``*writer`` - replaced by compiled format API
-
-* Renamed the ``internal`` namespace to ``detail``
-  (`#1538 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1538>`_). The former is still
-  provided as an alias if the ``FMT_USE_INTERNAL`` macro is defined.
-
-* Improved compatibility between ``fmt::printf`` with the standard specs
-  (`#1595 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1595>`_,
-  `#1682 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1682>`_,
-  `#1683 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1683>`_,
-  `#1687 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1687>`_,
-  `#1699 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1699>`_).
-  Thanks `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of ``operator<<`` overloads that use ``copyfmt``
-  (`#1666 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1666>`_).
-
-* Added the ``FMT_OS`` CMake option to control inclusion of OS-specific APIs
-  in the fmt target. This can be useful for embedded platforms
-  (`#1654 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1654>`_,
-  `#1656 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1656>`_).
-  Thanks `@kwesolowski (Krzysztof Wesolowski)
-  <https://github.com/kwesolowski>`_.
-
-* Replaced ``FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION`` with the ``FMT_FUZZ``
-  macro to prevent interferring with fuzzing of projects using {fmt}
-  (`#1650 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1650>`_).
-  Thanks `@asraa (Asra Ali) <https://github.com/asraa>`_.
-
-* Fixed compatibility with emscripten
-  (`#1636 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1636>`_,
-  `#1637 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1637>`_).
-  Thanks `@ArthurSonzogni (Arthur Sonzogni)
-  <https://github.com/ArthurSonzogni>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#704 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/704>`_,
-  `#1643 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1643>`_,
-  `#1660 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1660>`_,
-  `#1681 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1681>`_,
-  `#1691 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1691>`_,
-  `#1706 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1706>`_,
-  `#1714 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1714>`_,
-  `#1721 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1721>`_,
-  `#1739 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1739>`_,
-  `#1740 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1740>`_,
-  `#1741 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1741>`_,
-  `#1751 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1751>`_).
-  Thanks `@senior7515 (Alexander Gallego) <https://github.com/senior7515>`_,
-  `@lsr0 (Lindsay Roberts) <https://github.com/lsr0>`_,
-  `@puetzk (Kevin Puetz) <https://github.com/puetzk>`_,
-  `@fpelliccioni (Fernando Pelliccioni) <https://github.com/fpelliccioni>`_,
-  Alexey Kuzmenko, `@jelly (jelle van der Waa) <https://github.com/jelly>`_,
-  `@claremacrae (Clare Macrae) <https://github.com/claremacrae>`_,
-  `@jiapengwen (文佳鹏) <https://github.com/jiapengwen>`_,
-  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@alexey-milovidov <https://github.com/alexey-milovidov>`_.
-
-* Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
-  (`#1603 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1603>`_,
-  `#1657 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1657>`_,
-  `#1702 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1702>`_,
-  `#1728 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1728>`_).
-  Thanks `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_,
-  `@jtojnar (Jan Tojnar) <https://github.com/jtojnar>`_,
-  `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
-  `@flagarde <https://github.com/flagarde>`_.
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#1616 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1616>`_,
-  `#1620 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1620>`_,
-  `#1622 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1622>`_,
-  `#1625 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1625>`_,
-  `#1627 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1627>`_,
-  `#1628 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1628>`_,
-  `#1629 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1629>`_,
-  `#1631 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631>`_,
-  `#1633 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1633>`_,
-  `#1649 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1649>`_,
-  `#1658 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1658>`_,
-  `#1661 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1661>`_,
-  `#1667 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1667>`_,
-  `#1668 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1668>`_,
-  `#1669 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1669>`_,
-  `#1692 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1692>`_,
-  `#1696 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1696>`_,
-  `#1697 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1697>`_,
-  `#1707 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1707>`_,
-  `#1712 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1712>`_,
-  `#1716 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1716>`_,
-  `#1722 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1722>`_,
-  `#1724 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1724>`_,
-  `#1729 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1729>`_,
-  `#1738 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1738>`_,
-  `#1742 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1742>`_,
-  `#1743 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1743>`_,
-  `#1744 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1744>`_,
-  `#1747 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1747>`_,
-  `#1750 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1750>`_).
-  Thanks `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
-  `@johnor (Johan) <https://github.com/johnor>`_,
-  `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_,
-  `@invexed (James Beach) <https://github.com/invexed>`_,
-  `@peterbell10 <https://github.com/peterbell10>`_,
-  `@daixtrose (Markus Werle) <https://github.com/daixtrose>`_,
-  `@petrutlucian94 (Lucian Petrut) <https://github.com/petrutlucian94>`_,
-  `@Neargye (Daniil Goncharov) <https://github.com/Neargye>`_,
-  `@ambitslix (Attila M. Szilagyi) <https://github.com/ambitslix>`_,
-  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
-  `@erthink (Leonid Yuriev) <https://github.com/erthink>`_,
-  `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_,
-  `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
-
-6.2.1 - 2020-05-09
-------------------
-
-* Fixed ostream support in ``sprintf``
-  (`#1631 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631>`_).
-
-* Fixed type detection when using implicit conversion to ``string_view`` and
-  ostream ``operator<<`` inconsistently
-  (`#1662 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1662>`_).
-
-6.2.0 - 2020-04-05
-------------------
-
-* Improved error reporting when trying to format an object of a non-formattable
-  type:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::format("{}", S());
-
-  now gives::
-
-    include/fmt/core.h:1015:5: error: static_assert failed due to requirement
-    'formattable' "Cannot format argument. To make type T formattable provide a
-    formatter<T> specialization:
-    https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types"
-        static_assert(
-        ^
-    ...
-    note: in instantiation of function template specialization
-    'fmt::v6::format<char [3], S, char>' requested here
-      fmt::format("{}", S());
-           ^
-
-  if ``S`` is not formattable.
-
-* Reduced the library size by ~10%.
-
-* Always print decimal point if ``#`` is specified
-  (`#1476 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1476>`_,
-  `#1498 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1498>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("{:#.0f}", 42.0);
-
-  now prints ``42.``
-
-* Implemented the ``'L'`` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting to
-  improve compatibility with ``std::format``. The ``'n'`` specifier is now
-  deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.
-
-* Moved OS-specific APIs such as ``windows_error`` from ``fmt/format.h`` to
-  ``fmt/os.h``. You can define ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS`` to automatically
-  include ``fmt/os.h`` from ``fmt/format.h`` for compatibility but this will be
-  disabled in the next major release.
-
-* Added precision overflow detection in floating-point formatting.
-
-* Implemented detection of invalid use of ``fmt::arg``.
-
-* Used ``type_identity`` to block unnecessary template argument deduction.
-  Thanks Tim Song.
-
-* Improved UTF-8 handling
-  (`#1109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1109>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("┌{0:─^{2}}┐\n"
-                "│{1: ^{2}}│\n"
-                "└{0:─^{2}}┘\n", "", "Привет, мир!", 20);
-
-  now prints::
-
-     ┌────────────────────┐
-     │    Привет, мир!    │
-     └────────────────────┘
-
-  on systems that support Unicode.
-
-* Added experimental dynamic argument storage
-  (`#1170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1170>`_,
-  `#1584 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1584>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
-     store.push_back("answer");
-     store.push_back(42);
-     fmt::vprint("The {} is {}.\n", store);
-  
-  prints::
-
-     The answer is 42.
-
-  Thanks `@vsolontsov-ll (Vladimir Solontsov)
-  <https://github.com/vsolontsov-ll>`_.
-
-* Made ``fmt::join`` accept ``initializer_list``
-  (`#1591 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1591>`_).
-  Thanks `@Rapotkinnik (Nikolay Rapotkin) <https://github.com/Rapotkinnik>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of empty tuples
-  (`#1588 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1588>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of output iterators in ``format_to_n``
-  (`#1506 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1506>`_).
-
-* Fixed formatting of ``std::chrono::duration`` types to wide output
-  (`#1533 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1533>`_).
-  Thanks `@zeffy (pilao) <https://github.com/zeffy>`_.
-
-* Added const ``begin`` and ``end`` overload to buffers
-  (`#1553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1553>`_).
-  Thanks `@dominicpoeschko <https://github.com/dominicpoeschko>`_.
-
-* Added the ability to disable floating-point formatting via ``FMT_USE_FLOAT``,
-  ``FMT_USE_DOUBLE`` and ``FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE`` macros for extremely
-  memory-constrained embedded system
-  (`#1590 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1590>`_).
-  Thanks `@albaguirre (Alberto Aguirre) <https://github.com/albaguirre>`_.
-
-* Made ``FMT_STRING`` work with ``constexpr`` ``string_view``
-  (`#1589 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1589>`_).
-  Thanks `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_.
-
-* Implemented a minor optimization in the format string parser
-  (`#1560 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1560>`_).
-  Thanks `@IkarusDeveloper <https://github.com/IkarusDeveloper>`_.
-
-* Improved attribute detection
-  (`#1469 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1469>`_,
-  `#1475 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1475>`_,
-  `#1576 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1576>`_).
-  Thanks `@federico-busato (Federico) <https://github.com/federico-busato>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@refnum <https://github.com/refnum>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#1481 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1481>`_,
-  `#1523 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1523>`_).
-  Thanks `@JackBoosY (Jack·Boos·Yu) <https://github.com/JackBoosY>`_,
-  `@imba-tjd (谭九鼎) <https://github.com/imba-tjd>`_.
-
-* Fixed symbol visibility on Linux when compiling with ``-fvisibility=hidden``
-  (`#1535 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1535>`_).
-  Thanks `@milianw (Milian Wolff) <https://github.com/milianw>`_.
-
-* Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
-  (`#1264 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1264>`_,
-  `#1460 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1460>`_,
-  `#1534 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1534>`_,
-  `#1536 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1536>`_,
-  `#1545 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1545>`_,
-  `#1546 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1546>`_,
-  `#1566 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1566>`_,
-  `#1582 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1582>`_,
-  `#1597 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1597>`_,
-  `#1598 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1598>`_).
-  Thanks `@ambitslix (Attila M. Szilagyi) <https://github.com/ambitslix>`_,
-  `@jwillikers (Jordan Williams) <https://github.com/jwillikers>`_,
-  `@stac47 (Laurent Stacul) <https://github.com/stac47>`_.
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#1433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433>`_,
-  `#1461 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1461>`_,
-  `#1470 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1470>`_,
-  `#1480 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1480>`_,
-  `#1485 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1485>`_,
-  `#1492 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1492>`_,
-  `#1493 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1493>`_,
-  `#1504 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1504>`_,
-  `#1505 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1505>`_,
-  `#1512 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1512>`_,
-  `#1515 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1515>`_,
-  `#1516 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1516>`_,
-  `#1518 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1518>`_,
-  `#1519 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1519>`_,
-  `#1520 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1520>`_,
-  `#1521 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1521>`_,
-  `#1522 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1522>`_,
-  `#1524 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1524>`_,
-  `#1530 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1530>`_,
-  `#1531 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1531>`_,
-  `#1532 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1532>`_,
-  `#1539 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1539>`_,
-  `#1547 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1547>`_,
-  `#1548 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1548>`_,
-  `#1554 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1554>`_,
-  `#1567 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1567>`_,
-  `#1568 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1568>`_,
-  `#1569 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1569>`_,
-  `#1571 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1571>`_,
-  `#1573 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1573>`_,
-  `#1575 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1575>`_,
-  `#1581 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1581>`_,
-  `#1583 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1583>`_,
-  `#1586 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1586>`_,
-  `#1587 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1587>`_,
-  `#1594 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1594>`_,
-  `#1596 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1596>`_,
-  `#1604 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1604>`_,
-  `#1606 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1606>`_,
-  `#1607 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1607>`_,
-  `#1609 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1609>`_).
-  Thanks `@marti4d (Chris Martin) <https://github.com/marti4d>`_,
-  `@iPherian <https://github.com/iPherian>`_,
-  `@parkertomatoes <https://github.com/parkertomatoes>`_,
-  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
-  `@torsten48 <https://github.com/torsten48>`_,
-  `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_,
-  `@lefticus (Jason Turner) <https://github.com/lefticus>`_,
-  `@ryusakki (Haise) <https://github.com/ryusakki>`_,
-  `@adnsv (Alex Denisov) <https://github.com/adnsv>`_,
-  `@fghzxm <https://github.com/fghzxm>`_,
-  `@refnum <https://github.com/refnum>`_,
-  `@pramodk (Pramod Kumbhar) <https://github.com/pramodk>`_,
-  `@Spirrwell <https://github.com/Spirrwell>`_,
-  `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_.
-
-6.1.2 - 2019-12-11
-------------------
-
-* Fixed ABI compatibility with ``libfmt.so.6.0.0``
-  (`#1471 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1471>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling types convertible to ``std::string_view``
-  (`#1451 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1451>`_).
-  Thanks `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_.
-
-* Made CUDA test an opt-in enabled via the ``FMT_CUDA_TEST`` CMake option.
-
-* Fixed sign conversion warnings
-  (`#1440 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1440>`_).
-  Thanks `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
-
-6.1.1 - 2019-12-04
-------------------
-
-* Fixed shared library build on Windows
-  (`#1443 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1443>`_,
-  `#1445 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1445>`_,
-  `#1446 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1446>`_,
-  `#1450 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1450>`_).
-  Thanks `@egorpugin (Egor Pugin) <https://github.com/egorpugin>`_,
-  `@bbolli (Beat Bolli) <https://github.com/bbolli>`_.
-
-* Added a missing decimal point in exponent notation with trailing zeros.
-
-* Removed deprecated ``format_arg_store::TYPES``.
-
-6.1.0 - 2019-12-01
-------------------
-
-* {fmt} now formats IEEE 754 ``float`` and ``double`` using the shortest decimal
-  representation with correct rounding by default:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <cmath>
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       fmt::print("{}", M_PI);
-     }
-
-  prints ``3.141592653589793``.
-
-* Made the fast binary to decimal floating-point formatter the default,
-  simplified it and improved performance. {fmt} is now 15 times faster than
-  libc++'s ``std::ostringstream``, 11 times faster than ``printf`` and 10%
-  faster than double-conversion on `dtoa-benchmark
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_:
-
-  ==================  =========  =======
-  Function            Time (ns)  Speedup
-  ==================  =========  =======
-  ostringstream        1,346.30    1.00x
-  ostrstream           1,195.74    1.13x
-  sprintf                995.08    1.35x
-  doubleconv              99.10   13.59x
-  fmt                     88.34   15.24x
-  ==================  =========  =======
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             69767160-cdaca400-112f-11ea-9fc5-347c9f83caad.png
-
-* {fmt} no longer converts ``float`` arguments to ``double``. In particular this
-  improves the default (shortest) representation of floats and makes
-  ``fmt::format`` consistent with ``std::format`` specs
-  (`#1336 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1336>`_,
-  `#1353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1353>`_,
-  `#1360 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1360>`_,
-  `#1361 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1361>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("{}", 0.1f);
-
-  prints ``0.1`` instead of ``0.10000000149011612``.
-
-  Thanks `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_.
-
-* Made floating-point formatting output consistent with ``printf``/iostreams
-  (`#1376 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1376>`_,
-  `#1417 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1417>`_).
-
-* Added support for 128-bit integers
-  (`#1287 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1287>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<__int128_t>::max());
-
-  prints ``170141183460469231731687303715884105727``.
-
-  Thanks `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_.
-
-* The overload of ``print`` that takes ``text_style`` is now atomic, i.e. the
-  output from different threads doesn't interleave
-  (`#1351 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1351>`_).
-  Thanks `@tankiJong (Tanki Zhang) <https://github.com/tankiJong>`_.
-
-* Made compile time in the header-only mode ~20% faster by reducing the number
-  of template instantiations. ``wchar_t`` overload of ``vprint`` was moved from
-  ``fmt/core.h`` to ``fmt/format.h``.
-
-* Added an overload of ``fmt::join`` that works with tuples
-  (`#1322 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1322>`_,
-  `#1330 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1330>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <tuple>
-     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       std::tuple<char, int, float> t{'a', 1, 2.0f};
-       fmt::print("{}", t);
-     }
-
-  prints ``('a', 1, 2.0)``.
-
-  Thanks `@jeremyong (Jeremy Ong) <https://github.com/jeremyong>`_.
-
-* Changed formatting of octal zero with prefix from "00" to "0":
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("{:#o}", 0);
-
-  prints ``0``.
-
-* The locale is now passed to ostream insertion (``<<``) operators
-  (`#1406 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1406>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/locale.h>
-     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
-
-     struct S {
-       double value;
-     };
-
-     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S s) {
-       return os << s.value;
-     }
-
-     int main() {
-       auto s = fmt::format(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"), "{}", S{0.42});
-       // s == "0,42"
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@dlaugt (Daniel Laügt) <https://github.com/dlaugt>`_.
-
-* Locale-specific number formatting now uses grouping
-  (`#1393 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1393>`_
-  `#1394 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1394>`_).
-  Thanks `@skrdaniel <https://github.com/skrdaniel>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of types with deleted implicit rvalue conversion to
-  ``const char**`` (`#1421 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1421>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     struct mystring {
-       operator const char*() const&;
-       operator const char*() &;
-       operator const char*() const&& = delete;
-       operator const char*() && = delete;
-     };
-     mystring str;
-     fmt::print("{}", str); // now compiles
-
-* Enums are now mapped to correct underlying types instead of ``int``
-  (`#1286 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1286>`_).
-  Thanks `@agmt (Egor Seredin) <https://github.com/agmt>`_.
-
-* Enum classes are no longer implicitly converted to ``int``
-  (`#1424 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1424>`_).
-
-* Added ``basic_format_parse_context`` for consistency with C++20
-  ``std::format`` and deprecated ``basic_parse_context``.
-
-* Fixed handling of UTF-8 in precision
-  (`#1389 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1389>`_,
-  `#1390 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1390>`_).
-  Thanks `@tajtiattila (Attila Tajti) <https://github.com/tajtiattila>`_.
-
-* {fmt} can now be installed on Linux, macOS and Windows with
-  `Conda <https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/>`__ using its
-  `conda-forge <https://conda-forge.org>`__
-  `package <https://github.com/conda-forge/fmt-feedstock>`__
-  (`#1410 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1410>`_)::
-
-    conda install -c conda-forge fmt
-
-  Thanks `@tdegeus (Tom de Geus) <https://github.com/tdegeus>`_.
-
-* Added a CUDA test (`#1285 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1285>`_,
-  `#1317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1317>`_).
-  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_ and
-  `@risa2000 <https://github.com/risa2000>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation (`#1276 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1276>`_,
-  `#1291 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1291>`_,
-  `#1296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1296>`_,
-  `#1315 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1315>`_,
-  `#1332 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1332>`_,
-  `#1337 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1337>`_,
-  `#1395 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1395>`_
-  `#1418 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1418>`_).
-  Thanks
-  `@waywardmonkeys (Bruce Mitchener) <https://github.com/waywardmonkeys>`_,
-  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
-  `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
-
-* Various code improvements
-  (`#1358 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1358>`_,
-  `#1407 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1407>`_).
-  Thanks `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
-  `@dpacbach (David P. Sicilia) <https://github.com/dpacbach>`_,
-
-* Fixed compile-time format string checks for user-defined types
-  (`#1292 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1292>`_).
-
-* Worked around a false positive in ``unsigned-integer-overflow`` sanitizer
-  (`#1377 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1377>`_).
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#1273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1273>`_,
-  `#1278 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1278>`_,
-  `#1280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1280>`_,
-  `#1281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1281>`_,
-  `#1288 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1288>`_,
-  `#1290 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1290>`_,
-  `#1301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1301>`_,
-  `#1305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1305>`_,
-  `#1306 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1306>`_,
-  `#1309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1309>`_,
-  `#1312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1312>`_,
-  `#1313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1313>`_,
-  `#1316 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1316>`_,
-  `#1319 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1319>`_,
-  `#1320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1320>`_,
-  `#1326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1326>`_,
-  `#1328 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1328>`_,
-  `#1344 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1344>`_,
-  `#1345 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1345>`_,
-  `#1347 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1347>`_,
-  `#1349 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1349>`_,
-  `#1354 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1354>`_,
-  `#1362 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1362>`_,
-  `#1366 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1366>`_,
-  `#1364 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1364>`_,
-  `#1370 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1370>`_,
-  `#1371 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1371>`_,
-  `#1385 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1385>`_,
-  `#1388 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1388>`_,
-  `#1397 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1397>`_,
-  `#1414 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1414>`_,
-  `#1416 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1416>`_,
-  `#1422 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1422>`_
-  `#1427 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1427>`_,
-  `#1431 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1431>`_,
-  `#1433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433>`_).
-  Thanks `@hhb <https://github.com/hhb>`_,
-  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
-  `@neheb (Rosen Penev) <https://github.com/neheb>`_,
-  `@vedranmiletic (Vedran Miletić) <https://github.com/vedranmiletic>`_,
-  `@dkavolis (Daumantas Kavolis) <https://github.com/dkavolis>`_,
-  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
-  `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
-  `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_
-  `@leonklingele <https://github.com/leonklingele>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@kent-tri <https://github.com/kent-tri>`_,
-  `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_,
-  `@marti4d (Chris Martin) <https://github.com/marti4d>`_.
-
-6.0.0 - 2019-08-26
-------------------
-
-* Switched to the `MIT license
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/5a4b24613ba16cc689977c3b5bd8274a3ba1dd1f/LICENSE.rst>`_
-  with an optional exception that allows distributing binary code without
-  attribution.
-
-* Floating-point formatting is now locale-independent by default:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <locale>
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
-       fmt::print("value = {}", 4.2);
-     }
-
-  prints "value = 4.2" regardless of the locale.
-
-  For locale-specific formatting use the ``n`` specifier:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
-     fmt::print("value = {:n}", 4.2);
-
-  prints "value = 4,2".
-
-* Added an experimental Grisu floating-point formatting algorithm
-  implementation (disabled by default). To enable it compile with the
-  ``FMT_USE_GRISU`` macro defined to 1:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #define FMT_USE_GRISU 1
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     auto s = fmt::format("{}", 4.2); // formats 4.2 using Grisu
-
-  With Grisu enabled, {fmt} is 13x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` (libc++)
-  and 10x faster than ``sprintf`` on `dtoa-benchmark
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_ (`full results
-  <https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html>`_):
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             54883977-9fe8c000-4e28-11e9-8bde-272d122e7c52.jpg
-
-* Separated formatting and parsing contexts for consistency with
-  `C++20 std::format <http://eel.is/c++draft/format>`_, removing the
-  undocumented ``basic_format_context::parse_context()`` function.
-
-* Added `oss-fuzz <https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz>`_ support
-  (`#1199 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1199>`_).
-  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
-
-* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over ``operator<<``
-  (`#952 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/952>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <iostream>
-     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
-
-     struct S {};
-
-     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S) {
-       return os << 1;
-     }
-
-     template <>
-     struct fmt::formatter<S> : fmt::formatter<int> {
-       auto format(S, format_context& ctx) {
-         return formatter<int>::format(2, ctx);
-       }
-     };
-
-     int main() {
-       std::cout << S() << "\n"; // prints 1 using operator<<
-       fmt::print("{}\n", S());  // prints 2 using formatter
-     }
-
-* Introduced the experimental ``fmt::compile`` function that does format string
-  compilation (`#618 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/618>`_,
-  `#1169 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1169>`_,
-  `#1171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1171>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/compile.h>
-
-     auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{}");
-     std::string s = fmt::format(f, 42); // can be called multiple times to
-                                         // format different values
-     // s == "42"
-
-  It moves the cost of parsing a format string outside of the format function
-  which can be beneficial when identically formatting many objects of the same
-  types. Thanks `@stryku (Mateusz Janek) <https://github.com/stryku>`_.
-
-* Added experimental ``%`` format specifier that formats floating-point values
-  as percentages (`#1060 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1060>`_,
-  `#1069 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1069>`_,
-  `#1071 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1071>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1%}", 0.42); // s == "42.0%"
-
-  Thanks `@gawain-bolton (Gawain Bolton) <https://github.com/gawain-bolton>`_.
-
-* Implemented precision for floating-point durations
-  (`#1004 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1004>`_,
-  `#1012 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1012>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1}", std::chrono::duration<double>(1.234));
-     // s == 1.2s
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Implemented ``chrono`` format specifiers ``%Q`` and ``%q`` that give the value
-  and the unit respectively (`#1019 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1019>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto value = fmt::format("{:%Q}", 42s); // value == "42"
-     auto unit  = fmt::format("{:%q}", 42s); // unit == "s"
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of dynamic width in chrono formatter:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto s = fmt::format("{0:{1}%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345), 12);
-     //                        ^ width argument index                     ^ width
-     // s == "03:25:45    "
-
-  Thanks Howard Hinnant.
-
-* Removed deprecated ``fmt/time.h``. Use ``fmt/chrono.h`` instead.
-
-* Added ``fmt::format`` and ``fmt::vformat`` overloads that take ``text_style``
-  (`#993 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/993>`_,
-  `#994 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/994>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-     std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
-                                       "The answer is {}.", 42);
-
-  Thanks `@Naios (Denis Blank) <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
-
-* Removed the deprecated color API (``print_colored``). Use the new API, namely
-  ``print`` overloads that take ``text_style`` instead.
-
-* Made ``std::unique_ptr`` and ``std::shared_ptr`` formattable as pointers via
-  ``fmt::ptr`` (`#1121 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1121>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     std::unique_ptr<int> p = ...;
-     fmt::print("{}", fmt::ptr(p)); // prints p as a pointer
-
-  Thanks `@sighingnow (Tao He) <https://github.com/sighingnow>`_.
-
-* Made ``print`` and ``vprint`` report I/O errors
-  (`#1098 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1098>`_,
-  `#1099 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1099>`_).
-  Thanks `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_.
-
-* Marked deprecated APIs with the ``[[deprecated]]`` attribute and removed
-  internal uses of deprecated APIs
-  (`#1022 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1022>`_).
-  Thanks `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_.
-
-* Modernized the codebase using more C++11 features and removing workarounds.
-  Most importantly, ``buffer_context`` is now an alias template, so
-  use ``buffer_context<T>`` instead of ``buffer_context<T>::type``.
-  These features require GCC 4.8 or later.
-
-* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over implicit
-  conversions to ``int`` and the undocumented ``convert_to_int`` trait
-  is now deprecated.
-
-* Moved the undocumented ``basic_writer``, ``writer``, and ``wwriter`` types
-  to the ``internal`` namespace.
-
-* Removed deprecated ``basic_format_context::begin()``. Use ``out()`` instead.
-
-* Disallowed passing the result of ``join`` as an lvalue to prevent misuse.
-
-* Refactored the undocumented structs that represent parsed format specifiers
-  to simplify the API and allow multibyte fill.
-
-* Moved SFINAE to template parameters to reduce symbol sizes.
-
-* Switched to ``fputws`` for writing wide strings so that it's no longer
-  required to call ``_setmode`` on Windows
-  (`#1229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1229>`_,
-  `#1243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1243>`_).
-  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
-
-* Improved literal-based API
-  (`#1254 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1254>`_).
-  Thanks `@sylveon (Charles Milette) <https://github.com/sylveon>`_.
-
-* Added support for exotic platforms without ``uintptr_t`` such as IBM i
-  (AS/400) which has 128-bit pointers and only 64-bit integers
-  (`#1059 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1059>`_).
-
-* Added `Sublime Text syntax highlighting config
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/support/C%2B%2B.sublime-syntax>`_
-  (`#1037 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1037>`_).
-  Thanks `@Kronuz (Germán Méndez Bravo) <https://github.com/Kronuz>`_.
-
-* Added the ``FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING`` macro to enforce the use of
-  compile-time format strings
-  (`#1231 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1231>`_).
-  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
-
-* Stopped setting ``CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`` if {fmt} is a subproject
-  (`#1081 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1081>`_).
-
-* Various build improvements
-  (`#1039 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1039>`_,
-  `#1078 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1078>`_,
-  `#1091 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1091>`_,
-  `#1103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1103>`_,
-  `#1177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1177>`_).
-  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_,
-  `@jasonszang (Jason Shuo Zang) <https://github.com/jasonszang>`_,
-  `@olafhering (Olaf Hering) <https://github.com/olafhering>`_,
-  `@Lecetem <https://github.com/Lectem>`_,
-  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#1049 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1049>`_,
-  `#1051 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1051>`_,
-  `#1083 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1083>`_,
-  `#1113 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1113>`_,
-  `#1114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1114>`_,
-  `#1146 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1146>`_,
-  `#1180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1180>`_,
-  `#1250 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1250>`_,
-  `#1252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1252>`_,
-  `#1265 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1265>`_).
-  Thanks `@mikelui (Michael Lui) <https://github.com/mikelui>`_,
-  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
-  `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_,
-  `@jwakely (Jonathan Wakely) <https://github.com/jwakely>`_,
-  `@kaisbe (Kais Ben Salah) <https://github.com/kaisbe>`_,
-  `@sdebionne (Samuel Debionne) <https://github.com/sdebionne>`_.
-
-* Fixed ambiguous formatter specialization in ``fmt/ranges.h``
-  (`#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_).
-
-* Fixed formatting of a non-empty ``std::filesystem::path`` which is an
-  infinitely deep range of its components
-  (`#1268 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1268>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of general output iterators when formatting characters
-  (`#1056 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1056>`_,
-  `#1058 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1058>`_).
-  Thanks `@abolz (Alexander Bolz) <https://github.com/abolz>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of output iterators in ``formatter`` specialization for
-  ranges (`#1064 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1064>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of exotic character types
-  (`#1188 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1188>`_).
-
-* Made chrono formatting work with exceptions disabled
-  (`#1062 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1062>`_).
-
-* Fixed DLL visibility issues
-  (`#1134 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1134>`_,
-  `#1147 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1147>`_).
-  Thanks `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_.
-
-* Disabled the use of UDL template extension on GCC 9
-  (`#1148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1148>`_).
-
-* Removed misplaced ``format`` compile-time checks from ``printf``
-  (`#1173 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1173>`_).
-
-* Fixed issues in the experimental floating-point formatter
-  (`#1072 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1072>`_,
-  `#1129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1129>`_,
-  `#1153 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1153>`_,
-  `#1155 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1155>`_,
-  `#1210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1210>`_,
-  `#1222 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1222>`_).
-  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
-
-* Fixed bugs discovered by fuzzing or during fuzzing integration
-  (`#1124 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1124>`_,
-  `#1127 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1127>`_,
-  `#1132 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1132>`_,
-  `#1135 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1135>`_,
-  `#1136 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1136>`_,
-  `#1141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1141>`_,
-  `#1142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1142>`_,
-  `#1178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1178>`_,
-  `#1179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1179>`_,
-  `#1194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1194>`_).
-  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
-
-* Fixed building tests on FreeBSD and Hurd
-  (`#1043 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1043>`_).
-  Thanks `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
-
-* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
-  (`#998 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/998>`_,
-  `#1006 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1006>`_,
-  `#1008 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1008>`_,
-  `#1011 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1011>`_,
-  `#1025 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1025>`_,
-  `#1027 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1027>`_,
-  `#1028 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1028>`_,
-  `#1029 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1029>`_,
-  `#1030 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1030>`_,
-  `#1031 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1031>`_,
-  `#1054 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1054>`_,
-  `#1063 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1063>`_,
-  `#1068 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1068>`_,
-  `#1074 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1074>`_,
-  `#1075 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1075>`_,
-  `#1079 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1079>`_,
-  `#1086 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1086>`_,
-  `#1088 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1088>`_,
-  `#1089 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1089>`_,
-  `#1094 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1094>`_,
-  `#1101 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1101>`_,
-  `#1102 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1102>`_,
-  `#1105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1105>`_,
-  `#1107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1107>`_,
-  `#1115 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1115>`_,
-  `#1117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1117>`_,
-  `#1118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1118>`_,
-  `#1120 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1120>`_,
-  `#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_,
-  `#1139 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1139>`_,
-  `#1140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1140>`_,
-  `#1143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1143>`_,
-  `#1144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1144>`_,
-  `#1150 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1150>`_,
-  `#1151 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1151>`_,
-  `#1152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1152>`_,
-  `#1154 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1154>`_,
-  `#1156 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1156>`_,
-  `#1159 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1159>`_,
-  `#1175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1175>`_,
-  `#1181 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1181>`_,
-  `#1186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1186>`_,
-  `#1187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1187>`_,
-  `#1191 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1191>`_,
-  `#1197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1197>`_,
-  `#1200 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1200>`_,
-  `#1203 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1203>`_,
-  `#1205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1205>`_,
-  `#1206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1206>`_,
-  `#1213 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1213>`_,
-  `#1214 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1214>`_,
-  `#1217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1217>`_,
-  `#1228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1228>`_,
-  `#1230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1230>`_,
-  `#1232 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1232>`_,
-  `#1235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1235>`_,
-  `#1236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1236>`_,
-  `#1240 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1240>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
-  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
-  `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_,
-  `@morinmorin <https://github.com/morinmorin>`_,
-  `@ricco19 (Brian Ricciardelli) <https://github.com/ricco19>`_,
-  `@waywardmonkeys (Bruce Mitchener) <https://github.com/waywardmonkeys>`_,
-  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@remyabel <https://github.com/remyabel>`_,
-  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
-  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
-  `@rcane (Ronny Krüger) <https://github.com/rcane>`_,
-  `@mocabe <https://github.com/mocabe>`_,
-  `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_,
-  `@cjdb (Christopher Di Bella) <https://github.com/cjdb>`_,
-  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers) <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
-  `@vedranmiletic (Vedran Miletić) <https://github.com/vedranmiletic>`_,
-  `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_,
-  `@DaanDeMeyer (Daan De Meyer) <https://github.com/DaanDeMeyer>`_,
-  `@starkmapper (Mark Stapper) <https://github.com/starkmapper>`_.
-
-5.3.0 - 2018-12-28
-------------------
-
-* Introduced experimental chrono formatting support:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
-       fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
-       fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
-     }
-
-  prints::
-
-     Default format: 42s 100ms
-     strftime-like format: 03:15:30
-
-* Added experimental support for emphasis (bold, italic, underline,
-  strikethrough), colored output to a file stream, and improved colored
-  formatting API
-  (`#961 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/961>`_,
-  `#967 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/967>`_,
-  `#973 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/973>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
-             "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
-       print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
-             fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
-       print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
-             "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
-     }
-
-  prints the following on modern terminals with RGB color support:
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             50405788-b66e7500-076e-11e9-9592-7324d1f951d8.png
-
-  Thanks `@Rakete1111 (Nicolas) <https://github.com/Rakete1111>`_.
-
-* Added support for 4-bit terminal colors
-  (`#968 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/968>`_,
-  `#974 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/974>`_)
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "stop\n");
-     }
-
-  Note that these colors vary by terminal:
-
-  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-             50405925-dbfc7e00-0770-11e9-9b85-333fab0af9ac.png
-
-  Thanks `@Rakete1111 (Nicolas) <https://github.com/Rakete1111>`_.
-
-* Parameterized formatting functions on the type of the format string
-  (`#880 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/880>`_,
-  `#881 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/881>`_,
-  `#883 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/883>`_,
-  `#885 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/885>`_,
-  `#897 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/897>`_,
-  `#920 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/920>`_).
-  Any object of type ``S`` that has an overloaded ``to_string_view(const S&)``
-  returning ``fmt::string_view`` can be used as a format string:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     namespace my_ns {
-     inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
-       return {s.data(), s.length()};
-     }
-     }
-
-     std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}."), 42);
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Made ``std::string_view`` work as a format string
-  (`#898 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/898>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     auto message = fmt::format(std::string_view("The answer is {}."), 42);
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Added wide string support to compile-time format string checks
-  (`#924 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/924>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     print(fmt(L"{:f}"), 42); // compile-time error: invalid type specifier
-
-  Thanks `@XZiar <https://github.com/XZiar>`_.
-
-* Made colored print functions work with wide strings
-  (`#867 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/867>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-     int main() {
-       print(fg(fmt::color::red), L"{}\n", 42);
-     }
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Introduced experimental Unicode support
-  (`#628 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/628>`_,
-  `#891 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/891>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     using namespace fmt::literals;
-     auto s = fmt::format("{:*^5}"_u, "🤡"_u); // s == "**🤡**"_u
-
-* Improved locale support:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/locale.h>
-
-     struct numpunct : std::numpunct<char> {
-      protected:
-       char do_thousands_sep() const override { return '~'; }
-     };
-
-     std::locale loc;
-     auto s = fmt::format(std::locale(loc, new numpunct()), "{:n}", 1234567);
-     // s == "1~234~567"
-
-* Constrained formatting functions on proper iterator types
-  (`#921 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/921>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Added ``make_printf_args`` and ``make_wprintf_args`` functions
-  (`#934 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/934>`_).
-  Thanks `@tnovotny <https://github.com/tnovotny>`_.
-
-* Deprecated ``fmt::visit``, ``parse_context``, and ``wparse_context``.
-  Use ``fmt::visit_format_arg``, ``format_parse_context``, and
-  ``wformat_parse_context`` instead.
-
-* Removed undocumented ``basic_fixed_buffer`` which has been superseded by the
-  iterator-based API
-  (`#873 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/873>`_,
-  `#902 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/902>`_).
-  Thanks `@superfunc (hollywood programmer) <https://github.com/superfunc>`_.
-
-* Disallowed repeated leading zeros in an argument ID:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::print("{000}", 42); // error
-
-* Reintroduced support for gcc 4.4.
-
-* Fixed compilation on platforms with exotic ``double``
-  (`#878 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/878>`_).
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#164 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/164>`_,
-  `#877 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/877>`_,
-  `#901 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/901>`_,
-  `#906 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/906>`_,
-  `#979 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/979>`_).
-  Thanks `@kookjr (Mathew Cucuzella) <https://github.com/kookjr>`_,
-  `@DarkDimius (Dmitry Petrashko) <https://github.com/DarkDimius>`_,
-  `@HecticSerenity <https://github.com/HecticSerenity>`_.
-
-* Added pkgconfig support which makes it easier to consume the library from
-  meson and other build systems
-  (`#916 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/916>`_).
-  Thanks `@colemickens (Cole Mickens) <https://github.com/colemickens>`_.
-
-* Various build improvements
-  (`#909 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/909>`_,
-  `#926 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/926>`_,
-  `#937 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/937>`_,
-  `#953 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/953>`_,
-  `#959 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/959>`_).
-  Thanks `@tchaikov (Kefu Chai) <https://github.com/tchaikov>`_,
-  `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_,
-  `@AndreasSchoenle (Andreas Schönle) <https://github.com/AndreasSchoenle>`_,
-  `@hotwatermorning <https://github.com/hotwatermorning>`_,
-  `@Zefz (JohanJansen) <https://github.com/Zefz>`_.
-
-* Improved ``string_view`` construction performance
-  (`#914 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/914>`_).
-  Thanks `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_.
-
-* Fixed non-matching char types
-  (`#895 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/895>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Fixed ``format_to_n`` with ``std::back_insert_iterator``
-  (`#913 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/913>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Fixed locale-dependent formatting
-  (`#905 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/905>`_).
-
-* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
-  (`#882 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/882>`_,
-  `#886 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/886>`_,
-  `#933 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/933>`_,
-  `#941 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/941>`_,
-  `#931 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/931>`_,
-  `#943 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/943>`_,
-  `#954 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/954>`_,
-  `#956 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/956>`_,
-  `#962 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/962>`_,
-  `#965 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/965>`_,
-  `#977 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/977>`_,
-  `#983 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/983>`_,
-  `#989 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/989>`_).
-  Thanks `@Luthaf (Guillaume Fraux) <https://github.com/Luthaf>`_,
-  `@stevenhoving (Steven Hoving) <https://github.com/stevenhoving>`_,
-  `@christinaa (Kristina Brooks) <https://github.com/christinaa>`_,
-  `@lgritz (Larry Gritz) <https://github.com/lgritz>`_,
-  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
-  `@0x8000-0000 (Sign Bit) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_,
-  `@liuping1997 <https://github.com/liuping1997>`_.
-
-5.2.1 - 2018-09-21
-------------------
-
-* Fixed ``visit`` lookup issues on gcc 7 & 8
-  (`#870 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/870>`_).
-  Thanks `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_.
-
-* Fixed linkage errors on older gcc.
-
-* Prevented ``fmt/range.h`` from specializing ``fmt::basic_string_view``
-  (`#865 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/865>`_,
-  `#868 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/868>`_).
-  Thanks `@hhggit (dual) <https://github.com/hhggit>`_.
-
-* Improved error message when formatting unknown types
-  (`#872 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/872>`_).
-  Thanks `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
-
-* Disabled templated user-defined literals when compiled under nvcc
-  (`#875 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/875>`_).
-  Thanks `@CandyGumdrop (Candy Gumdrop) <https://github.com/CandyGumdrop>`_,
-
-* Fixed ``format_to`` formatting to ``wmemory_buffer``
-  (`#874 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/874>`_).
-
-5.2.0 - 2018-09-13
-------------------
-
-* Optimized format string parsing and argument processing which resulted in up
-  to 5x speed up on long format strings and significant performance boost on
-  various benchmarks. For example, version 5.2 is 2.22x faster than 5.1 on
-  decimal integer formatting with ``format_to`` (macOS, clang-902.0.39.2):
-
-  ==================  =======  =======
-  Method              Time, s  Speedup
-  ==================  =======  =======
-  fmt::format 5.1      0.58
-  fmt::format 5.2      0.35     1.66x
-  fmt::format_to 5.1   0.51
-  fmt::format_to 5.2   0.23     2.22x
-  sprintf              0.71
-  std::to_string       1.01
-  std::stringstream    1.73
-  ==================  =======  =======
-
-* Changed the ``fmt`` macro from opt-out to opt-in to prevent name collisions.
-  To enable it define the ``FMT_STRING_ALIAS`` macro to 1 before including
-  ``fmt/format.h``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-     std::string answer = format(fmt("{}"), 42);
-
-* Added compile-time format string checks to ``format_to`` overload that takes
-  ``fmt::memory_buffer`` (`#783 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/783>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::memory_buffer buf;
-     // Compile-time error: invalid type specifier.
-     fmt::format_to(buf, fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
-
-* Moved experimental color support to ``fmt/color.h`` and enabled the
-  new API by default. The old API can be enabled by defining the
-  ``FMT_DEPRECATED_COLORS`` macro.
-
-* Added formatting support for types explicitly convertible to
-  ``fmt::string_view``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     struct foo {
-       explicit operator fmt::string_view() const { return "foo"; }
-     };
-     auto s = format("{}", foo());
-
-  In particular, this makes formatting function work with
-  ``folly::StringPiece``.
-
-* Implemented preliminary support for ``char*_t`` by replacing the ``format``
-  function overloads with a single function template parameterized on the string
-  type.
-
-* Added support for dynamic argument lists
-  (`#814 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/814>`_,
-  `#819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/819>`_).
-  Thanks `@MikePopoloski (Michael Popoloski)
-  <https://github.com/MikePopoloski>`_.
-
-* Reduced executable size overhead for embedded targets using newlib nano by
-  making locale dependency optional
-  (`#839 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/839>`_).
-  Thanks `@teajay-fr (Thomas Benard) <https://github.com/teajay-fr>`_.
-
-* Keep ``noexcept`` specifier when exceptions are disabled
-  (`#801 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/801>`_,
-  `#810 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/810>`_).
-  Thanks `@qis (Alexej Harm) <https://github.com/qis>`_.
-
-* Fixed formatting of user-defined types providing ``operator<<`` with
-  ``format_to_n``
-  (`#806 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/806>`_).
-  Thanks `@mkurdej (Marek Kurdej) <https://github.com/mkurdej>`_.
-
-* Fixed dynamic linkage of new symbols
-  (`#808 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/808>`_).
-
-* Fixed global initialization issue
-  (`#807 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/807>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     // This works on compilers with constexpr support.
-     static const std::string answer = fmt::format("{}", 42);
-
-* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
-  (`#804 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/804>`_,
-  `#809 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/809>`_,
-  `#811 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/811>`_,
-  `#822 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/822>`_,
-  `#827 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/827>`_,
-  `#830 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/830>`_,
-  `#838 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/838>`_,
-  `#843 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/843>`_,
-  `#844 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/844>`_,
-  `#851 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/851>`_,
-  `#852 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/852>`_,
-  `#854 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/854>`_).
-  Thanks `@henryiii (Henry Schreiner) <https://github.com/henryiii>`_,
-  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_, and
-  `@eliasdaler (Elias Daler) <https://github.com/eliasdaler>`_.
-
-5.1.0 - 2018-07-05
-------------------
-
-* Added experimental support for RGB color output enabled with
-  the ``FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS`` macro:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #define FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS
-     #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY // or compile fmt with FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS defined
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     fmt::print(fmt::color::steel_blue, "Some beautiful text");
-
-  The old API (the ``print_colored`` and ``vprint_colored`` functions and the
-  ``color`` enum) is now deprecated.
-  (`#762 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/762>`_
-  `#767 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/767>`_).
-  thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
-
-* Added quotes to strings in ranges and tuples
-  (`#766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/766>`_).
-  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
-
-* Made ``format_to`` work with ``basic_memory_buffer``
-  (`#776 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/776>`_).
-
-* Added ``vformat_to_n`` and ``wchar_t`` overload of ``format_to_n``
-  (`#764 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/764>`_,
-  `#769 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/769>`_).
-
-* Made ``is_range`` and ``is_tuple_like`` part of public (experimental) API
-  to allow specialization for user-defined types
-  (`#751 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/751>`_,
-  `#759 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/759>`_).
-  Thanks `@drrlvn (Dror Levin) <https://github.com/drrlvn>`_.
-
-* Added more compilers to continuous integration and increased ``FMT_PEDANTIC``
-  warning levels
-  (`#736 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/736>`_).
-  Thanks `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_.
-
-* Fixed compilation with MSVC 2013.
-
-* Fixed handling of user-defined types in ``format_to``
-  (`#793 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/793>`_).
-
-* Forced linking of inline ``vformat`` functions into the library
-  (`#795 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/795>`_).
-
-* Fixed incorrect call to on_align in ``'{:}='``
-  (`#750 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/750>`_).
-
-* Fixed floating-point formatting to a non-back_insert_iterator with sign &
-  numeric alignment specified
-  (`#756 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/756>`_).
-
-* Fixed formatting to an array with ``format_to_n``
-  (`#778 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/778>`_).
-
-* Fixed formatting of more than 15 named arguments
-  (`#754 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/754>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of compile-time strings when including ``fmt/ostream.h``.
-  (`#768 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/768>`_).
-
-* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
-  (`#742 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/742>`_,
-  `#748 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/748>`_,
-  `#752 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/752>`_,
-  `#770 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/770>`_,
-  `#775 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/775>`_,
-  `#779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/779>`_,
-  `#780 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/780>`_,
-  `#790 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/790>`_,
-  `#792 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/792>`_,
-  `#800 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/800>`_).
-  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_,
-  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
-  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
-  `@Dark-Passenger (Dhruv Paranjape) <https://github.com/Dark-Passenger>`_, and
-  `@0x8000-0000 (Sign Bit) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
-
-5.0.0 - 2018-05-21
-------------------
-
-* Added a requirement for partial C++11 support, most importantly variadic
-  templates and type traits, and dropped ``FMT_VARIADIC_*`` emulation macros.
-  Variadic templates are available since GCC 4.4, Clang 2.9 and MSVC 18.0 (2013).
-  For older compilers use {fmt} `version 4.x
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0>`_ which continues to be
-  maintained and works with C++98 compilers.
-
-* Renamed symbols to follow standard C++ naming conventions and proposed a subset
-  of the library for standardization in `P0645R2 Text Formatting
-  <https://wg21.link/P0645>`_.
-
-* Implemented ``constexpr`` parsing of format strings and `compile-time format
-  string checks
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks>`_. For
-  example
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
-
-  gives a compile-time error because ``d`` is an invalid specifier for strings
-  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/rnCy9Q>`__)::
-
-     ...
-     <source>:4:19: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, char [4]>' requested here
-       std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
-                       ^
-     format.h:1337:13: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
-         handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-
-  Compile-time checks require relaxed ``constexpr`` (C++14 feature) support. If
-  the latter is not available, checks will be performed at runtime.
-
-* Separated format string parsing and formatting in the extension API to enable
-  compile-time format string processing. For example
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     struct Answer {};
-
-     namespace fmt {
-     template <>
-     struct formatter<Answer> {
-       constexpr auto parse(parse_context& ctx) {
-         auto it = ctx.begin();
-         spec = *it;
-         if (spec != 'd' && spec != 's')
-           throw format_error("invalid specifier");
-         return ++it;
-       }
-
-       template <typename FormatContext>
-       auto format(Answer, FormatContext& ctx) {
-         return spec == 's' ?
-           format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", "fourty-two") :
-           format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", 42);
-       }
-
-       char spec = 0;
-     };
-     }
-
-     std::string s = format(fmt("{:x}"), Answer());
-
-  gives a compile-time error due to invalid format specifier (`godbolt
-  <https://godbolt.org/g/2jQ1Dv>`__)::
-
-     ...
-     <source>:12:45: error: expression '<throw-expression>' is not a constant expression
-            throw format_error("invalid specifier");
-
-* Added `iterator support
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#output-iterator-support>`_:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <vector>
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     std::vector<char> out;
-     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
-
-* Added the `format_to_n
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt11format_to_nE8OutputItNSt6size_tE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
-  function that restricts the output to the specified number of characters
-  (`#298 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/298>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     char out[4];
-     fmt::format_to_n(out, sizeof(out), "{}", 12345);
-     // out == "1234" (without terminating '\0')
-
-* Added the `formatted_size
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt14formatted_sizeE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
-  function for computing the output size:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-     auto size = fmt::formatted_size("{}", 12345); // size == 5
-
-* Improved compile times by reducing dependencies on standard headers and
-  providing a lightweight `core API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api>`_:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-
-     fmt::print("The answer is {}.", 42);
-
-  See `Compile time and code bloat
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_.
-
-* Added the `make_format_args
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt16make_format_argsEDpRK4Args>`_
-  function for capturing formatting arguments:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-  
-     // Prints formatted error message.
-     void vreport_error(const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
-       fmt::print("Error: ");
-       fmt::vprint(format, args);
-     }
-     template <typename... Args>
-     void report_error(const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
-       vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-     }
-
-* Added the ``make_printf_args`` function for capturing ``printf`` arguments
-  (`#687 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/687>`_,
-  `#694 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/694>`_).
-  Thanks `@Kronuz (Germán Méndez Bravo) <https://github.com/Kronuz>`_.
-
-* Added prefix ``v`` to non-variadic functions taking ``format_args`` to
-  distinguish them from variadic ones:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     std::string vformat(string_view format_str, format_args args);
-     
-     template <typename... Args>
-     std::string format(string_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
-
-* Added experimental support for formatting ranges, containers and tuple-like
-  types in ``fmt/ranges.h`` (`#735 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/735>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
-
-     std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
-     fmt::print("{}", v); // prints {1, 2, 3}
-
-  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
-
-* Implemented ``wchar_t`` date and time formatting
-  (`#712 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/712>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/time.h>
-
-     std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
-     auto s = fmt::format(L"The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
-
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Provided more wide string overloads
-  (`#724 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/724>`_).
-  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
-
-* Switched from a custom null-terminated string view class to ``string_view``
-  in the format API and provided ``fmt::string_view`` which implements a subset
-  of ``std::string_view`` API for pre-C++17 systems.
-
-* Added support for ``std::experimental::string_view``
-  (`#607 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/607>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     #include <fmt/core.h>
-     #include <experimental/string_view>
-
-     fmt::print("{}", std::experimental::string_view("foo"));
-
-  Thanks `@virgiliofornazin (Virgilio Alexandre Fornazin)
-  <https://github.com/virgiliofornazin>`__.
-
-* Allowed mixing named and automatic arguments:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-     fmt::format("{} {two}", 1, fmt::arg("two", 2));
-
-* Removed the write API in favor of the `format API
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#format-api>`_ with compile-time handling of
-  format strings.
-
-* Disallowed formatting of multibyte strings into a wide character target
-  (`#606 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/606>`_).
-
-* Improved documentation
-  (`#515 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/515>`_,
-  `#614 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/614>`_,
-  `#617 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/617>`_,
-  `#661 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/661>`_,
-  `#680 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/680>`_).
-  Thanks `@ibell (Ian Bell) <https://github.com/ibell>`_,
-  `@mihaitodor (Mihai Todor) <https://github.com/mihaitodor>`_, and
-  `@johnthagen <https://github.com/johnthagen>`_.
-
-* Implemented more efficient handling of large number of format arguments.
-
-* Introduced an inline namespace for symbol versioning.
-
-* Added debug postfix ``d`` to the ``fmt`` library name
-  (`#636 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/636>`_).
-
-* Removed unnecessary ``fmt/`` prefix in includes
-  (`#397 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/397>`_).
-  Thanks `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_.
-
-* Moved ``fmt/*.h`` to ``include/fmt/*.h`` to prevent irrelevant files and
-  directories appearing on the include search paths when fmt is used as a
-  subproject and moved source files to the ``src`` directory.
-
-* Added qmake project file ``support/fmt.pro``
-  (`#641 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/641>`_).
-  Thanks `@cowo78 (Giuseppe Corbelli) <https://github.com/cowo78>`_.
-
-* Added Gradle build file ``support/build.gradle``
-  (`#649 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/649>`_).
-  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_.
-
-* Removed ``FMT_CPPFORMAT`` CMake option.
-
-* Fixed a name conflict with the macro ``CHAR_WIDTH`` in glibc
-  (`#616 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/616>`_).
-  Thanks `@aroig (Abdó Roig-Maranges) <https://github.com/aroig>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of nested braces in ``fmt::join``
-  (`#638 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/638>`_).
-
-* Added ``SOURCELINK_SUFFIX`` for compatibility with Sphinx 1.5
-  (`#497 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/497>`_).
-  Thanks `@ginggs (Graham Inggs) <https://github.com/ginggs>`_.
-
-* Added a missing ``inline`` in the header-only mode
-  (`#626 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/626>`_).
-  Thanks `@aroig (Abdó Roig-Maranges) <https://github.com/aroig>`_.
-
-* Fixed various compiler warnings
-  (`#640 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/640>`_,
-  `#656 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/656>`_,
-  `#679 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/679>`_,
-  `#681 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/681>`_,
-  `#705 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/705>`__,
-  `#715 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/715>`_,
-  `#717 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/717>`_,
-  `#720 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/720>`_,
-  `#723 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/723>`_,
-  `#726 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/726>`_,
-  `#730 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/730>`_,
-  `#739 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/739>`_).
-  Thanks `@peterbell10 <https://github.com/peterbell10>`_,
-  `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_,
-  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
-  `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_,
-  `@christianparpart (Christian Parpart) <https://github.com/christianparpart>`_,
-  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
-  and `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Worked around an MSVC bug and fixed several warnings
-  (`#653 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/653>`_).
-  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
-
-* Worked around GCC bug 67371
-  (`#682 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/682>`_).
-
-* Fixed compilation with ``-fno-exceptions``
-  (`#655 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/655>`_).
-  Thanks `@chenxiaolong (Andrew Gunnerson) <https://github.com/chenxiaolong>`_.
-
-* Made ``constexpr remove_prefix`` gcc version check tighter
-  (`#648 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/648>`_).
-
-* Renamed internal type enum constants to prevent collision with poorly written
-  C libraries (`#644 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/644>`_).
-
-* Added detection of ``wostream operator<<``
-  (`#650 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/650>`_).
-
-* Fixed compilation on OpenBSD
-  (`#660 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/660>`_).
-  Thanks `@hubslave <https://github.com/hubslave>`_.
-
-* Fixed compilation on FreeBSD 12
-  (`#732 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/732>`_).
-  Thanks `@dankm <https://github.com/dankm>`_.
-
-* Fixed compilation when there is a mismatch between ``-std`` options between
-  the library and user code
-  (`#664 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/664>`_).
-
-* Fixed compilation with GCC 7 and ``-std=c++11``
-  (`#734 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/734>`_).
-
-* Improved generated binary code on GCC 7 and older
-  (`#668 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/668>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of numeric alignment with no width 
-  (`#675 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/675>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of empty strings in UTF8/16 converters
-  (`#676 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/676>`_).
-  Thanks `@vgalka-sl (Vasili Galka) <https://github.com/vgalka-sl>`_.
-
-* Fixed formatting of an empty ``string_view``
-  (`#689 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/689>`_).
-
-* Fixed detection of ``string_view`` on libc++ 
-  (`#686 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/686>`_).
-
-* Fixed DLL issues (`#696 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/696>`_).
-  Thanks `@sebkoenig <https://github.com/sebkoenig>`_.
-
-* Fixed compile checks for mixing narrow and wide strings
-  (`#690 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/690>`_).
-
-* Disabled unsafe implicit conversion to ``std::string``
-  (`#729 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/729>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of reused format specs (as in ``fmt::join``) for pointers
-  (`#725 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/725>`_).
-  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Fixed installation of ``fmt/ranges.h``
-  (`#738 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/738>`_).
-  Thanks `@sv1990 <https://github.com/sv1990>`_.
-
-4.1.0 - 2017-12-20
-------------------
-
-* Added ``fmt::to_wstring()`` in addition to ``fmt::to_string()``
-  (`#559 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/559>`_).
-  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
-
-* Added support for C++17 ``std::string_view``
-  (`#571 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/571>`_ and
-  `#578 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/578>`_).
-  Thanks `@thelostt (Mário Feroldi) <https://github.com/thelostt>`_ and
-  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Enabled stream exceptions to catch errors
-  (`#581 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/581>`_).
-  Thanks `@crusader-mike <https://github.com/crusader-mike>`_.
-
-* Allowed formatting of class hierarchies with ``fmt::format_arg()``
-  (`#547 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/547>`_).
-  Thanks `@rollbear (Björn Fahller) <https://github.com/rollbear>`_.
-
-* Removed limitations on character types
-  (`#563 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/563>`_).
-  Thanks `@Yelnats321 (Elnar Dakeshov) <https://github.com/Yelnats321>`_.
-
-* Conditionally enabled use of ``std::allocator_traits``
-  (`#583 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/583>`_).
-  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Added support for ``const`` variadic member function emulation with
-  ``FMT_VARIADIC_CONST`` (`#591 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/591>`_).
-  Thanks `@ludekvodicka (Ludek Vodicka) <https://github.com/ludekvodicka>`_.
-
-* Various bugfixes: bad overflow check, unsupported implicit type conversion
-  when determining formatting function, test segfaults
-  (`#551 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/551>`_), ill-formed macros
-  (`#542 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/542>`_) and ambiguous overloads
-  (`#580 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/580>`_).
-  Thanks `@xylosper (Byoung-young Lee) <https://github.com/xylosper>`_.
-
-* Prevented warnings on MSVC (`#605 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/605>`_,
-  `#602 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/602>`_, and
-  `#545 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/545>`_),
-  clang (`#582 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/582>`_),
-  GCC (`#573 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/573>`_),
-  various conversion warnings (`#609 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/609>`_,
-  `#567 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/567>`_,
-  `#553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553>`_ and
-  `#553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553>`_), and added ``override`` and
-  ``[[noreturn]]`` (`#549 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/549>`_ and
-  `#555 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/555>`_).
-  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_,
-  `@virgiliofornazin (Virgilio Alexandre Fornazin)
-  <https://gihtub.com/virgiliofornazin>`_,
-  `@alexanderbock (Alexander Bock) <https://github.com/alexanderbock>`_,
-  `@yumetodo <https://github.com/yumetodo>`_,
-  `@VaderY (Császár Mátyás) <https://github.com/VaderY>`_,
-  `@jpcima (JP Cimalando) <https://github.com/jpcima>`_,
-  `@thelostt (Mário Feroldi) <https://github.com/thelostt>`_, and
-  `@Manu343726 (Manu Sánchez) <https://github.com/Manu343726>`_.
-
-* Improved CMake: Used ``GNUInstallDirs`` to set installation location
-  (`#610 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/610>`_) and fixed warnings
-  (`#536 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/536>`_ and
-  `#556 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/556>`_).
-  Thanks `@mikecrowe (Mike Crowe) <https://github.com/mikecrowe>`_,
-  `@evgen231 <https://github.com/evgen231>`_ and
-  `@henryiii (Henry Schreiner) <https://github.com/henryiii>`_.
-
-4.0.0 - 2017-06-27
-------------------
-
-* Removed old compatibility headers ``cppformat/*.h`` and CMake options
-  (`#527 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/527>`_).
-  Thanks `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
-
-* Added ``string.h`` containing ``fmt::to_string()`` as alternative to
-  ``std::to_string()`` as well as other string writer functionality
-  (`#326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/326>`_ and
-  `#441 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/441>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/string.h"
-  
-    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
-
-  Thanks to `@glebov-andrey (Andrey Glebov)
-  <https://github.com/glebov-andrey>`_.
-
-* Moved ``fmt::printf()`` to new ``printf.h`` header and allowed ``%s`` as
-  generic specifier (`#453 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/453>`_),
-  made ``%.f`` more conformant to regular ``printf()``
-  (`#490 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/490>`_), added custom writer
-  support (`#476 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/476>`_) and implemented
-  missing custom argument formatting
-  (`#339 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/339>`_ and
-  `#340 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/340>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/printf.h"
- 
-    // %s format specifier can be used with any argument type.
-    fmt::printf("%s", 42);
-
-  Thanks `@mojoBrendan <https://github.com/mojoBrendan>`_,
-  `@manylegged (Arthur Danskin) <https://github.com/manylegged>`_ and
-  `@spacemoose (Glen Stark) <https://github.com/spacemoose>`_.
-  See also `#360 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/360>`_,
-  `#335 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/335>`_ and
-  `#331 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/331>`_.
-
-* Added ``container.h`` containing a ``BasicContainerWriter``
-  to write to containers like ``std::vector``
-  (`#450 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/450>`_).
-  Thanks `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
-
-* Added ``fmt::join()`` function that takes a range and formats
-  its elements separated by a given string
-  (`#466 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/466>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/format.h"
- 
-    std::vector<double> v = {1.2, 3.4, 5.6};
-    // Prints "(+01.20, +03.40, +05.60)".
-    fmt::print("({:+06.2f})", fmt::join(v.begin(), v.end(), ", "));
-
-  Thanks `@olivier80 <https://github.com/olivier80>`_.
-
-* Added support for custom formatting specifications to simplify customization
-  of built-in formatting (`#444 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/444>`_).
-  Thanks `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
-  See also `#439 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/439>`_.
-
-* Added ``fmt::format_system_error()`` for error code formatting
-  (`#323 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/323>`_ and
-  `#526 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/526>`_).
-  Thanks `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
-
-* Added thread-safe ``fmt::localtime()`` and ``fmt::gmtime()``
-  as replacement   for the standard version to ``time.h``
-  (`#396 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/396>`_).
-  Thanks `@codicodi <https://github.com/codicodi>`_.
-
-* Internal improvements to ``NamedArg`` and ``ArgLists``
-  (`#389 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/389>`_ and
-  `#390 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/390>`_).
-  Thanks `@chronoxor <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_.
-
-* Fixed crash due to bug in ``FormatBuf``
-  (`#493 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/493>`_).
-  Thanks `@effzeh <https://github.com/effzeh>`_. See also
-  `#480 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/480>`_ and
-  `#491 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/491>`_.
-
-* Fixed handling of wide strings in ``fmt::StringWriter``.
-
-* Improved compiler error messages
-  (`#357 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/357>`_).
-
-* Fixed various warnings and issues with various compilers
-  (`#494 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/494>`_,
-  `#499 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/499>`_,
-  `#483 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/483>`_,
-  `#485 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/485>`_,
-  `#482 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/482>`_,
-  `#475 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/475>`_,
-  `#473 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/473>`_ and
-  `#414 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/414>`_).
-  Thanks `@chronoxor <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
-  `@zhaohuaxishi <https://github.com/zhaohuaxishi>`_,
-  `@pkestene (Pierre Kestener) <https://github.com/pkestene>`_,
-  `@dschmidt (Dominik Schmidt) <https://github.com/dschmidt>`_ and
-  `@0x414c (Alexey Gorishny) <https://github.com/0x414c>`_ .
-
-* Improved CMake: targets are now namespaced
-  (`#511 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/511>`_ and
-  `#513 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/513>`_), supported header-only
-  ``printf.h`` (`#354 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/354>`_), fixed issue
-  with minimal supported library subset
-  (`#418 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/418>`_,
-  `#419 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/419>`_ and
-  `#420 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/420>`_).
-  Thanks `@bjoernthiel (Bjoern Thiel) <https://github.com/bjoernthiel>`_,
-  `@niosHD (Mario Werner) <https://github.com/niosHD>`_,
-  `@LogicalKnight (Sean LK) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_ and
-  `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
-
-* Improved documentation. Thanks to
-  `@pwm1234 (Phil) <https://github.com/pwm1234>`_ for
-  `#393 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/393>`_.
-
-3.0.2 - 2017-06-14
-------------------
-
-* Added ``FMT_VERSION`` macro
-  (`#411 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/411>`_).
-
-* Used ``FMT_NULL`` instead of literal ``0``
-  (`#409 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/409>`_).
-  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
-
-* Added extern templates for ``format_float``
-  (`#413 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/413>`_).
-
-* Fixed implicit conversion issue
-  (`#507 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/507>`_).
-
-* Fixed signbit detection (`#423 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/423>`_).
-
-* Fixed naming collision (`#425 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/425>`_).
-
-* Fixed missing intrinsic for C++/CLI
-  (`#457 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/457>`_).
-  Thanks `@calumr (Calum Robinson) <https://github.com/calumr>`_
-
-* Fixed Android detection (`#458 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/458>`_).
-  Thanks `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
-
-* Use lean ``windows.h`` if not in header-only mode
-  (`#503 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/503>`_).
-  Thanks `@Quentin01 (Quentin Buathier) <https://github.com/Quentin01>`_.
-
-* Fixed issue with CMake exporting C++11 flag
-  (`#445 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/455>`_).
-  Thanks `@EricWF (Eric) <https://github.com/EricWF>`_.
-
-* Fixed issue with nvcc and MSVC compiler bug and MinGW
-  (`#505 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/505>`_).
-
-* Fixed DLL issues (`#469 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/469>`_ and
-  `#502 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/502>`_).
-  Thanks `@richardeakin (Richard Eakin) <https://github.com/richardeakin>`_ and
-  `@AndreasSchoenle (Andreas Schönle) <https://github.com/AndreasSchoenle>`_.
-
-* Fixed test compilation under FreeBSD
-  (`#433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/433>`_).
-
-* Fixed various warnings (`#403 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/403>`_,
-  `#410 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/410>`_ and
-  `#510 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/510>`_).
-  Thanks `@Lecetem <https://github.com/Lectem>`_,
-  `@chenhayat (Chen Hayat) <https://github.com/chenhayat>`_ and
-  `@trozen <https://github.com/trozen>`_.
-
-* Worked around a broken ``__builtin_clz`` in clang with MS codegen
-  (`#519 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519>`_).
-
-* Removed redundant include
-  (`#479 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/479>`_).
-
-* Fixed documentation issues.
-
-3.0.1 - 2016-11-01
-------------------
-* Fixed handling of thousands separator
-  (`#353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/353>`_).
-
-* Fixed handling of ``unsigned char`` strings
-  (`#373 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/373>`_).
-
-* Corrected buffer growth when formatting time
-  (`#367 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367>`_).
-
-* Removed warnings under MSVC and clang
-  (`#318 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/318>`_,
-  `#250 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/250>`_, also merged
-  `#385 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/385>`_ and
-  `#361 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/361>`_).
-  Thanks `@jcelerier (Jean-Michaël Celerier) <https://github.com/jcelerier>`_
-  and `@nmoehrle (Nils Moehrle) <https://github.com/nmoehrle>`_.
-
-* Fixed compilation issues under Android
-  (`#327 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/327>`_,
-  `#345 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/345>`_ and
-  `#381 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/381>`_),
-  FreeBSD (`#358 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/358>`_),
-  Cygwin (`#388 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/388>`_),
-  MinGW (`#355 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355>`_) as well as other
-  issues (`#350 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/350>`_,
-  `#366 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355>`_,
-  `#348 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/348>`_,
-  `#402 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/402>`_,
-  `#405 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/405>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dpantele (Dmitry) <https://github.com/dpantele>`_,
-  `@hghwng (Hugh Wang) <https://github.com/hghwng>`_,
-  `@arvedarved (Tilman Keskinöz) <https://github.com/arvedarved>`_,
-  `@LogicalKnight (Sean) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_ and
-  `@JanHellwig (Jan Hellwig) <https://github.com/janhellwig>`_.
-
-* Fixed some documentation issues and extended specification
-  (`#320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/320>`_,
-  `#333 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/333>`_,
-  `#347 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/347>`_,
-  `#362 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/362>`_).
-  Thanks to `@smellman (Taro Matsuzawa aka. btm)
-  <https://github.com/smellman>`_.
-
-3.0.0 - 2016-05-07
-------------------
-
-* The project has been renamed from C++ Format (cppformat) to fmt for
-  consistency with the used namespace and macro prefix
-  (`#307 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/307>`_).
-  Library headers are now located in the ``fmt`` directory:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/format.h"
-
-  Including ``format.h`` from the ``cppformat`` directory is deprecated
-  but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next major version.
-  
-  The documentation is now available at https://fmt.dev.
-
-* Added support for `strftime <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime>`_-like
-  `date and time formatting <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#date-and-time-formatting>`_
-  (`#283 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/283>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/time.h"
-
-    std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
-    // Prints "The date is 2016-04-29." (with the current date)
-    fmt::print("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
-
-* ``std::ostream`` support including formatting of user-defined types that provide
-  overloaded ``operator<<`` has been moved to ``fmt/ostream.h``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #include "fmt/ostream.h"
-
-    class Date {
-      int year_, month_, day_;
-    public:
-      Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}
-
-      friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
-        return os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
-      }
-    };
-
-    std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
-    // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
-
-* Added support for `custom argument formatters
-  <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#argument-formatters>`_
-  (`#235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/235>`_).
-
-* Added support for locale-specific integer formatting with the ``n`` specifier
-  (`#305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/305>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
-    fmt::print("cppformat: {:n}\n", 1234567); // prints 1,234,567
-
-* Sign is now preserved when formatting an integer with an incorrect ``printf``
-  format specifier (`#265 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/265>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("%lld", -42); // prints -42
-
-  Note that it would be an undefined behavior in ``std::printf``.
-
-* Length modifiers such as ``ll`` are now optional in printf formatting
-  functions and the correct type is determined automatically
-  (`#255 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/255>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("%d", std::numeric_limits<long long>::max());
-
-  Note that it would be an undefined behavior in ``std::printf``.
-
-* Added initial support for custom formatters
-  (`#231 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/231>`_).
-
-* Fixed detection of user-defined literal support on Intel C++ compiler
-  (`#311 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/311>`_,
-  `#312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/312>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_ and
-  `@speth (Ray Speth) <https://github.com/speth>`_.
-
-* Reduced compile time
-  (`#243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/243>`_,
-  `#249 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/249>`_,
-  `#317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/317>`_):
-
-  .. image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614060/
-             b9e826d2-9c36-11e5-8666-d4131bf503ef.png
-
-  .. image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614080/
-             6ac903cc-9c37-11e5-8165-26df6efae364.png
-
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
-
-* Compile test fixes (`#313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/313>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
-
-* Documentation fixes (`#239 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/239>`_,
-  `#248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248>`_,
-  `#252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252>`_,
-  `#258 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/258>`_,
-  `#260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260>`_,
-  `#301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/301>`_,
-  `#309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/309>`_).
-  Thanks to `@ReadmeCritic <https://github.com/ReadmeCritic>`_
-  `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_ and
-  `@jwilk (Jakub Wilk) <https://github.com/jwilk>`_.
-
-* Fixed compiler and sanitizer warnings
-  (`#244 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/244>`_,
-  `#256 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/256>`_,
-  `#259 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/259>`_,
-  `#263 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/263>`_,
-  `#274 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/274>`_,
-  `#277 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/277>`_,
-  `#286 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/286>`_,
-  `#291 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/291>`_,
-  `#296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/296>`_,
-  `#308 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/308>`_)
-  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
-  `@pweiskircher (Patrik Weiskircher) <https://github.com/pweiskircher>`_,
-  `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
-
-* Improved compatibility with Windows Store apps
-  (`#280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/280>`_,
-  `#285 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/285>`_)
-  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Added tests of compatibility with older C++ standards
-  (`#273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/273>`_).
-  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
-
-* Fixed Android build (`#271 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/271>`_).
-  Thanks to `@newnon <https://github.com/newnon>`_.
-
-* Changed ``ArgMap`` to be backed by a vector instead of a map.
-  (`#261 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/261>`_,
-  `#262 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/262>`_).
-  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
-
-* Added ``fprintf`` overload that writes to a ``std::ostream``
-  (`#251 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/251>`_).
-  Thanks to `nickhutchinson (Nicholas Hutchinson) <https://github.com/nickhutchinson>`_.
-
-* Export symbols when building a Windows DLL
-  (`#245 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/245>`_).
-  Thanks to `macdems (Maciek Dems) <https://github.com/macdems>`_.
-
-* Fixed compilation on Cygwin (`#304 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/304>`_).
-
-* Implemented a workaround for a bug in Apple LLVM version 4.2 of clang
-  (`#276 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/276>`_).
-
-* Implemented a workaround for Google Test bug
-  `#705 <https://github.com/google/googletest/issues/705>`_ on gcc 6
-  (`#268 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/268>`_).
-  Thanks to `octoploid <https://github.com/octoploid>`_.
-
-* Removed Biicode support because the latter has been discontinued.
-
-2.1.1 - 2016-04-11
-------------------
-
-* The install location for generated CMake files is now configurable via
-  the ``FMT_CMAKE_DIR`` CMake variable
-  (`#299 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/299>`_).
-  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
-
-* Documentation fixes (`#252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252>`_).
-
-2.1.0 - 2016-03-21
-------------------
-
-* Project layout and build system improvements
-  (`#267 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/267>`_):
-
-  * The code have been moved to the ``cppformat`` directory.
-    Including ``format.h`` from the top-level directory is deprecated
-    but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next
-    major version.
-
-  * C++ Format CMake targets now have proper interface definitions.
-
-  * Installed version of the library now supports the header-only
-    configuration.
-
-  * Targets ``doc``, ``install``, and ``test`` are now disabled if C++ Format
-    is included as a CMake subproject. They can be enabled by setting
-    ``FMT_DOC``, ``FMT_INSTALL``, and ``FMT_TEST`` in the parent project.
-
-  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
-
-2.0.1 - 2016-03-13
-------------------
-
-* Improved CMake find and package support
-  (`#264 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/264>`_).
-  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
-
-* Fix compile error with Android NDK and mingw32
-  (`#241 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/241>`_).
-  Thanks to `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
-
-* Documentation fixes
-  (`#248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248>`_,
-  `#260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260>`_).
-
-2.0.0 - 2015-12-01
-------------------
-
-General
-~~~~~~~
-
-* [Breaking] Named arguments
-  (`#169 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/169>`_,
-  `#173 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/173>`_,
-  `#174 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/174>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
-
-  Thanks to `@jamboree <https://github.com/jamboree>`_.
-
-* [Experimental] User-defined literals for format and named arguments
-  (`#204 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/204>`_,
-  `#206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/206>`_,
-  `#207 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/207>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    using namespace fmt::literals;
-    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", "answer"_a=42);
-
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] Formatting of more than 16 arguments is now supported when using
-  variadic templates
-  (`#141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/141>`_).
-  Thanks to `@Shauren <https://github.com/Shauren>`_.
-
-* Runtime width specification
-  (`#168 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/168>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::format("{0:{1}}", 42, 5); // gives "   42"
-
-  Thanks to `@jamboree <https://github.com/jamboree>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] Enums are now formatted with an overloaded ``std::ostream`` insertion
-  operator (``operator<<``) if available
-  (`#232 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/232>`_).
-
-* [Breaking] Changed default ``bool`` format to textual, "true" or "false"
-  (`#170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/170>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-  
-    fmt::print("{}", true); // prints "true"
-
-  To print ``bool`` as a number use numeric format specifier such as ``d``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::print("{:d}", true); // prints "1"
-
-* ``fmt::printf`` and ``fmt::sprintf`` now support formatting of ``bool`` with the
-  ``%s`` specifier giving textual output, "true" or "false"
-  (`#223 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("%s", true); // prints "true"
-
-  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] ``signed char`` and ``unsigned char`` are now formatted as integers by default
-  (`#217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/217>`_).
-
-* [Breaking] Pointers to C strings can now be formatted with the ``p`` specifier
-  (`#223 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::print("{:p}", "test"); // prints pointer value
-
-  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] ``fmt::printf`` and ``fmt::sprintf`` now print null pointers as ``(nil)``
-  and null strings as ``(null)`` for consistency with glibc
-  (`#226 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/226>`_).
-  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] ``fmt::(s)printf`` now supports formatting of objects of user-defined types
-  that provide an overloaded ``std::ostream`` insertion operator (``operator<<``)
-  (`#201 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/201>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("The date is %s", Date(2012, 12, 9));
-
-* [Breaking] The ``Buffer`` template is now part of the public API and can be used
-  to implement custom memory buffers
-  (`#140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/140>`_).
-  Thanks to `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] Improved compatibility between ``BasicStringRef`` and
-  `std::experimental::basic_string_view
-  <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/basic_string_view>`_
-  (`#100 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/100>`_,
-  `#159 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/159>`_,
-  `#183 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/183>`_):
-
-  - Comparison operators now compare string content, not pointers
-  - ``BasicStringRef::c_str`` replaced by ``BasicStringRef::data``
-  - ``BasicStringRef`` is no longer assumed to be null-terminated
-
-  References to null-terminated strings are now represented by a new class,
-  ``BasicCStringRef``.
-
-* Dependency on pthreads introduced by Google Test is now optional
-  (`#185 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/185>`_).
-
-* New CMake options ``FMT_DOC``, ``FMT_INSTALL`` and ``FMT_TEST`` to control
-  generation of ``doc``, ``install`` and ``test`` targets respectively, on by default
-  (`#197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/197>`_,
-  `#198 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/198>`_,
-  `#200 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/200>`_).
-  Thanks to `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
-
-* ``noexcept`` is now used when compiling with MSVC2015
-  (`#215 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/215>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dmkrepo (Dmitriy) <https://github.com/dmkrepo>`_.
-
-* Added an option to disable use of ``windows.h`` when ``FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H``
-  is defined as 0 before including ``format.h``
-  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
-  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] ``windows.h`` is now included with ``NOMINMAX`` unless
-  ``FMT_WIN_MINMAX`` is defined. This is done to prevent breaking code using
-  ``std::min`` and ``std::max`` and only affects the header-only configuration
-  (`#152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/152>`_,
-  `#153 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/153>`_,
-  `#154 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/154>`_).
-  Thanks to `@DevO2012 <https://github.com/DevO2012>`_.
-
-* Improved support for custom character types
-  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
-  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
-
-* Added an option to disable use of IOStreams when ``FMT_USE_IOSTREAMS``
-  is defined as 0 before including ``format.h``
-  (`#205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/205>`_,
-  `#208 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/208>`_).
-  Thanks to `@JodiTheTigger <https://github.com/JodiTheTigger>`_.
-
-* Improved detection of ``isnan``, ``isinf`` and ``signbit``.
-
-Optimization
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* Made formatting of user-defined types more efficient with a custom stream buffer
-  (`#92 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/92>`_,
-  `#230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/230>`_).
-  Thanks to `@NotImplemented <https://github.com/NotImplemented>`_.
-
-* Further improved performance of ``fmt::Writer`` on integer formatting
-  and fixed a minor regression. Now it is ~7% faster than ``karma::generate``
-  on Karma's benchmark
-  (`#186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/186>`_).
-
-* [Breaking] Reduced `compiled code size
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_
-  (`#143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/143>`_,
-  `#149 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/149>`_).
-
-Distribution
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* [Breaking] Headers are now installed in
-  ``${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/cppformat``
-  (`#178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178>`_).
-  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] Changed the library name from ``format`` to ``cppformat``
-  for consistency with the project name and to avoid potential conflicts
-  (`#178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178>`_).
-  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
-
-* C++ Format is now available in `Debian <https://www.debian.org/>`_ GNU/Linux
-  (`stretch <https://packages.debian.org/source/stretch/cppformat>`_,
-  `sid <https://packages.debian.org/source/sid/cppformat>`_) and 
-  derived distributions such as
-  `Ubuntu <https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/cppformat>`_ 15.10 and later
-  (`#155 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/155>`_)::
-
-    $ sudo apt-get install libcppformat1-dev
-
-  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
-
-* `Packages for Fedora and RHEL <https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/package/cppformat/>`_
-  are now available. Thanks to Dave Johansen.
-  
-* C++ Format can now be installed via `Homebrew <http://brew.sh/>`_ on OS X
-  (`#157 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/157>`_)::
-
-    $ brew install cppformat
-
-  Thanks to `@ortho <https://github.com/ortho>`_, Anatoliy Bulukin.
-
-Documentation
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* Migrated from ReadTheDocs to GitHub Pages for better responsiveness
-  and reliability
-  (`#128 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/128>`_).
-  New documentation address is http://cppformat.github.io/.
-
-
-* Added `Building the documentation
-  <https://fmt.dev/2.0.0/usage.html#building-the-documentation>`_
-  section to the documentation.
-
-* Documentation build script is now compatible with Python 3 and newer pip versions.
-  (`#189 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/189>`_,
-  `#209 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/209>`_).
-  Thanks to `@JodiTheTigger <https://github.com/JodiTheTigger>`_ and
-  `@xentec <https://github.com/xentec>`_.
-  
-* Documentation fixes and improvements
-  (`#36 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/36>`_,
-  `#75 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/75>`_,
-  `#125 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/125>`_,
-  `#160 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/160>`_,
-  `#161 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/161>`_,
-  `#162 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/162>`_,
-  `#165 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/165>`_,
-  `#210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/210>`_).
-  Thanks to `@syohex (Syohei YOSHIDA) <https://github.com/syohex>`_ and
-  bug reporters.
-
-* Fixed out-of-tree documentation build
-  (`#177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/177>`_).
-  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
-
-Fixes
-~~~~~
-
-* Fixed ``initializer_list`` detection
-  (`#136 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/136>`_).
-  Thanks to `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
-
-* [Breaking] Fixed formatting of enums with numeric format specifiers in
-  ``fmt::(s)printf`` 
-  (`#131 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/131>`_,
-  `#139 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/139>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    enum { ANSWER = 42 };
-    fmt::printf("%d", ANSWER);
-
-  Thanks to `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
-
-* Improved compatibility with old versions of MinGW
-  (`#129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/129>`_,
-  `#130 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/130>`_,
-  `#132 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/132>`_).
-  Thanks to `@cstamford (Christopher Stamford) <https://github.com/cstamford>`_.
-
-* Fixed a compile error on MSVC with disabled exceptions
-  (`#144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/144>`_).
-
-* Added a workaround for broken implementation of variadic templates in MSVC2012
-  (`#148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/148>`_).
-
-* Placed the anonymous namespace within ``fmt`` namespace for the header-only
-  configuration
-  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
-  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
-
-* Fixed issues reported by Coverity Scan
-  (`#187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/187>`_,
-  `#192 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/192>`_).
-
-* Implemented a workaround for a name lookup bug in MSVC2010
-  (`#188 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/188>`_).
-
-* Fixed compiler warnings
-  (`#95 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/95>`_,
-  `#96 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/96>`_,
-  `#114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/114>`_,
-  `#135 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/135>`_,
-  `#142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/142>`_,
-  `#145 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/145>`_,
-  `#146 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/146>`_,
-  `#158 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/158>`_,
-  `#163 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/163>`_,
-  `#175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/175>`_,
-  `#190 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/190>`_,
-  `#191 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/191>`_,
-  `#194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/194>`_,
-  `#196 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/196>`_,
-  `#216 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/216>`_,
-  `#218 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/218>`_,
-  `#220 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/220>`_,
-  `#229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/229>`_,
-  `#233 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/233>`_,
-  `#234 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/234>`_,
-  `#236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236>`_,
-  `#281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/281>`_,
-  `#289 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/289>`_).
-  Thanks to `@seanmiddleditch (Sean Middleditch) <https://github.com/seanmiddleditch>`_,
-  `@dixlorenz (Dix Lorenz) <https://github.com/dixlorenz>`_,
-  `@CarterLi (李通洲) <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_,
-  `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_,
-  `@fmatthew5876 (Matthew Fioravante) <https://github.com/fmatthew5876>`_,
-  `@LevskiWeng (Levski Weng) <https://github.com/LevskiWeng>`_,
-  `@rpopescu <https://github.com/rpopescu>`_,
-  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
-  `@cubicool (Jeremy Moles) <https://github.com/cubicool>`_,
-  `@jkflying (Julian Kent) <https://github.com/jkflying>`_,
-  `@LogicalKnight (Sean L) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_,
-  `@inguin (Ingo van Lil) <https://github.com/inguin>`_ and
-  `@Jopie64 (Johan) <https://github.com/Jopie64>`_.
-
-* Fixed portability issues (mostly causing test failures) on ARM, ppc64, ppc64le,
-  s390x and SunOS 5.11 i386
-  (`#138 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/138>`_,
-  `#179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/179>`_,
-  `#180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/180>`_,
-  `#202 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/202>`_,
-  `#225 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/225>`_,
-  `Red Hat Bugzilla Bug 1260297 <https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1260297>`_).
-  Thanks to `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_,
-  `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_ and Dave Johansen.
-
-* Fixed a name conflict with macro ``free`` defined in
-  ``crtdbg.h`` when ``_CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC`` is set
-  (`#211 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/211>`_).
-
-* Fixed shared library build on OS X
-  (`#212 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/212>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
-
-* Fixed an overload conflict on MSVC when ``/Zc:wchar_t-`` option is specified
-  (`#214 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/214>`_).
-  Thanks to `@slavanap (Vyacheslav Napadovsky) <https://github.com/slavanap>`_.
-
-* Improved compatibility with MSVC 2008
-  (`#236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236>`_).
-  Thanks to `@Jopie64 (Johan) <https://github.com/Jopie64>`_.
-
-* Improved compatibility with bcc32
-  (`#227 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/227>`_).
-
-* Fixed ``static_assert`` detection on Clang
-  (`#228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/228>`_).
-  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
-
-1.1.0 - 2015-03-06
-------------------
-
-* Added ``BasicArrayWriter``, a class template that provides operations for
-  formatting and writing data into a fixed-size array
-  (`#105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/105>`_ and
-  `#122 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/122>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-  
-    char buffer[100];
-    fmt::ArrayWriter w(buffer);
-    w.write("The answer is {}", 42);
-
-* Added `0 A.D. <http://play0ad.com/>`_ and `PenUltima Online (POL)
-  <http://www.polserver.com/>`_ to the list of notable projects using C++ Format.
-
-* C++ Format now uses MSVC intrinsics for better formatting performance
-  (`#115 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/115>`_,
-  `#116 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/116>`_,
-  `#118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/118>`_ and
-  `#121 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/121>`_).
-  Previously these optimizations where only used on GCC and Clang.
-  Thanks to `@CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_ and
-  `@objectx <https://github.com/objectx>`_.
-
-* CMake install target (`#119 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/119>`_).
-  Thanks to `@TrentHouliston <https://github.com/TrentHouliston>`_.
-
-  You can now install C++ Format with ``make install`` command.
-
-* Improved `Biicode <http://www.biicode.com/>`_ support
-  (`#98 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/98>`_ and
-  `#104 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/104>`_). Thanks to
-  `@MariadeAnton <https://github.com/MariadeAnton>`_ and
-  `@franramirez688 <https://github.com/franramirez688>`_.
-
-* Improved support for building with `Android NDK
-  <https://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html>`_
-  (`#107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/107>`_).
-  Thanks to `@newnon <https://github.com/newnon>`_.
-  
-  The `android-ndk-example <https://github.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example>`_
-  repository provides and example of using C++ Format with Android NDK:
-
-  .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example/
-            master/screenshot.png
-
-* Improved documentation of ``SystemError`` and ``WindowsError``
-  (`#54 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/54>`_).
-
-* Various code improvements
-  (`#110 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/110>`_,
-  `#111 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/111>`_
-  `#112 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/112>`_).
-  Thanks to `@CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_.
-
-* Improved compile-time errors when formatting wide into narrow strings
-  (`#117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/117>`_).
-
-* Fixed ``BasicWriter::write`` without formatting arguments when C++11 support
-  is disabled (`#109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/109>`_).
-
-* Fixed header-only build on OS X with GCC 4.9
-  (`#124 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/124>`_).
-
-* Fixed packaging issues (`#94 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/94>`_).
-
-* Added `changelog <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/ChangeLog.rst>`_
-  (`#103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/103>`_).
-
-1.0.0 - 2015-02-05
-------------------
-
-* Add support for a header-only configuration when ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` is
-  defined before including ``format.h``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-    #include "format.h"
-
-* Compute string length in the constructor of ``BasicStringRef``
-  instead of the ``size`` method
-  (`#79 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/79>`_).
-  This eliminates size computation for string literals on reasonable optimizing
-  compilers.
-
-* Fix formatting of types with overloaded ``operator <<`` for ``std::wostream``
-  (`#86 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/86>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::format(L"The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
-
-* Fix linkage of tests on Arch Linux
-  (`#89 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/89>`_).
-
-* Allow precision specifier for non-float arguments
-  (`#90 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/90>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::print("{:.3}\n", "Carpet"); // prints "Car"
-
-* Fix build on Android NDK
-  (`#93 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/93>`_)
-
-* Improvements to documentation build procedure.
-
-* Remove ``FMT_SHARED`` CMake variable in favor of standard `BUILD_SHARED_LIBS
-  <http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.0/variable/BUILD_SHARED_LIBS.html>`_.
-
-* Fix error handling in ``fmt::fprintf``.
-
-* Fix a number of warnings.
-
-0.12.0 - 2014-10-25
--------------------
-
-* [Breaking] Improved separation between formatting and buffer management.
-  ``Writer`` is now a base class that cannot be instantiated directly.
-  The new ``MemoryWriter`` class implements the default buffer management
-  with small allocations done on stack. So ``fmt::Writer`` should be replaced
-  with ``fmt::MemoryWriter`` in variable declarations.
-
-  Old code:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::Writer w;
-
-  New code: 
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::MemoryWriter w;
-
-  If you pass ``fmt::Writer`` by reference, you can continue to do so:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-      void f(fmt::Writer &w);
-
-  This doesn't affect the formatting API.
-
-* Support for custom memory allocators
-  (`#69 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/69>`_)
-
-* Formatting functions now accept `signed char` and `unsigned char` strings as
-  arguments (`#73 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/73>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    auto s = format("GLSL version: {}", glGetString(GL_VERSION));
-
-* Reduced code bloat. According to the new `benchmark results
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_,
-  cppformat is close to ``printf`` and by the order of magnitude better than
-  Boost Format in terms of compiled code size.
-
-* Improved appearance of the documentation on mobile by using the `Sphinx
-  Bootstrap theme <http://ryan-roemer.github.io/sphinx-bootstrap-theme/>`_:
-
-  .. |old| image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792130/
-                   cd256436-5de3-11e4-9a62-c077d0c2b003.png
-
-  .. |new| image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792131/
-                   cd29896c-5de3-11e4-8f59-cac952942bf0.png
-  
-  +-------+-------+
-  |  Old  |  New  |
-  +-------+-------+
-  | |old| | |new| |
-  +-------+-------+
-
-0.11.0 - 2014-08-21
--------------------
-
-* Safe printf implementation with a POSIX extension for positional arguments:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
-    fmt::printf("%1$s, %3$d %2$s", weekday, month, day);
-
-* Arguments of ``char`` type can now be formatted as integers
-  (Issue `#55 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/55>`_):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::format("0x{0:02X}", 'a');
-
-* Deprecated parts of the API removed.
-
-* The library is now built and tested on MinGW with Appveyor in addition to
-  existing test platforms Linux/GCC, OS X/Clang, Windows/MSVC.
-
-0.10.0 - 2014-07-01
--------------------
-
-**Improved API**
-
-* All formatting methods are now implemented as variadic functions instead
-  of using ``operator<<`` for feeding arbitrary arguments into a temporary
-  formatter object. This works both with C++11 where variadic templates are
-  used and with older standards where variadic functions are emulated by
-  providing lightweight wrapper functions defined with the ``FMT_VARIADIC``
-  macro. You can use this macro for defining your own portable variadic
-  functions:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    void report_error(const char *format, const fmt::ArgList &args) {
-      fmt::print("Error: {}");
-      fmt::print(format, args);
-    }
-    FMT_VARIADIC(void, report_error, const char *)
-
-    report_error("file not found: {}", path);
-
-  Apart from a more natural syntax, this also improves performance as there
-  is no need to construct temporary formatter objects and control arguments'
-  lifetimes. Because the wrapper functions are very lightweight, this doesn't
-  cause code bloat even in pre-C++11 mode.
-
-* Simplified common case of formatting an ``std::string``. Now it requires a
-  single function call:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = format("The answer is {}.", 42);
-
-  Previously it required 2 function calls:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = str(Format("The answer is {}.") << 42);
-
-  Instead of unsafe ``c_str`` function, ``fmt::Writer`` should be used directly
-  to bypass creation of ``std::string``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::Writer w;
-    w.write("The answer is {}.", 42);
-    w.c_str();  // returns a C string
-
-  This doesn't do dynamic memory allocation for small strings and is less error
-  prone as the lifetime of the string is the same as for ``std::string::c_str``
-  which is well understood (hopefully).
-
-* Improved consistency in naming functions that are a part of the public API.
-  Now all public functions are lowercase following the standard library
-  conventions. Previously it was a combination of lowercase and
-  CapitalizedWords.
-  Issue `#50 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/50>`_.
-
-* Old functions are marked as deprecated and will be removed in the next
-  release.
-
-**Other Changes**
-
-* Experimental support for printf format specifications (work in progress):
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    fmt::printf("The answer is %d.", 42);
-    std::string s = fmt::sprintf("Look, a %s!", "string");
-
-* Support for hexadecimal floating point format specifiers ``a`` and ``A``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    print("{:a}", -42.0); // Prints -0x1.5p+5
-    print("{:A}", -42.0); // Prints -0X1.5P+5
-
-* CMake option ``FMT_SHARED`` that specifies whether to build format as a
-  shared library (off by default).
-
-0.9.0 - 2014-05-13
-------------------
-
-* More efficient implementation of variadic formatting functions.
-
-* ``Writer::Format`` now has a variadic overload:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    Writer out;
-    out.Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic");
-
-* For efficiency and consistency with other overloads, variadic overload of
-  the ``Format`` function now returns ``Writer`` instead of ``std::string``.
-  Use the ``str`` function to convert it to ``std::string``:
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = str(Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic"));
-
-* Replaced formatter actions with output sinks: ``NoAction`` -> ``NullSink``,
-  ``Write`` -> ``FileSink``, ``ColorWriter`` -> ``ANSITerminalSink``.
-  This improves naming consistency and shouldn't affect client code unless
-  these classes are used directly which should be rarely needed.
-
-* Added ``ThrowSystemError`` function that formats a message and throws
-  ``SystemError`` containing the formatted message and system-specific error
-  description. For example, the following code
-
-  .. code:: c++
-
-    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
-    if (!f)
-      ThrowSystemError(errno, "Failed to open file '{}'") << filename;
-
-  will throw ``SystemError`` exception with description
-  "Failed to open file '<filename>': No such file or directory" if file
-  doesn't exist.
-
-* Support for AppVeyor continuous integration platform.
-
-* ``Format`` now throws ``SystemError`` in case of I/O errors.
-
-* Improve test infrastructure. Print functions are now tested by redirecting
-  the output to a pipe.
-
-0.8.0 - 2014-04-14
-------------------
-
-* Initial release
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE.rst b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE
similarity index 95%
rename from src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE.rst
rename to src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE
index f0ec3db..1cd1ef9 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE.rst
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.md b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..612c10c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/156254208-f5b743a9-88cf-439d-b0c0-923d53e8d551.png" alt="{fmt}" width="25%"/>
+
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux)
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos)
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows)
+[![fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz](https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg)](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\%0Acolspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\%0ASummary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1)
+[![OpenSSF Best Practices](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/8880/badge)](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/8880)
+[![image](https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/fmtlib/fmt/badge)](https://securityscorecards.dev/viewer/?uri=github.com/fmtlib/fmt)
+[![Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt](https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg)](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt)
+
+**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
+alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
+
+If you like this project, please consider donating to one of the funds
+that help victims of the war in Ukraine: <https://www.stopputin.net/>.
+
+[Documentation](https://fmt.dev)
+
+[Cheat Sheets](https://hackingcpp.com/cpp/libs/fmt.html)
+
+Q&A: ask questions on [StackOverflow with the tag
+fmt](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt).
+
+Try {fmt} in [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/8Mx1EW73v).
+
+# Features
+
+- Simple [format API](https://fmt.dev/latest/api/) with positional
+  arguments for localization
+- Implementation of [C++20
+  std::format](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format) and
+  [C++23 std::print](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/print)
+- [Format string syntax](https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax/) similar
+  to Python\'s
+  [format](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format)
+- Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding,
+  shortness and round-trip guarantees using the
+  [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox) algorithm
+- Portable Unicode support
+- Safe [printf
+  implementation](https://fmt.dev/latest/api/#printf-formatting)
+  including the POSIX extension for positional arguments
+- Extensibility: [support for user-defined
+  types](https://fmt.dev/latest/api/#formatting-user-defined-types)
+- High performance: faster than common standard library
+  implementations of `(s)printf`, iostreams, `to_string` and
+  `to_chars`, see [Speed tests](#speed-tests) and [Converting a
+  hundred million integers to strings per
+  second](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html)
+- Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum
+  configuration consisting of just three files, `base.h`, `format.h`
+  and `format-inl.h`, and compiled code; see [Compile time and code
+  bloat](#compile-time-and-code-bloat)
+- Reliability: the library has an extensive set of
+  [tests](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test) and is
+  [continuously fuzzed](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1)
+- Safety: the library is fully type-safe, errors in format strings can
+  be reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents
+  buffer overflow errors
+- Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external
+  dependencies, permissive MIT
+  [license](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE)
+- [Portability](https://fmt.dev/latest/#portability) with
+  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
+- Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
+  `-Wall -Wextra -pedantic`
+- Locale independence by default
+- Optional header-only configuration enabled with the
+  `FMT_HEADER_ONLY` macro
+
+See the [documentation](https://fmt.dev) for more details.
+
+# Examples
+
+**Print to stdout** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh))
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/base.h>
+
+int main() {
+  fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
+}
+```
+
+**Format a string** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33))
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+// s == "The answer is 42."
+```
+
+**Format a string using positional arguments**
+([run](https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe))
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
+// s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
+```
+
+**Print dates and times** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/c31ExdY3W))
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+int main() {
+  auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+  fmt::print("Date and time: {}\n", now);
+  fmt::print("Time: {:%H:%M}\n", now);
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+    Date and time: 2023-12-26 19:10:31.557195597
+    Time: 19:10
+
+**Print a container** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/MxM1YqjE7))
+
+``` c++
+#include <vector>
+#include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+int main() {
+  std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+  fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+**Check a format string at compile time**
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+```
+
+This gives a compile-time error in C++20 because `d` is an invalid
+format specifier for a string.
+
+**Write a file from a single thread**
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/os.h>
+
+int main() {
+  auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+  out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+}
+```
+
+This can be [5 to 9 times faster than
+fprintf](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html).
+
+**Print with colors and text styles**
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/color.h>
+
+int main() {
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+             "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+             fmt::emphasis::underline, "Olá, {}!\n", "Mundo");
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+             "你好{}！\n", "世界");
+}
+```
+
+Output on a modern terminal with Unicode support:
+
+![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/assets/%0A576385/2a93c904-d6fa-4aa6-b453-2618e1c327d7)
+
+# Benchmarks
+
+## Speed tests
+
+| Library           | Method        | Run Time, s |
+|-------------------|---------------|-------------|
+| libc              | printf        |   0.91      |
+| libc++            | std::ostream  |   2.49      |
+| {fmt} 9.1         | fmt::print    |   0.74      |
+| Boost Format 1.80 | boost::format |   6.26      |
+| Folly Format      | folly::format |   1.87      |
+
+{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, \~20% faster than
+`printf`.
+
+The above results were generated by building `tinyformat_test.cpp` on
+macOS 12.6.1 with `clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT`, and
+taking the best of three runs. In the test, the format string
+`"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"` or equivalent is filled 2,000,000
+times with output sent to `/dev/null`; for further details refer to the
+[source](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/src/tinyformat-test.cc).
+
+{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than `std::ostringstream` and `sprintf` on
+IEEE754 `float` and `double` formatting
+([dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark)) and faster
+than [double-conversion](https://github.com/google/double-conversion)
+and [ryu](https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu):
+
+[![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png)](https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html)
+
+## Compile time and code bloat
+
+The script [bloat-test.py][test] from [format-benchmark][bench] tests compile
+time and code bloat for nontrivial projects. It generates 100 translation units
+and uses `printf()` or its alternative five times in each to simulate a
+medium-sized project. The resulting executable size and compile time (Apple
+clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.1.0.2.5), macOS Sonoma, best of three) is shown
+in the following tables.
+
+[test]: https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py
+[bench]: https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark
+
+**Optimized build (-O3)**
+
+| Method        | Compile Time, s | Executable size, KiB | Stripped size, KiB |
+|---------------|-----------------|----------------------|--------------------|
+| printf        |             1.6 |                   54 |                 50 |
+| IOStreams     |            25.9 |                   98 |                 84 |
+| fmt 83652df   |             4.8 |                   54 |                 50 |
+| tinyformat    |            29.1 |                  161 |                136 |
+| Boost Format  |            55.0 |                  530 |                317 |
+
+{fmt} is fast to compile and is comparable to `printf` in terms of per-call
+binary size (within a rounding error on this system).
+
+**Non-optimized build**
+
+| Method        | Compile Time, s | Executable size, KiB | Stripped size, KiB |
+|---------------|-----------------|----------------------|--------------------|
+| printf        |             1.4 |                   54 |                 50 |
+| IOStreams     |            23.4 |                   92 |                 68 |
+| {fmt} 83652df |             4.4 |                   89 |                 85 |
+| tinyformat    |            24.5 |                  204 |                161 |
+| Boost Format  |            36.4 |                  831 |                462 |
+
+`libc`, `lib(std)c++`, and `libfmt` are all linked as shared libraries
+to compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
+header-only library so it doesn\'t provide any linkage options.
+
+## Running the tests
+
+Please refer to [Building the
+library](https://fmt.dev/latest/get-started/#building-from-source) for
+instructions on how to build the library and run the unit tests.
+
+Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
+[format-benchmarks](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark), so to
+run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and generate
+Makefiles with CMake:
+
+    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
+    $ cd format-benchmark
+    $ cmake .
+
+Then you can run the speed test:
+
+    $ make speed-test
+
+or the bloat test:
+
+    $ make bloat-test
+
+# Migrating code
+
+[clang-tidy](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/) v18 provides the
+[modernize-use-std-print](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/checks/modernize/use-std-print.html)
+check that is capable of converting occurrences of `printf` and
+`fprintf` to `fmt::print` if configured to do so. (By default it
+converts to `std::print`.)
+
+# Notable projects using this library
+
+- [0 A.D.](https://play0ad.com/): a free, open-source, cross-platform
+  real-time strategy game
+- [AMPL/MP](https://github.com/ampl/mp): an open-source library for
+  mathematical programming
+- [Apple's FoundationDB](https://github.com/apple/foundationdb): an open-source,
+  distributed, transactional key-value store
+- [Aseprite](https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite): animated sprite
+  editor & pixel art tool
+- [AvioBook](https://www.aviobook.aero/en): a comprehensive aircraft
+  operations suite
+- [Blizzard Battle.net](https://battle.net/): an online gaming
+  platform
+- [Celestia](https://celestia.space/): real-time 3D visualization of
+  space
+- [Ceph](https://ceph.com/): a scalable distributed storage system
+- [ccache](https://ccache.dev/): a compiler cache
+- [ClickHouse](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse): an
+  analytical database management system
+- [ContextVision](https://www.contextvision.com/): medical imaging software
+- [Contour](https://github.com/contour-terminal/contour/): a modern
+  terminal emulator
+- [CUAUV](https://cuauv.org/): Cornell University\'s autonomous
+  underwater vehicle
+- [Drake](https://drake.mit.edu/): a planning, control, and analysis
+  toolbox for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
+- [Envoy](https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy): C++ L7 proxy and
+  communication bus (Lyft)
+- [FiveM](https://fivem.net/): a modification framework for GTA V
+- [fmtlog](https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog): a performant
+  fmtlib-style logging library with latency in nanoseconds
+- [Folly](https://github.com/facebook/folly): Facebook open-source
+  library
+- [GemRB](https://gemrb.org/): a portable open-source implementation
+  of Bioware's Infinity Engine
+- [Grand Mountain
+  Adventure](https://store.steampowered.com/app/1247360/Grand_Mountain_Adventure/):
+  a beautiful open-world ski & snowboarding game
+- [HarpyWar/pvpgn](https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server): Player vs
+  Player Gaming Network with tweaks
+- [KBEngine](https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine): an open-source
+  MMOG server engine
+- [Keypirinha](https://keypirinha.com/): a semantic launcher for
+  Windows
+- [Kodi](https://kodi.tv/) (formerly xbmc): home theater software
+- [Knuth](https://kth.cash/): high-performance Bitcoin full-node
+- [libunicode](https://github.com/contour-terminal/libunicode/): a
+  modern C++17 Unicode library
+- [MariaDB](https://mariadb.org/): relational database management
+  system
+- [Microsoft Verona](https://github.com/microsoft/verona): research
+  programming language for concurrent ownership
+- [MongoDB](https://mongodb.com/): distributed document database
+- [MongoDB Smasher](https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher): a small
+  tool to generate randomized datasets
+- [OpenSpace](https://openspaceproject.com/): an open-source
+  astrovisualization framework
+- [PenUltima Online (POL)](https://www.polserver.com/): an MMO server,
+  compatible with most Ultima Online clients
+- [PyTorch](https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch): an open-source
+  machine learning library
+- [quasardb](https://www.quasardb.net/): a distributed,
+  high-performance, associative database
+- [Quill](https://github.com/odygrd/quill): asynchronous low-latency
+  logging library
+- [QKW](https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw): generalizing aliasing to
+  simplify navigation, and execute complex multi-line terminal
+  command sequences
+- [redis-cerberus](https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus): a Redis
+  cluster proxy
+- [redpanda](https://vectorized.io/redpanda): a 10x faster Kafka®
+  replacement for mission-critical systems written in C++
+- [rpclib](http://rpclib.net/): a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and
+  client library
+- [Salesforce Analytics
+  Cloud](https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/):
+  business intelligence software
+- [Scylla](https://www.scylladb.com/): a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL
+  data store that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a
+  single server
+- [Seastar](http://www.seastar-project.org/): an advanced, open-source
+  C++ framework for high-performance server applications on modern
+  hardware
+- [spdlog](https://github.com/gabime/spdlog): super fast C++ logging
+  library
+- [Stellar](https://www.stellar.org/): financial platform
+- [Touch Surgery](https://www.touchsurgery.com/): surgery simulator
+- [TrinityCore](https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore):
+  open-source MMORPG framework
+- [🐙 userver framework](https://userver.tech/): open-source
+  asynchronous framework with a rich set of abstractions and database
+  drivers
+- [Windows Terminal](https://github.com/microsoft/terminal): the new
+  Windows terminal
+
+[More\...](https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code)
+
+If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me
+know by [email](mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com) or by submitting an
+[issue](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues).
+
+# Motivation
+
+So why yet another formatting library?
+
+There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
+the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and
+FastFormat libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that
+every existing solution that I found either had serious issues or
+didn\'t provide all the features I needed.
+
+## printf
+
+The good thing about `printf` is that it is pretty fast and readily
+available being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is
+that it doesn\'t support user-defined types. `printf` also has safety
+issues although they are somewhat mitigated with [\_\_attribute\_\_
+((format (printf,
+\...))](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html) in
+GCC. There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required
+for
+[i18n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization)
+to `printf` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
+platforms.
+
+## iostreams
+
+The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
+
+``` c++
+std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
+```
+
+which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
+
+``` c++
+printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
+```
+
+Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this \"chevron hell\".
+iostreams don\'t support positional arguments by design.
+
+The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe
+although error handling is awkward.
+
+## Boost Format
+
+This is a very powerful library that supports both `printf`-like format
+strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance.
+According to various benchmarks, it is much slower than other methods
+considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
+code bloat issues (see [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)).
+
+## FastFormat
+
+This is an interesting library that is fast, safe and has positional
+arguments. However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
+
+> Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
+> current design are:
+>
+> - Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
+> - Octal/hexadecimal encoding
+> - Runtime width/alignment specification
+
+It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, on STLSoft, which might be
+too restrictive for use in some projects.
+
+## Boost Spirit.Karma
+
+This is not a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
+completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing
+verbatim text with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on
+integer formatting than `fmt::format_to` with format string compilation
+on Karma\'s own benchmark, see [Converting a hundred million integers to
+strings per
+second](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html).
+
+# License
+
+{fmt} is distributed under the MIT
+[license](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE).
+
+# Documentation License
+
+The [Format String Syntax](https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax/) section
+in the documentation is based on the one from Python [string module
+documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string).
+For this reason, the documentation is distributed under the Python
+Software Foundation license available in
+[doc/python-license.txt](https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt).
+It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
+
+# Maintainers
+
+The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich
+([vitaut](https://github.com/vitaut)) with contributions from many other
+people. See
+[Contributors](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors) and
+[Releases](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases) for some of the
+names. Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned
+incorrectly and we\'ll make it right.
+
+# Security Policy
+
+To report a security issue, please disclose it at [security
+advisory](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/security/advisories/new).
+
+This project is maintained by a team of volunteers on a
+reasonable-effort basis. As such, please give us at least *90* days to
+work on a fix before public exposure.
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.rst b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 482a84e..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/README.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,524 +0,0 @@
-{fmt}
-=====
-
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux
-
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos
-
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows
-
-.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v
-   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt
-
-.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg
-   :alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz
-   :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\
-            colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\
-            Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
-   :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
-   :target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
-
-**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
-alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
-
-If you like this project, please consider donating to the BYSOL
-Foundation that helps victims of political repressions in Belarus:
-https://bysol.org/en/bs/general/.
-
-`Documentation <https://fmt.dev>`__
-
-Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt
-<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
-
-Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer <https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763>`_.
-
-Features
---------
-
-* Simple `format API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html>`_ with positional arguments
-  for localization
-* Implementation of `C++20 std::format
-  <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`__
-* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_ similar to Python's
-  `format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
-* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and
-  round-trip guarantees
-* Safe `printf implementation
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including the POSIX
-  extension for positional arguments
-* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_
-* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
-  ``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_
-  and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
-  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
-* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration
-  consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``,
-  and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_
-* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is `continuously fuzzed
-  <https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20
-  Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1>`_
-* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
-  reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
-  errors
-* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
-  permissive MIT `license
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
-* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
-  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
-* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
-  ``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``
-* Locale-independence by default
-* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro
-
-See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev>`_ for more details.
-
-Examples
---------
-
-**Print to stdout** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh>`_)
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    #include <fmt/core.h>
-    
-    int main() {
-      fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
-    }
-
-**Format a string** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33>`_)
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
-    // s == "The answer is 42."
-
-**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe>`_)
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
-    // s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
-
-**Print chrono durations** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/K8s4Mc>`_)
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-
-    int main() {
-      using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
-      fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
-      fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
-    }
-
-Output::
-
-    Default format: 42s 100ms
-    strftime-like format: 03:15:30
-
-**Print a container** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/MjsY7c>`_)
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    #include <vector>
-    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
-
-    int main() {
-      std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
-      fmt::print("{}\n", v);
-    }
-
-Output::
-
-    [1, 2, 3]
-
-**Check a format string at compile time**
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
-
-This gives a compile-time error because ``d`` is an invalid format specifier for
-a string.
-
-**Write a file from a single thread**
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    #include <fmt/os.h>
-
-    int main() {
-      auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
-      out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
-    }
-
-This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf
-<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_.
-
-**Print with colors and text styles**
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    #include <fmt/color.h>
-
-    int main() {
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
-                 "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
-                 fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
-                 "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
-    }
-
-Output on a modern terminal:
-
-.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
-           576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png
-
-Benchmarks
-----------
-
-Speed tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-================= ============= ===========
-Library           Method        Run Time, s
-================= ============= ===========
-libc              printf          1.04
-libc++            std::ostream    3.05
-{fmt} 6.1.1       fmt::print      0.75
-Boost Format 1.67 boost::format   7.24
-Folly Format      folly::format   2.23
-================= ============= ===========
-
-{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~35% faster than ``printf``.
-
-The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
-10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the
-best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
-or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
-further details refer to the `source
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.
-
-{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on
-floating-point formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
-and faster than `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_ and
-`ryu <https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu>`_:
-
-.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-           95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
-   :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html
-
-Compile time and code bloat
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The script `bloat-test.py
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
-from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
-tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
-It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
-five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
-executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
-macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
-
-**Optimized build (-O3)**
-
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.6                   29                 26
-printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
-iostreams                31.1                   59                 55
-{fmt}                    19.0                   37                 34
-Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
-Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-
-As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
-size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
-and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
-
-``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
-include to measure the overhead of the latter.
-
-**Non-optimized build**
-
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.2                   33                 30
-printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
-iostreams                28.3                   56                 52
-{fmt}                    18.2                   59                 50
-Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
-Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-
-``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to
-compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
-header-only library so it doesn't provide any linkage options.
-
-Running the tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
-the library and run the unit tests.
-
-__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
-
-Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
-`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
-so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
-generate Makefiles with CMake::
-
-    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
-    $ cd format-benchmark
-    $ cmake .
-
-Then you can run the speed test::
-
-    $ make speed-test
-
-or the bloat test::
-
-    $ make bloat-test
-    
-Migrating code
---------------
-
-`clang-tidy-fmt <https://github.com/mikecrowe/clang-tidy-fmt>`_ provides clang
-tidy checks for converting occurrences of ``printf`` and ``fprintf`` to
-``fmt::print``.
-
-Projects using this library
----------------------------
-
-* `0 A.D. <https://play0ad.com/>`_: a free, open-source, cross-platform
-  real-time strategy game
-
-* `2GIS <https://2gis.ru/>`_: free business listings with a city map
-
-* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
-  an open-source library for mathematical programming
-
-* `Aseprite <https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite>`_:
-  animated sprite editor & pixel art tool 
-
-* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: a comprehensive aircraft
-  operations suite
-  
-* `Blizzard Battle.net <https://battle.net/>`_: an online gaming platform
-  
-* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: real-time 3D visualization of space
-
-* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: a scalable distributed storage system
-
-* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: a compiler cache
-
-* `ClickHouse <https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse>`_: analytical database
-  management system
-
-* `CUAUV <https://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
-  vehicle
-
-* `Drake <https://drake.mit.edu/>`_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox
-  for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
-
-* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
-  (Lyft)
-
-* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
-
-* `fmtlog <https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog>`_: a performant fmtlib-style
-  logging library with latency in nanoseconds
-
-* `Folly <https://github.com/facebook/folly>`_: Facebook open-source library
-
-* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
-  Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
-
-* `KBEngine <https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine>`_: an open-source MMOG server
-  engine
-
-* `Keypirinha <https://keypirinha.com/>`_: a semantic launcher for Windows
-
-* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software
-
-* `Knuth <https://kth.cash/>`_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node
-
-* `Microsoft Verona <https://github.com/microsoft/verona>`_:
-  research programming language for concurrent ownership
-
-* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: distributed document database
-
-* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: a small tool to
-  generate randomized datasets
-
-* `OpenSpace <https://openspaceproject.com/>`_: an open-source
-  astrovisualization framework
-
-* `PenUltima Online (POL) <https://www.polserver.com/>`_:
-  an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
-
-* `PyTorch <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch>`_: an open-source machine
-  learning library
-
-* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: a distributed, high-performance,
-  associative database
-  
-* `Quill <https://github.com/odygrd/quill>`_: asynchronous low-latency logging library
-
-* `QKW <https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw>`_: generalizing aliasing to simplify
-  navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences
-
-* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: a Redis cluster
-  proxy
-
-* `redpanda <https://vectorized.io/redpanda>`_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement
-  for mission critical systems written in C++
-
-* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
-  library
-
-* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud
-  <https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
-  business intelligence software
-
-* `Scylla <https://www.scylladb.com/>`_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
-  that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server
-
-* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: an advanced, open-source C++
-  framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware
-
-* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: super fast C++ logging library
-
-* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: financial platform
-
-* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: surgery simulator
-
-* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: open-source
-  MMORPG framework
-
-* `Windows Terminal <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal>`_: the new Windows
-  terminal
-
-`More... <https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code>`_
-
-If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
-by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
-`issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.
-
-Motivation
-----------
-
-So why yet another formatting library?
-
-There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
-the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat
-libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
-solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
-all the features I needed.
-
-printf
-~~~~~~
-
-The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
-being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
-doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
-they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
-<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
-There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
-`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
-to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
-platforms.
-
-iostreams
-~~~~~~~~~
-
-The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
-
-which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
-
-.. code:: c++
-
-    printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
-
-Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams
-don't support positional arguments by design.
-
-The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although
-error handling is awkward.
-
-Boost Format
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format
-strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
-various, benchmarks it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
-Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
-`Benchmarks`_).
-
-FastFormat
-~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional arguments.
-However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
-
-    Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
-    current design are:
-
-    * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
-    * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
-    * Runtime width/alignment specification
-
-It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too
-restrictive for using it in some projects.
-
-Boost Spirit.Karma
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
-completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
-with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
-than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark,
-see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
-<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
-
-License
--------
-
-{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
-
-Documentation License
----------------------
-
-The `Format String Syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
-section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
-documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_.
-For this reason the documentation is distributed under the Python Software
-Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt
-<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
-It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
-
-Maintainers
------------
-
-The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
-<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
-<https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
-See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
-`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
-Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
-we'll make it right.
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/args.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
index 562e8ab..5e5f40f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - dynamic format arguments
+// Formatting library for C++ - dynamic argument lists
 //
 // Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
 // All rights reserved.
@@ -8,34 +8,39 @@
 #ifndef FMT_ARGS_H_
 #define FMT_ARGS_H_
 
-#include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
-#include <memory>      // std::unique_ptr
-#include <vector>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
+#  include <memory>      // std::unique_ptr
+#  include <vector>
+#endif
 
-#include "core.h"
+#include "format.h"  // std_string_view
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
 template <typename T>
 struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
 
-template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const T& v) { return v; }
-template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) {
+template <typename T> auto unwrap(const T& v) -> const T& { return v; }
+template <typename T>
+auto unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) -> const T& {
   return static_cast<const T&>(v);
 }
 
-class dynamic_arg_list {
-  // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
-  // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
-  // unit for placing vtable. So storage_node_base is made a fake template.
-  template <typename = void> struct node {
-    virtual ~node() = default;
-    std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
-  };
+// node is defined outside dynamic_arg_list to workaround a C2504 bug in MSVC
+// 2022 (v17.10.0).
+//
+// Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
+// templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
+// unit for placing vtable. So node is made a fake template.
+template <typename = void> struct node {
+  virtual ~node() = default;
+  std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
+};
 
+class dynamic_arg_list {
   template <typename T> struct typed_node : node<> {
     T value;
 
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ class dynamic_arg_list {
   std::unique_ptr<node<>> head_;
 
  public:
-  template <typename T, typename Arg> const T& push(const Arg& arg) {
+  template <typename T, typename Arg> auto push(const Arg& arg) -> const T& {
     auto new_node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
     auto& value = new_node->value;
     new_node->next = std::move(head_);
@@ -61,28 +66,18 @@ class dynamic_arg_list {
 }  // namespace detail
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store`.
-  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetimes
-  could be shorter than the format arguments object.
-
-  It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
-  into type-erased formatting functions such as `~fmt::vformat`.
-  \endrst
+ * A dynamic list of formatting arguments with storage.
+ *
+ * It can be implicitly converted into `fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
+ * into type-erased formatting functions such as `fmt::vformat`.
  */
-template <typename Context>
-class dynamic_format_arg_store
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
-    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
-    : public basic_format_args<Context>
-#endif
-{
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store {
  private:
   using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
 
   template <typename T> struct need_copy {
     static constexpr detail::type mapped_type =
-        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, char_type>::value;
 
     enum {
       value = !(detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
@@ -95,10 +90,10 @@ class dynamic_format_arg_store
   };
 
   template <typename T>
-  using stored_type = conditional_t<detail::is_string<T>::value &&
-                                        !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
-                                        !detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value,
-                                    std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
+  using stored_t = conditional_t<
+      std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<char_type>>::value &&
+          !detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value,
+      std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
 
   // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
   std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
@@ -110,78 +105,72 @@ class dynamic_format_arg_store
 
   friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
 
-  unsigned long long get_types() const {
-    return detail::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size() |
-           (named_info_.empty()
-                ? 0ULL
-                : static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit));
-  }
-
-  const basic_format_arg<Context>* data() const {
+  auto data() const -> const basic_format_arg<Context>* {
     return named_info_.empty() ? data_.data() : data_.data() + 1;
   }
 
   template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
-    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+    data_.emplace_back(arg);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   void emplace_arg(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
-    if (named_info_.empty()) {
-      constexpr const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* zero_ptr{nullptr};
-      data_.insert(data_.begin(), {zero_ptr, 0});
-    }
-    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(detail::unwrap(arg.value)));
+    if (named_info_.empty())
+      data_.insert(data_.begin(), basic_format_arg<Context>(nullptr, 0));
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::unwrap(arg.value));
     auto pop_one = [](std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>* data) {
       data->pop_back();
     };
     std::unique_ptr<std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>, decltype(pop_one)>
         guard{&data_, pop_one};
     named_info_.push_back({arg.name, static_cast<int>(data_.size() - 2u)});
-    data_[0].value_.named_args = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
+    data_[0] = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
     guard.release();
   }
 
  public:
+  constexpr dynamic_format_arg_store() = default;
+
+  operator basic_format_args<Context>() const {
+    return basic_format_args<Context>(data(), static_cast<int>(data_.size()),
+                                      !named_info_.empty());
+  }
+
   /**
-    \rst
-    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
-    function.
-
-    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
-    into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
-
-    **Example**::
-
-      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
-      store.push_back(42);
-      store.push_back("abc");
-      store.push_back(1.5f);
-      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
-    \endrst
-  */
+   * Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+   * function.
+   *
+   * Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
+   * into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
+   *
+   * **Example**:
+   *
+   *     fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+   *     store.push_back(42);
+   *     store.push_back("abc");
+   *     store.push_back(1.5f);
+   *     std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
+   */
   template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
     if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
-      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
+      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_t<T>>(arg));
     else
       emplace_arg(detail::unwrap(arg));
   }
 
   /**
-    \rst
-    Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
-    a formatting function.
-
-    **Example**::
-
-      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
-      char band[] = "Rolling Stones";
-      store.push_back(std::cref(band));
-      band[9] = 'c'; // Changing str affects the output.
-      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{}", store);
-      // result == "Rolling Scones"
-    \endrst
-  */
+   * Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing
+   * to a formatting function.
+   *
+   * **Example**:
+   *
+   *     fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+   *     char band[] = "Rolling Stones";
+   *     store.push_back(std::cref(band));
+   *     band[9] = 'c'; // Changing str affects the output.
+   *     std::string result = fmt::vformat("{}", store);
+   *     // result == "Rolling Scones"
+   */
   template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
     static_assert(
         need_copy<T>::value,
@@ -190,41 +179,40 @@ class dynamic_format_arg_store
   }
 
   /**
-    Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
-    function. ``std::reference_wrapper`` is supported to avoid copying of the
-    argument. The name is always copied into the store.
-  */
+   * Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a
+   * formatting function. `std::reference_wrapper` is supported to avoid
+   * copying of the argument. The name is always copied into the store.
+   */
   template <typename T>
   void push_back(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
     const char_type* arg_name =
         dynamic_args_.push<std::basic_string<char_type>>(arg.name).c_str();
     if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value)) {
       emplace_arg(
-          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg.value)));
+          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_t<T>>(arg.value)));
     } else {
       emplace_arg(fmt::arg(arg_name, arg.value));
     }
   }
 
-  /** Erase all elements from the store */
+  /// Erase all elements from the store.
   void clear() {
     data_.clear();
     named_info_.clear();
-    dynamic_args_ = detail::dynamic_arg_list();
+    dynamic_args_ = {};
   }
 
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Reserves space to store at least *new_cap* arguments including
-    *new_cap_named* named arguments.
-    \endrst
-  */
+  /// Reserves space to store at least `new_cap` arguments including
+  /// `new_cap_named` named arguments.
   void reserve(size_t new_cap, size_t new_cap_named) {
     FMT_ASSERT(new_cap >= new_cap_named,
-               "Set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
+               "set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
     data_.reserve(new_cap);
     named_info_.reserve(new_cap_named);
   }
+
+  /// Returns the number of elements in the store.
+  auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return data_.size(); }
 };
 
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/base.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/base.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d57867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3010 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the base API for char/UTF-8
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_BASE_H_
+#define FMT_BASE_H_
+
+#if defined(FMT_IMPORT_STD) && !defined(FMT_MODULE)
+#  define FMT_MODULE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <limits.h>  // CHAR_BIT
+#  include <stdio.h>   // FILE
+#  include <string.h>  // memcmp
+
+#  include <type_traits>  // std::enable_if
+#endif
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 120100
+
+// Detect compiler versions.
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
+#endif
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+#if defined(__ICL)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION _MSC_VER
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+// Detect standard library versions.
+#ifdef _GLIBCXX_RELEASE
+#  define FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE _GLIBCXX_RELEASE
+#else
+#  define FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+#  define FMT_LIBCPP_VERSION _LIBCPP_VERSION
+#else
+#  define FMT_LIBCPP_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_LANG
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS __cplusplus
+#endif
+
+// Detect __has_*.
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifdef __has_include
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+// Detect C++14 relaxed constexpr.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 702 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L
+// GCC only allows constexpr member functions in non-literal types since 7.2:
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=66297.
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 1
+#elif FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 0  // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1628
+#elif FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1912
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+// Detect consteval, C++20 constexpr extensions and std::is_constant_evaluated.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif !defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0
+#elif FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 201709L
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0
+#elif FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE && FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 10
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0
+#elif FMT_LIBCPP_VERSION && FMT_LIBCPP_VERSION < 10000
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0
+#elif defined(__apple_build_version__) && __apple_build_version__ < 14000029L
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0  // consteval is broken in Apple clang < 14.
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1929
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0  // consteval is broken in MSVC VS2019 < 16.10.
+#elif defined(__cpp_consteval)
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 1
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1002 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1101
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL
+#  define FMT_CONSTEVAL consteval
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)
+#  define FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#elif defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_exceptions)
+#  define FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 202002L
+// Not supported.
+#elif FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(no_unique_address)
+#  define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[no_unique_address]]
+// VS2019 v16.10 and later except clang-cl (https://reviews.llvm.org/D110485).
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1929 && !FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[msvc::no_unique_address]]
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#  define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && \
+    (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 520)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#endif
+
+// Disable [[noreturn]] on MSVC/NVCC because of bogus unreachable code warnings.
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(__NVCC__)
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_NODISCARD
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+#  define FMT_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NODISCARD
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value) __attribute__((visibility(value)))
+#else
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#endif
+
+// Detect pragmas.
+#define FMT_PRAGMA_IMPL(x) _Pragma(#x)
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 504 && !defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+// Workaround a _Pragma bug https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59884
+// and an nvhpc warning: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2582.
+#  define FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(x) FMT_PRAGMA_IMPL(GCC x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(x)
+#endif
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(x) FMT_PRAGMA_IMPL(clang x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(x)
+#endif
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...) __pragma(warning(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...)
+#endif
+
+// Enable minimal optimizations for more compact code in debug mode.
+FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(push_options)
+#if !defined(__OPTIMIZE__) && !defined(__CUDACC__) && !defined(FMT_MODULE)
+FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(optimize("Og"))
+#  define FMT_GCC_OPTIMIZED
+#endif
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic push)
+FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(diagnostic push)
+
+#ifdef FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+#endif
+// A version of FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE to prevent code bloat in debug mode.
+#if defined(NDEBUG) || defined(FMT_GCC_OPTIMIZED)
+#  define FMT_INLINE FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#else
+#  define FMT_INLINE inline
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    inline namespace v12 {
+#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+    }                       \
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_END_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  define FMT_WIN32 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_WIN32 0
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && FMT_WIN32
+#  if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#  endif
+#elif defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_API FMT_VISIBILITY("default")
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#  define FMT_API
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE
+#  define FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE 0
+#endif
+
+// FMT_BUILTIN_TYPE=0 may result in smaller library size at the cost of higher
+// per-call binary size by passing built-in types through the extension API.
+#ifndef FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES 1
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_APPLY_VARIADIC(expr) \
+  using unused = int[];          \
+  (void)unused { 0, (expr, 0)... }
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using make_unsigned_t = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using underlying_t = typename std::underlying_type<T>::type;
+template <typename T> using decay_t = typename std::decay<T>::type;
+using nullptr_t = decltype(nullptr);
+
+#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500) || FMT_MSC_VERSION
+// A workaround for gcc 4.9 & MSVC v141 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename...> struct void_t_impl {
+  using type = void;
+};
+template <typename... T> using void_t = typename void_t_impl<T...>::type;
+#else
+template <typename...> using void_t = void;
+#endif
+
+struct monostate {
+  constexpr monostate() {}
+};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#ifdef FMT_DOC
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) fmt::enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename T> constexpr auto min_of(T a, T b) -> T {
+  return a < b ? a : b;
+}
+template <typename T> constexpr auto max_of(T a, T b) -> T {
+  return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+namespace detail {
+// Suppresses "unused variable" warnings with the method described in
+// https://herbsutter.com/2009/10/18/mailbag-shutting-up-compiler-warnings/.
+// (void)var does not work on many Intel compilers.
+template <typename... T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void ignore_unused(const T&...) {}
+
+constexpr auto is_constant_evaluated(bool default_value = false) noexcept
+    -> bool {
+// Workaround for incompatibility between clang 14 and libstdc++ consteval-based
+// std::is_constant_evaluated: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3247.
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L && FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 12 && \
+    (FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1400 && FMT_CLANG_VERSION < 1500)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#else
+  return default_value;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Suppresses "conditional expression is constant" warnings.
+template <typename T> FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE constexpr auto const_check(T val) -> T {
+  return val;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+#if defined(FMT_ASSERT)
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(NDEBUG)
+// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Wempty-body.
+#  define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) \
+    fmt::detail::ignore_unused((condition), (message))
+#else
+#  define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
+    ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
+         ? (void)0                                                          \
+         : ::fmt::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !defined(__NVCC__) && \
+    !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION)
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
+using int128_opt = __int128_t;  // An optional native 128-bit integer.
+using uint128_opt = __uint128_t;
+inline auto map(int128_opt x) -> int128_opt { return x; }
+inline auto map(uint128_opt x) -> uint128_opt { return x; }
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
+#endif
+#if !FMT_USE_INT128
+enum class int128_opt {};
+enum class uint128_opt {};
+// Reduce template instantiations.
+inline auto map(int128_opt) -> monostate { return {}; }
+inline auto map(uint128_opt) -> monostate { return {}; }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_BITINT
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1500 && !defined(__CUDACC__)
+#  define FMT_USE_BITINT 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_BITINT 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_BITINT
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic ignored "-Wbit-int-extension")
+template <int N> using bitint = _BitInt(N);
+template <int N> using ubitint = unsigned _BitInt(N);
+#else
+template <int N> struct bitint {};
+template <int N> struct ubitint {};
+#endif  // FMT_USE_BITINT
+
+// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template <typename Int>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_unsigned(Int value) -> make_unsigned_t<Int> {
+  FMT_ASSERT(std::is_unsigned<Int>::value || value >= 0, "negative value");
+  return static_cast<make_unsigned_t<Int>>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+using unsigned_char = conditional_t<sizeof(Char) == 1, unsigned char, unsigned>;
+
+// A heuristic to detect std::string and std::[experimental::]string_view.
+// It is mainly used to avoid dependency on <[experimental/]string_view>.
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_std_string_like : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_std_string_like<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().find_first_of(
+                                 typename T::value_type(), 0))>>
+    : std::is_convertible<decltype(std::declval<T>().data()),
+                          const typename T::value_type*> {};
+
+// Check if the literal encoding is UTF-8.
+enum { is_utf8_enabled = "\u00A7"[1] == '\xA7' };
+enum { use_utf8 = !FMT_WIN32 || is_utf8_enabled };
+
+#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
+#  define FMT_UNICODE 1
+#endif
+
+static_assert(!FMT_UNICODE || use_utf8,
+              "Unicode support requires compiling with /utf-8");
+
+template <typename T> constexpr auto narrow(T*) -> char* { return nullptr; }
+constexpr FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE auto narrow(const char* s) -> const char* {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto compare(const Char* s1, const Char* s2, size_t n) -> int {
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && sizeof(Char) == 1) return memcmp(s1, s2, n);
+  for (; n != 0; ++s1, ++s2, --n) {
+    if (*s1 < *s2) return -1;
+    if (*s1 > *s2) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+namespace adl {
+using namespace std;
+
+template <typename Container>
+auto invoke_back_inserter()
+    -> decltype(back_inserter(std::declval<Container&>()));
+}  // namespace adl
+
+template <typename It, typename Enable = std::true_type>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename It>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<
+    It, bool_constant<std::is_same<
+            decltype(adl::invoke_back_inserter<typename It::container_type>()),
+            It>::value>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from *insert_iterator.
+template <typename OutputIt>
+inline FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto get_container(OutputIt it) ->
+    typename OutputIt::container_type& {
+  struct accessor : OutputIt {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR20 accessor(OutputIt base) : OutputIt(base) {}
+    using OutputIt::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// Parsing-related public API and forward declarations.
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/**
+ * An implementation of `std::basic_string_view` for pre-C++17. It provides a
+ * subset of the API. `fmt::basic_string_view` is used for format strings even
+ * if `std::basic_string_view` is available to prevent issues when a library is
+ * compiled with a different `-std` option than the client code (which is not
+ * recommended).
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+  size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+
+  /// Constructs a string view object from a C string and a size.
+  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) noexcept
+      : data_(s), size_(count) {}
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view(nullptr_t) = delete;
+
+  /// Constructs a string view object from a C string.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
+  FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#endif
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 basic_string_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_strlen) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+    if (std::is_same<Char, char>::value && !detail::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      size_ = __builtin_strlen(detail::narrow(s));  // strlen is not constexpr.
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+    size_t len = 0;
+    while (*s++) ++len;
+    size_ = len;
+  }
+
+  /// Constructs a string view from a `std::basic_string` or a
+  /// `std::basic_string_view` object.
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_std_string_like<S>::value&& std::is_same<
+                          typename S::value_type, Char>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const S& s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /// Returns a pointer to the string data.
+  constexpr auto data() const noexcept -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  /// Returns the string size.
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_; }
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_ + size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto operator[](size_t pos) const noexcept -> const Char& {
+    return data_[pos];
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) noexcept {
+    data_ += n;
+    size_ -= n;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto starts_with(basic_string_view<Char> sv) const noexcept
+      -> bool {
+    return size_ >= sv.size_ && detail::compare(data_, sv.data_, sv.size_) == 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto starts_with(Char c) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return size_ >= 1 && *data_ == c;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto starts_with(const Char* s) const -> bool {
+    return starts_with(basic_string_view<Char>(s));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto compare(basic_string_view other) const -> int {
+    int result =
+        detail::compare(data_, other.data_, min_of(size_, other.size_));
+    if (result != 0) return result;
+    return size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR friend auto operator==(basic_string_view lhs,
+                                       basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+};
+
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+
+template <typename T> class basic_appender;
+using appender = basic_appender<char>;
+
+// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
+template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+
+class context;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class generic_context;
+template <typename Char> class parse_context;
+
+// Longer aliases for C++20 compatibility.
+template <typename Char> using basic_format_parse_context = parse_context<Char>;
+using format_parse_context = parse_context<char>;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+using basic_format_context =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<OutputIt, appender>::value, context,
+                  generic_context<OutputIt, Char>>;
+using format_context = context;
+
+template <typename Char>
+using buffered_context =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<Char, char>::value, context,
+                  generic_context<basic_appender<Char>, Char>>;
+
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+
+// A separate type would result in shorter symbols but break ABI compatibility
+// between clang and gcc on ARM (#1919).
+using format_args = basic_format_args<context>;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+/// Reports a format error at compile time or, via a `format_error` exception,
+/// at runtime.
+// This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void report_error(const char* message);
+
+enum class presentation_type : unsigned char {
+  // Common specifiers:
+  none = 0,
+  debug = 1,   // '?'
+  string = 2,  // 's' (string, bool)
+
+  // Integral, bool and character specifiers:
+  dec = 3,  // 'd'
+  hex,      // 'x' or 'X'
+  oct,      // 'o'
+  bin,      // 'b' or 'B'
+  chr,      // 'c'
+
+  // String and pointer specifiers:
+  pointer = 3,  // 'p'
+
+  // Floating-point specifiers:
+  exp = 1,  // 'e' or 'E' (1 since there is no FP debug presentation)
+  fixed,    // 'f' or 'F'
+  general,  // 'g' or 'G'
+  hexfloat  // 'a' or 'A'
+};
+
+enum class align { none, left, right, center, numeric };
+enum class sign { none, minus, plus, space };
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// Basic format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+class basic_specs {
+ private:
+  // Data is arranged as follows:
+  //
+  //  0                   1                   2                   3
+  //  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+  // +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+  // |type |align| w | p | s |u|#|L|  f  |          unused           |
+  // +-----+-----+---+---+---+-+-+-+-----+---------------------------+
+  //
+  //   w - dynamic width info
+  //   p - dynamic precision info
+  //   s - sign
+  //   u - uppercase (e.g. 'X' for 'x')
+  //   # - alternate form ('#')
+  //   L - localized
+  //   f - fill size
+  //
+  // Bitfields are not used because of compiler bugs such as gcc bug 61414.
+  enum : unsigned {
+    type_mask = 0x00007,
+    align_mask = 0x00038,
+    width_mask = 0x000C0,
+    precision_mask = 0x00300,
+    sign_mask = 0x00C00,
+    uppercase_mask = 0x01000,
+    alternate_mask = 0x02000,
+    localized_mask = 0x04000,
+    fill_size_mask = 0x38000,
+
+    align_shift = 3,
+    width_shift = 6,
+    precision_shift = 8,
+    sign_shift = 10,
+    fill_size_shift = 15,
+
+    max_fill_size = 4
+  };
+
+  unsigned data_ = 1 << fill_size_shift;
+  static_assert(sizeof(basic_specs::data_) * CHAR_BIT >= 18, "");
+
+  // Character (code unit) type is erased to prevent template bloat.
+  char fill_data_[max_fill_size] = {' '};
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_fill_size(size_t size) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~fill_size_mask) |
+            (static_cast<unsigned>(size) << fill_size_shift);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  constexpr auto type() const -> presentation_type {
+    return static_cast<presentation_type>(data_ & type_mask);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_type(presentation_type t) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~type_mask) | static_cast<unsigned>(t);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto align() const -> align {
+    return static_cast<fmt::align>((data_ & align_mask) >> align_shift);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_align(fmt::align a) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~align_mask) | (static_cast<unsigned>(a) << align_shift);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto dynamic_width() const -> arg_id_kind {
+    return static_cast<arg_id_kind>((data_ & width_mask) >> width_shift);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_dynamic_width(arg_id_kind w) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~width_mask) | (static_cast<unsigned>(w) << width_shift);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto dynamic_precision() const -> arg_id_kind {
+    return static_cast<arg_id_kind>((data_ & precision_mask) >>
+                                    precision_shift);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_dynamic_precision(arg_id_kind p) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~precision_mask) |
+            (static_cast<unsigned>(p) << precision_shift);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto dynamic() const -> bool {
+    return (data_ & (width_mask | precision_mask)) != 0;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto sign() const -> sign {
+    return static_cast<fmt::sign>((data_ & sign_mask) >> sign_shift);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_sign(fmt::sign s) {
+    data_ = (data_ & ~sign_mask) | (static_cast<unsigned>(s) << sign_shift);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto upper() const -> bool { return (data_ & uppercase_mask) != 0; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_upper() { data_ |= uppercase_mask; }
+
+  constexpr auto alt() const -> bool { return (data_ & alternate_mask) != 0; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_alt() { data_ |= alternate_mask; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void clear_alt() { data_ &= ~alternate_mask; }
+
+  constexpr auto localized() const -> bool {
+    return (data_ & localized_mask) != 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_localized() { data_ |= localized_mask; }
+
+  constexpr auto fill_size() const -> size_t {
+    return (data_ & fill_size_mask) >> fill_size_shift;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+  constexpr auto fill() const -> const Char* {
+    return fill_data_;
+  }
+  template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+  constexpr auto fill() const -> const Char* {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char> constexpr auto fill_unit() const -> Char {
+    using uchar = unsigned char;
+    return static_cast<Char>(static_cast<uchar>(fill_data_[0]) |
+                             (static_cast<uchar>(fill_data_[1]) << 8) |
+                             (static_cast<uchar>(fill_data_[2]) << 16));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_fill(char c) {
+    fill_data_[0] = c;
+    set_fill_size(1);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_fill(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+    auto size = s.size();
+    set_fill_size(size);
+    if (size == 1) {
+      unsigned uchar = static_cast<detail::unsigned_char<Char>>(s[0]);
+      fill_data_[0] = static_cast<char>(uchar);
+      fill_data_[1] = static_cast<char>(uchar >> 8);
+      fill_data_[2] = static_cast<char>(uchar >> 16);
+      return;
+    }
+    FMT_ASSERT(size <= max_fill_size, "invalid fill");
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+      fill_data_[i & 3] = static_cast<char>(s[i]);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void copy_fill_from(const basic_specs& specs) {
+    set_fill_size(specs.fill_size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < max_fill_size; ++i)
+      fill_data_[i] = specs.fill_data_[i];
+  }
+};
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+struct format_specs : basic_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+
+  constexpr format_specs() : width(0), precision(-1) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
+ * argument counter for automatic indexing.
+ */
+template <typename Char = char> class parse_context {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> fmt_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+
+  enum { use_constexpr_cast = !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200 };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void do_check_arg_id(int arg_id);
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  constexpr explicit parse_context(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                                   int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : fmt_(fmt), next_arg_id_(next_arg_id) {}
+
+  /// Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
+  /// parsed.
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator { return fmt_.begin(); }
+
+  /// Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return fmt_.end(); }
+
+  /// Advances the begin iterator to `it`.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    fmt_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+
+  /// Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
+  /// the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    if (next_arg_id_ < 0) {
+      report_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int id = next_arg_id_++;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /// Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
+  /// switches to the manual indexing.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
+      report_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+      return;
+    }
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id);
+};
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LOCALE
+#  define FMT_USE_LOCALE (FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE <= 1)
+#endif
+
+// A type-erased reference to std::locale to avoid the heavy <locale> include.
+class locale_ref {
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+ private:
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
+
+ public:
+  constexpr locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <typename Locale, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(Locale::collate) != 0)>
+  locale_ref(const Locale& loc) : locale_(&loc) {
+    // Check if std::isalpha is found via ADL to reduce the chance of misuse.
+    isalpha('x', loc);
+  }
+
+  inline explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return locale_ != nullptr; }
+#endif  // FMT_USE_LOCALE
+
+ public:
+  template <typename Locale> auto get() const -> Locale;
+};
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Specifies if `T` is a code unit type.
+template <typename T> struct is_code_unit : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_code_unit<char> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_code_unit<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_code_unit<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_code_unit<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+template <> struct is_code_unit<char8_t> : bool_constant<is_utf8_enabled> {};
+#endif
+
+// Constructs fmt::basic_string_view<Char> from types implicitly convertible
+// to it, deducing Char. Explicitly convertible types such as the ones returned
+// from FMT_STRING are intentionally excluded.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_code_unit<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(const Char* s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_std_string_like<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(const T& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<typename T::value_type> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_to_string_view : std::false_type {};
+// detail:: is intentional since to_string_view is not an extension point.
+template <typename T>
+struct has_to_string_view<
+    T, void_t<decltype(detail::to_string_view(std::declval<T>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+/// String's character (code unit) type. detail:: is intentional to prevent ADL.
+template <typename S,
+          typename V = decltype(detail::to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))>
+using char_t = typename V::value_type;
+
+enum class type {
+  none_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  int128_type,
+  uint128_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  float_type,
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
+      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_opt, int128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_opt, uint128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+constexpr auto is_integral_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
+}
+constexpr auto is_arithmetic_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+constexpr auto set(type rhs) -> int { return 1 << static_cast<int>(rhs); }
+constexpr auto in(type t, int set) -> bool {
+  return ((set >> static_cast<int>(t)) & 1) != 0;
+}
+
+// Bitsets of types.
+enum {
+  sint_set =
+      set(type::int_type) | set(type::long_long_type) | set(type::int128_type),
+  uint_set = set(type::uint_type) | set(type::ulong_long_type) |
+             set(type::uint128_type),
+  bool_set = set(type::bool_type),
+  char_set = set(type::char_type),
+  float_set = set(type::float_type) | set(type::double_type) |
+              set(type::long_double_type),
+  string_set = set(type::string_type),
+  cstring_set = set(type::cstring_type),
+  pointer_set = set(type::pointer_type)
+};
+
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = std::true_type>
+struct is_view : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_view<T, bool_constant<sizeof(T) != 0>> : std::is_base_of<view, T> {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg;
+template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T> struct is_static_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
+  const Char* name;
+  const T& value;
+
+  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
+  static_assert(!is_named_arg<T>::value, "nested named arguments");
+};
+
+template <bool B = false> constexpr auto count() -> int { return B ? 1 : 0; }
+template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr auto count() -> int {
+  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... T> constexpr auto count_named_args() -> int {
+  return count<is_named_arg<T>::value...>();
+}
+template <typename... T> constexpr auto count_static_named_args() -> int {
+  return count<is_static_named_arg<T>::value...>();
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
+  const Char* name;
+  int id;
+};
+
+// named_args is non-const to suppress a bogus -Wmaybe-uninitialized in gcc 13.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_for_duplicate(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args,
+                                       int named_arg_index,
+                                       basic_string_view<Char> arg_name) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < named_arg_index; ++i) {
+    if (named_args[i].name == arg_name) report_error("duplicate named arg");
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_arg(named_arg_info<Char>*, int& arg_index, int&, const T&) {
+  ++arg_index;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_arg(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int& arg_index,
+                    int& named_arg_index, const T& arg) {
+  check_for_duplicate<Char>(named_args, named_arg_index, arg.name);
+  named_args[named_arg_index++] = {arg.name, arg_index++};
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_static_named_arg<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void init_static_named_arg(named_arg_info<Char>*, int& arg_index,
+                                         int&) {
+  ++arg_index;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_static_named_arg<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void init_static_named_arg(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args,
+                                         int& arg_index, int& named_arg_index) {
+  check_for_duplicate<Char>(named_args, named_arg_index, T::name);
+  named_args[named_arg_index++] = {T::name, arg_index++};
+}
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) && FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using format_as_result =
+    remove_cvref_t<decltype(format_as(std::declval<const T&>()))>;
+template <typename T>
+using format_as_member_result =
+    remove_cvref_t<decltype(formatter<T>::format_as(std::declval<const T&>()))>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = std::true_type>
+struct use_format_as : std::false_type {};
+// format_as member is only used to avoid injection into the std namespace.
+template <typename T, typename Enable = std::true_type>
+struct use_format_as_member : std::false_type {};
+
+// Only map owning types because mapping views can be unsafe.
+template <typename T>
+struct use_format_as<
+    T, bool_constant<std::is_arithmetic<format_as_result<T>>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct use_format_as_member<
+    T, bool_constant<std::is_arithmetic<format_as_member_result<T>>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>>
+using use_formatter =
+    bool_constant<(std::is_class<T>::value || std::is_enum<T>::value ||
+                   std::is_union<T>::value || std::is_array<T>::value) &&
+                  !has_to_string_view<T>::value && !is_named_arg<T>::value &&
+                  !use_format_as<T>::value && !use_format_as_member<U>::value>;
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>>
+auto has_formatter_impl(T* p, buffered_context<Char>* ctx = nullptr)
+    -> decltype(formatter<U, Char>().format(*p, *ctx), std::true_type());
+template <typename Char> auto has_formatter_impl(...) -> std::false_type;
+
+// T can be const-qualified to check if it is const-formattable.
+template <typename T, typename Char> constexpr auto has_formatter() -> bool {
+  return decltype(has_formatter_impl<Char>(static_cast<T*>(nullptr)))::value;
+}
+
+// Maps formatting argument types to natively supported types or user-defined
+// types with formatters. Returns void on errors to be SFINAE-friendly.
+template <typename Char> struct type_mapper {
+  static auto map(signed char) -> int;
+  static auto map(unsigned char) -> unsigned;
+  static auto map(short) -> int;
+  static auto map(unsigned short) -> unsigned;
+  static auto map(int) -> int;
+  static auto map(unsigned) -> unsigned;
+  static auto map(long) -> long_type;
+  static auto map(unsigned long) -> ulong_type;
+  static auto map(long long) -> long long;
+  static auto map(unsigned long long) -> unsigned long long;
+  static auto map(int128_opt) -> int128_opt;
+  static auto map(uint128_opt) -> uint128_opt;
+  static auto map(bool) -> bool;
+
+  template <int N>
+  static auto map(bitint<N>) -> conditional_t<N <= 64, long long, void>;
+  template <int N>
+  static auto map(ubitint<N>)
+      -> conditional_t<N <= 64, unsigned long long, void>;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_code_unit<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(T) -> conditional_t<
+      std::is_same<T, char>::value || std::is_same<T, Char>::value, Char, void>;
+
+  static auto map(float) -> float;
+  static auto map(double) -> double;
+  static auto map(long double) -> long double;
+
+  static auto map(Char*) -> const Char*;
+  static auto map(const Char*) -> const Char*;
+  template <typename T, typename C = char_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T&) -> conditional_t<std::is_same<C, Char>::value,
+                                             basic_string_view<C>, void>;
+
+  static auto map(void*) -> const void*;
+  static auto map(const void*) -> const void*;
+  static auto map(volatile void*) -> const void*;
+  static auto map(const volatile void*) -> const void*;
+  static auto map(nullptr_t) -> const void*;
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_pointer<T>::value ||
+                                      std::is_member_pointer<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T&) -> void;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_format_as<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T& x) -> decltype(map(format_as(x)));
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_format_as_member<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T& x) -> decltype(map(formatter<T>::format_as(x)));
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_formatter<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&) -> conditional_t<has_formatter<T, Char>(), T&, void>;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T& named_arg) -> decltype(map(named_arg.value));
+};
+
+// detail:: is used to workaround a bug in MSVC 2017.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+using mapped_t = decltype(detail::type_mapper<Char>::map(std::declval<T&>()));
+
+// A type constant after applying type_mapper.
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+using mapped_type_constant = type_constant<mapped_t<T, Char>, Char>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Context,
+          type TYPE =
+              mapped_type_constant<T, typename Context::char_type>::value>
+using stored_type_constant = std::integral_constant<
+    type, Context::builtin_types || TYPE == type::int_type ? TYPE
+                                                           : type::custom_type>;
+// A parse context with extra data used only in compile-time checks.
+template <typename Char>
+class compile_parse_context : public parse_context<Char> {
+ private:
+  int num_args_;
+  const type* types_;
+  using base = parse_context<Char>;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit compile_parse_context(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                                               int num_args, const type* types,
+                                               int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : base(fmt, next_arg_id), num_args_(num_args), types_(types) {}
+
+  constexpr auto num_args() const -> int { return num_args_; }
+  constexpr auto arg_type(int id) const -> type { return types_[id]; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    int id = base::next_arg_id();
+    if (id >= num_args_) report_error("argument not found");
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    base::check_arg_id(id);
+    if (id >= num_args_) report_error("argument not found");
+  }
+  using base::check_arg_id;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id) {
+    ignore_unused(arg_id);
+    if (arg_id < num_args_ && types_ && !is_integral_type(types_[arg_id]))
+      report_error("width/precision is not integer");
+  }
+};
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> union arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref(int idx = 0) : index(idx) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
+
+  int index;
+  basic_string_view<Char> name;
+};
+
+// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
+// than parsing time to allow reusing the same parsed specifiers with
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+template <typename Char = char> struct dynamic_format_specs : format_specs {
+  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
+};
+
+// Converts a character to ASCII. Returns '\0' on conversion failure.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> char {
+  return c <= 0xff ? static_cast<char>(c) : '\0';
+}
+
+// Returns the number of code units in a code point or 1 on error.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto code_point_length(const Char* begin) -> int {
+  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1)) return 1;
+  auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin);
+  return static_cast<int>((0x3a55000000000000ull >> (2 * (c >> 3))) & 3) + 1;
+}
+
+// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
+// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                         int error_value) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
+  unsigned value = 0, prev = 0;
+  auto p = begin;
+  do {
+    prev = value;
+    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*p - '0');
+    ++p;
+  } while (p != end && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9');
+  auto num_digits = p - begin;
+  begin = p;
+  int digits10 = static_cast<int>(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 3 / 10);
+  if (num_digits <= digits10) return static_cast<int>(value);
+  // Check for overflow.
+  unsigned max = INT_MAX;
+  return num_digits == digits10 + 1 &&
+                 prev * 10ull + unsigned(p[-1] - '0') <= max
+             ? static_cast<int>(value)
+             : error_value;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto parse_align(char c) -> align {
+  switch (c) {
+  case '<': return align::left;
+  case '>': return align::right;
+  case '^': return align::center;
+  }
+  return align::none;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> constexpr auto is_name_start(Char c) -> bool {
+  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    int index = 0;
+    if (c != '0')
+      index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, INT_MAX);
+    else
+      ++begin;
+    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
+      report_error("invalid format string");
+    else
+      handler.on_index(index);
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE > 1 || !is_name_start(c)) {
+    report_error("invalid format string");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto it = begin;
+  do {
+    ++it;
+  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(*it) || ('0' <= *it && *it <= '9')));
+  handler.on_name({begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)});
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct dynamic_spec_handler {
+  parse_context<Char>& ctx;
+  arg_ref<Char>& ref;
+  arg_id_kind& kind;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) {
+    ref = id;
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    ref = id;
+    kind = arg_id_kind::name;
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct parse_dynamic_spec_result {
+  const Char* end;
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+};
+
+// Parses integer | "{" [arg_id] "}".
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_dynamic_spec(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      int& value, arg_ref<Char>& ref,
+                                      parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+    -> parse_dynamic_spec_result<Char> {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto kind = arg_id_kind::none;
+  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
+    int val = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, -1);
+    if (val == -1) report_error("number is too big");
+    value = val;
+  } else {
+    if (*begin == '{') {
+      ++begin;
+      if (begin != end) {
+        Char c = *begin;
+        if (c == '}' || c == ':') {
+          int id = ctx.next_arg_id();
+          ref = id;
+          kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+          ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+        } else {
+          begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end,
+                               dynamic_spec_handler<Char>{ctx, ref, kind});
+        }
+      }
+      if (begin != end && *begin == '}') return {++begin, kind};
+    }
+    report_error("invalid format string");
+  }
+  return {begin, kind};
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_width(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               format_specs& specs, arg_ref<Char>& width_ref,
+                               parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+  auto result = parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, specs.width, width_ref, ctx);
+  specs.set_dynamic_width(result.kind);
+  return result.end;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   format_specs& specs,
+                                   arg_ref<Char>& precision_ref,
+                                   parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end) {
+    report_error("invalid precision");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto result =
+      parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, specs.precision, precision_ref, ctx);
+  specs.set_dynamic_precision(result.kind);
+  return result.end;
+}
+
+enum class state { start, align, sign, hash, zero, width, precision, locale };
+
+// Parses standard format specifiers.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                      parse_context<Char>& ctx, type arg_type)
+    -> const Char* {
+  auto c = '\0';
+  if (end - begin > 1) {
+    auto next = to_ascii(begin[1]);
+    c = parse_align(next) == align::none ? to_ascii(*begin) : '\0';
+  } else {
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+
+  struct {
+    state current_state = state::start;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(state s, bool valid = true) {
+      if (current_state >= s || !valid)
+        report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      current_state = s;
+    }
+  } enter_state;
+
+  using pres = presentation_type;
+  constexpr auto integral_set = sint_set | uint_set | bool_set | char_set;
+  struct {
+    const Char*& begin;
+    format_specs& specs;
+    type arg_type;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(pres pres_type, int set) -> const Char* {
+      if (!in(arg_type, set)) report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      specs.set_type(pres_type);
+      return begin + 1;
+    }
+  } parse_presentation_type{begin, specs, arg_type};
+
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '<':
+    case '>':
+    case '^':
+      enter_state(state::align);
+      specs.set_align(parse_align(c));
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+    case ' ':
+      specs.set_sign(c == ' ' ? sign::space : sign::plus);
+      FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case '-':
+      enter_state(state::sign, in(arg_type, sint_set | float_set));
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      enter_state(state::hash, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.set_alt();
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      enter_state(state::zero);
+      if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type))
+        report_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+      if (specs.align() == align::none) {
+        // Ignore 0 if align is specified for compatibility with std::format.
+        specs.set_align(align::numeric);
+        specs.set_fill('0');
+      }
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+      // clang-format off
+    case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5':
+    case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': case '{':
+      // clang-format on
+      enter_state(state::width);
+      begin = parse_width(begin, end, specs, specs.width_ref, ctx);
+      break;
+    case '.':
+      enter_state(state::precision,
+                  in(arg_type, float_set | string_set | cstring_set));
+      begin = parse_precision(begin, end, specs, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      enter_state(state::locale, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.set_localized();
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case 'd': return parse_presentation_type(pres::dec, integral_set);
+    case 'X': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'x': return parse_presentation_type(pres::hex, integral_set);
+    case 'o': return parse_presentation_type(pres::oct, integral_set);
+    case 'B': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'b': return parse_presentation_type(pres::bin, integral_set);
+    case 'E': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'e': return parse_presentation_type(pres::exp, float_set);
+    case 'F': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'f': return parse_presentation_type(pres::fixed, float_set);
+    case 'G': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'g': return parse_presentation_type(pres::general, float_set);
+    case 'A': specs.set_upper(); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'a': return parse_presentation_type(pres::hexfloat, float_set);
+    case 'c':
+      if (arg_type == type::bool_type) report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::chr, integral_set);
+    case 's':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::string,
+                                     bool_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case 'p':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::pointer, pointer_set | cstring_set);
+    case '?':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::debug,
+                                     char_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case '}': return begin;
+    default:  {
+      if (*begin == '}') return begin;
+      // Parse fill and alignment.
+      auto fill_end = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+      if (end - fill_end <= 0) {
+        report_error("invalid format specifier");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      if (*begin == '{') {
+        report_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      auto alignment = parse_align(to_ascii(*fill_end));
+      enter_state(state::align, alignment != align::none);
+      specs.set_fill(
+          basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(fill_end - begin)));
+      specs.set_align(alignment);
+      begin = fill_end + 1;
+    }
+    }
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_replacement_field(const Char* begin,
+                                                      const Char* end,
+                                                      Handler&& handler)
+    -> const Char* {
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end) {
+    handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    return end;
+  }
+  int arg_id = 0;
+  switch (*begin) {
+  case '}':
+    handler.on_replacement_field(handler.on_arg_id(), begin);
+    return begin + 1;
+  case '{': handler.on_text(begin, begin + 1); return begin + 1;
+  case ':': arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(); break;
+  default:  {
+    struct id_adapter {
+      Handler& handler;
+      int arg_id;
+
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+        arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id);
+      }
+    } adapter = {handler, 0};
+    begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, adapter);
+    arg_id = adapter.arg_id;
+    Char c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+    if (c == '}') {
+      handler.on_replacement_field(arg_id, begin);
+      return begin + 1;
+    }
+    if (c != ':') {
+      handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+      return end;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  }
+  begin = handler.on_format_specs(arg_id, begin + 1, end);
+  if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+    return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier"), end;
+  return begin + 1;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_format_string(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                                       Handler&& handler) {
+  auto begin = fmt.data(), end = begin + fmt.size();
+  auto p = begin;
+  while (p != end) {
+    auto c = *p++;
+    if (c == '{') {
+      handler.on_text(begin, p - 1);
+      begin = p = parse_replacement_field(p - 1, end, handler);
+    } else if (c == '}') {
+      if (p == end || *p != '}')
+        return handler.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+      handler.on_text(begin, p);
+      begin = ++p;
+    }
+  }
+  handler.on_text(begin, end);
+}
+
+// Checks char specs and returns true iff the presentation type is char-like.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto check_char_specs(const format_specs& specs) -> bool {
+  auto type = specs.type();
+  if (type != presentation_type::none && type != presentation_type::chr &&
+      type != presentation_type::debug) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (specs.align() == align::numeric || specs.sign() != sign::none ||
+      specs.alt()) {
+    report_error("invalid format specifier for char");
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// A base class for compile-time strings.
+struct compile_string {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+FMT_VISIBILITY("hidden")  // Suppress an ld warning on macOS (#3769).
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto invoke_parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+  using mapped_type = remove_cvref_t<mapped_t<T, Char>>;
+  constexpr bool formattable =
+      std::is_constructible<formatter<mapped_type, Char>>::value;
+  if (!formattable) return ctx.begin();  // Error is reported in the value ctor.
+  using formatted_type = conditional_t<formattable, mapped_type, int>;
+  return formatter<formatted_type, Char>().parse(ctx);
+}
+
+template <typename... T> struct arg_pack {};
+
+template <typename Char, int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS, bool DYNAMIC_NAMES>
+class format_string_checker {
+ private:
+  type types_[max_of<size_t>(1, NUM_ARGS)];
+  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[max_of<size_t>(1, NUM_NAMED_ARGS)];
+  compile_parse_context<Char> context_;
+
+  using parse_func = auto (*)(parse_context<Char>&) -> const Char*;
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[max_of<size_t>(1, NUM_ARGS)];
+
+ public:
+  template <typename... T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit format_string_checker(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                                               arg_pack<T...>)
+      : types_{mapped_type_constant<T, Char>::value...},
+        named_args_{},
+        context_(fmt, NUM_ARGS, types_),
+        parse_funcs_{&invoke_parse<T, Char>...} {
+    int arg_index = 0, named_arg_index = 0;
+    FMT_APPLY_VARIADIC(
+        init_static_named_arg<T>(named_args_, arg_index, named_arg_index));
+    ignore_unused(arg_index, named_arg_index);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return context_.next_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+    context_.check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_NAMED_ARGS; ++i) {
+      if (named_args_[i].name == id) return named_args_[i].id;
+    }
+    if (!DYNAMIC_NAMES) on_error("argument not found");
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char* begin) {
+    on_format_specs(id, begin, begin);  // Call parse() on empty specs.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+      -> const Char* {
+    context_.advance_to(begin);
+    if (id >= 0 && id < NUM_ARGS) return parse_funcs_[id](context_);
+
+    // If id is out of range, it means we do not know the type and cannot parse
+    // the format at compile time. Instead, skip over content until we finish
+    // the format spec, accounting for any nested replacements.
+    for (int bracket_count = 0;
+         begin != end && (bracket_count > 0 || *begin != '}'); ++begin) {
+      if (*begin == '{')
+        ++bracket_count;
+      else if (*begin == '}')
+        --bracket_count;
+    }
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_NORETURN FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    report_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+/// A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an
+/// internal class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `memory_buffer`.
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  T* ptr_;
+  size_t size_;
+  size_t capacity_;
+
+  using grow_fun = void (*)(buffer& buf, size_t capacity);
+  grow_fun grow_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 26495)
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR buffer(grow_fun grow, size_t sz) noexcept
+      : size_(sz), capacity_(sz), grow_(grow) {}
+
+  constexpr buffer(grow_fun grow, T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0,
+                   size_t cap = 0) noexcept
+      : ptr_(p), size_(sz), capacity_(cap), grow_(grow) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~buffer() = default;
+  buffer(buffer&&) = default;
+
+  /// Sets the buffer data and capacity.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) noexcept {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+
+  auto begin() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  auto end() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  auto begin() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+  auto end() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /// Returns the size of this buffer.
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  /// Returns the capacity of this buffer.
+  constexpr auto capacity() const noexcept -> size_t { return capacity_; }
+
+  /// Returns a pointer to the buffer data (not null-terminated).
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+
+  /// Clears this buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  // Tries resizing the buffer to contain `count` elements. If T is a POD type
+  // the new elements may not be initialized.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void try_resize(size_t count) {
+    try_reserve(count);
+    size_ = min_of(count, capacity_);
+  }
+
+  // Tries increasing the buffer capacity to `new_capacity`. It can increase the
+  // capacity by a smaller amount than requested but guarantees there is space
+  // for at least one additional element either by increasing the capacity or by
+  // flushing the buffer if it is full.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void try_reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow_(*this, new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void push_back(const T& value) {
+    try_reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /// Appends data to the end of the buffer.
+  template <typename U>
+// Workaround for MSVC2019 to fix error C2893: Failed to specialize function
+// template 'void fmt::v11::detail::buffer<T>::append(const U *,const U *)'.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1940
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+#endif
+      void
+      append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+    while (begin != end) {
+      auto size = size_;
+      auto free_cap = capacity_ - size;
+      auto count = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+      if (free_cap < count) {
+        grow_(*this, size + count);
+        size = size_;
+        free_cap = capacity_ - size;
+        count = count < free_cap ? count : free_cap;
+      }
+      // A loop is faster than memcpy on small sizes.
+      T* out = ptr_ + size;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) out[i] = begin[i];
+      size_ += count;
+      begin += count;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename Idx> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) -> T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+  template <typename Idx>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) const -> const T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+struct buffer_traits {
+  constexpr explicit buffer_traits(size_t) {}
+  constexpr auto count() const -> size_t { return 0; }
+  constexpr auto limit(size_t size) const -> size_t { return size; }
+};
+
+class fixed_buffer_traits {
+ private:
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+  size_t limit_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr explicit fixed_buffer_traits(size_t limit) : limit_(limit) {}
+  constexpr auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t {
+    size_t n = limit_ > count_ ? limit_ - count_ : 0;
+    count_ += size;
+    return min_of(size, n);
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to an output iterator when flushed.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits = buffer_traits>
+class iterator_buffer : public Traits, public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void grow(buffer<T>& buf, size_t) {
+    if (buf.size() == buffer_size) static_cast<iterator_buffer&>(buf).flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    auto size = this->size();
+    this->clear();
+    const T* begin = data_;
+    const T* end = begin + this->limit(size);
+    while (begin != end) *out_++ = *begin++;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : Traits(n), buffer<T>(grow, data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other) noexcept
+      : Traits(other),
+        buffer<T>(grow, data_, 0, buffer_size),
+        out_(other.out_) {}
+  ~iterator_buffer() {
+    // Don't crash if flush fails during unwinding.
+    FMT_TRY { flush(); }
+    FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  }
+
+  auto out() -> OutputIt {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return Traits::count() + this->size(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class iterator_buffer<T*, T, fixed_buffer_traits> : public fixed_buffer_traits,
+                                                    public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T* out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void grow(buffer<T>& buf, size_t) {
+    if (buf.size() == buf.capacity())
+      static_cast<iterator_buffer&>(buf).flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    size_t n = this->limit(this->size());
+    if (this->data() == out_) {
+      out_ += n;
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+    }
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(n), buffer<T>(grow, out, 0, n), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other) noexcept
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(other),
+        buffer<T>(static_cast<iterator_buffer&&>(other)),
+        out_(other.out_) {
+    if (this->data() != out_) {
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+      this->clear();
+    }
+  }
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> T* {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t {
+    return fixed_buffer_traits::count() + this->size();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> class iterator_buffer<T*, T> : public buffer<T> {
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t = 0)
+      : buffer<T>([](buffer<T>&, size_t) {}, out, 0, ~size_t()) {}
+
+  auto out() -> T* { return &*this->end(); }
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+class container_buffer : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  using value_type = typename Container::value_type;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void grow(buffer<value_type>& buf, size_t capacity) {
+    auto& self = static_cast<container_buffer&>(buf);
+    self.container.resize(capacity);
+    self.set(&self.container[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  Container& container;
+
+  explicit container_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<value_type>(grow, c.size()), container(c) {}
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to a container with the contiguous storage.
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class iterator_buffer<
+    OutputIt,
+    enable_if_t<is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+                    is_contiguous<typename OutputIt::container_type>::value,
+                typename OutputIt::container_type::value_type>>
+    : public container_buffer<typename OutputIt::container_type> {
+ private:
+  using base = container_buffer<typename OutputIt::container_type>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(typename OutputIt::container_type& c) : base(c) {}
+  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t = 0)
+      : base(get_container(out)) {}
+
+  auto out() -> OutputIt { return OutputIt(this->container); }
+};
+
+// A buffer that counts the number of code units written discarding the output.
+template <typename T = char> class counting_buffer : public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void grow(buffer<T>& buf, size_t) {
+    if (buf.size() != buffer_size) return;
+    static_cast<counting_buffer&>(buf).count_ += buf.size();
+    buf.clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR counting_buffer() : buffer<T>(grow, data_, 0, buffer_size) {}
+
+  constexpr auto count() const noexcept -> size_t {
+    return count_ + this->size();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<basic_appender<T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename InputIt, typename = void>
+struct has_back_insert_iterator_container_append : std::false_type {};
+template <typename OutputIt, typename InputIt>
+struct has_back_insert_iterator_container_append<
+    OutputIt, InputIt,
+    void_t<decltype(get_container(std::declval<OutputIt>())
+                        .append(std::declval<InputIt>(),
+                                std::declval<InputIt>()))>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename InputIt, typename = void>
+struct has_back_insert_iterator_container_insert_at_end : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename InputIt>
+struct has_back_insert_iterator_container_insert_at_end<
+    OutputIt, InputIt,
+    void_t<decltype(get_container(std::declval<OutputIt>())
+                        .insert(get_container(std::declval<OutputIt>()).end(),
+                                std::declval<InputIt>(),
+                                std::declval<InputIt>()))>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// An optimized version of std::copy with the output value type (T).
+template <typename T, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value&&
+                            has_back_insert_iterator_container_append<
+                                OutputIt, InputIt>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto copy(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+                        !has_back_insert_iterator_container_append<
+                            OutputIt, InputIt>::value &&
+                        has_back_insert_iterator_container_insert_at_end<
+                            OutputIt, InputIt>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto copy(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto& c = get_container(out);
+  c.insert(c.end(), begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+                          (has_back_insert_iterator_container_append<
+                               OutputIt, InputIt>::value ||
+                           has_back_insert_iterator_container_insert_at_end<
+                               OutputIt, InputIt>::value)))>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  while (begin != end) *out++ = static_cast<T>(*begin++);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename V, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy(basic_string_view<V> s, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy<T>(s.begin(), s.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename It, typename Enable = std::true_type>
+struct is_buffer_appender : std::false_type {};
+template <typename It>
+struct is_buffer_appender<
+    It, bool_constant<
+            is_back_insert_iterator<It>::value &&
+            std::is_base_of<buffer<typename It::container_type::value_type>,
+                            typename It::container_type>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// Maps an output iterator to a buffer.
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_buffer_appender<OutputIt>::value)>
+auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T> {
+  return iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T>(out);
+}
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_buffer_appender<OutputIt>::value)>
+auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> buffer<T>& {
+  return get_container(out);
+}
+
+template <typename Buf, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_iterator(Buf& buf, OutputIt) -> decltype(buf.out()) {
+  return buf.out();
+}
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_iterator(buffer<T>&, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return out;
+}
+
+// This type is intentionally undefined, only used for errors.
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct type_is_unformattable_for;
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  size_t size;
+  auto str() const -> basic_string_view<Char> { return {data, size}; }
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+  void* value;
+  void (*format)(void* arg, parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
+  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+struct custom_tag {};
+
+#if !FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN , monostate
+#else
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN
+#endif
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    monostate no_value;
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    int128_opt int128_value;
+    uint128_opt uint128_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    float float_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
+  };
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value() : no_value() {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(signed char x) : int_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned char x FMT_BUILTIN) : uint_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(signed short x) : int_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned short x FMT_BUILTIN) : uint_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int x) : int_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned x FMT_BUILTIN) : uint_value(x) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(long x FMT_BUILTIN) : value(long_type(x)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long x FMT_BUILTIN)
+      : value(ulong_type(x)) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(long long x FMT_BUILTIN) : long_long_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long x FMT_BUILTIN)
+      : ulong_long_value(x) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(int128_opt x FMT_BUILTIN) : int128_value(x) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_opt x FMT_BUILTIN) : uint128_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bool x FMT_BUILTIN) : bool_value(x) {}
+
+  template <int N>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bitint<N> x FMT_BUILTIN) : long_long_value(x) {
+    static_assert(N <= 64, "unsupported _BitInt");
+  }
+  template <int N>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(ubitint<N> x FMT_BUILTIN) : ulong_long_value(x) {
+    static_assert(N <= 64, "unsupported _BitInt");
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_code_unit<T>::value)>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(T x FMT_BUILTIN) : char_value(x) {
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same<T, char>::value || std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+        "mixing character types is disallowed");
+  }
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(float x FMT_BUILTIN) : float_value(x) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(double x FMT_BUILTIN) : double_value(x) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long double x FMT_BUILTIN) : long_double_value(x) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(char_type* x FMT_BUILTIN) {
+    string.data = x;
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* x FMT_BUILTIN) {
+    string.data = x;
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = 0;
+  }
+  template <typename T, typename C = char_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(const T& x FMT_BUILTIN) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<C, char_type>::value,
+                  "mixing character types is disallowed");
+    auto sv = to_string_view(x);
+    string.data = sv.data();
+    string.size = sv.size();
+  }
+  FMT_INLINE value(void* x FMT_BUILTIN) : pointer(x) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const void* x FMT_BUILTIN) : pointer(x) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(volatile void* x FMT_BUILTIN)
+      : pointer(const_cast<const void*>(x)) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const volatile void* x FMT_BUILTIN)
+      : pointer(const_cast<const void*>(x)) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(nullptr_t) : pointer(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_pointer<T>::value ||
+                                      std::is_member_pointer<T>::value)>
+  value(const T&) {
+    // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to format a
+    // pointer cast it to `void*` or `const void*`. In particular, this forbids
+    // formatting of `[const] volatile char*` printed as bool by iostreams.
+    static_assert(sizeof(T) == 0,
+                  "formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed");
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_format_as<T>::value)>
+  value(const T& x) : value(format_as(x)) {}
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_format_as_member<T>::value)>
+  value(const T& x) : value(formatter<T>::format_as(x)) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+  value(const T& named_arg) : value(named_arg.value) {}
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(use_formatter<T>::value || !FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE value(T& x) : value(x, custom_tag()) {}
+
+  FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : named_args{args, size} {}
+
+ private:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<T, char_type>())>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(T& x, custom_tag) {
+    using value_type = remove_const_t<T>;
+    // T may overload operator& e.g. std::vector<bool>::reference in libc++.
+    if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      custom.value =
+          const_cast<char*>(&reinterpret_cast<const volatile char&>(x));
+    } else {
+      custom.value = nullptr;
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+      if constexpr (std::is_same<decltype(&x), remove_reference_t<T>*>::value)
+        custom.value = const_cast<value_type*>(&x);
+#endif
+    }
+    custom.format = format_custom<value_type>;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<T, char_type>())>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(const T&, custom_tag) {
+    // Cannot format an argument; to make type T formattable provide a
+    // formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt.
+    type_is_unformattable_for<T, char_type> _;
+  }
+
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T>
+  static void format_custom(void* arg, parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+                            Context& ctx) {
+    auto f = formatter<T, char_type>();
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    using qualified_type =
+        conditional_t<has_formatter<const T, char_type>(), const T, T>;
+    // format must be const for compatibility with std::format and compilation.
+    const auto& cf = f;
+    ctx.advance_to(cf.format(*static_cast<qualified_type*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
+enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
+
+template <typename It, typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_output_iterator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <> struct is_output_iterator<appender, char> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename It, typename T>
+struct is_output_iterator<
+    It, T,
+    enable_if_t<std::is_assignable<decltype(*std::declval<decay_t<It>&>()++),
+                                   T>::value>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename> constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename First, typename... T>
+constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(stored_type_constant<First, Context>::value) |
+         (encode_types<Context, T...>() << packed_arg_bits);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename... T, size_t NUM_ARGS = sizeof...(T)>
+constexpr auto make_descriptor() -> unsigned long long {
+  return NUM_ARGS <= max_packed_args ? encode_types<Context, T...>()
+                                     : is_unpacked_bit | NUM_ARGS;
+}
+
+template <typename Context, int NUM_ARGS>
+using arg_t = conditional_t<NUM_ARGS <= max_packed_args, value<Context>,
+                            basic_format_arg<Context>>;
+
+template <typename Context, int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS,
+          unsigned long long DESC>
+struct named_arg_store {
+  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args to avoid bloating format_args.
+  arg_t<Context, NUM_ARGS> args[1u + NUM_ARGS];
+  named_arg_info<typename Context::char_type>
+      named_args[static_cast<size_t>(NUM_NAMED_ARGS)];
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE named_arg_store(T&... values)
+      : args{{named_args, NUM_NAMED_ARGS}, values...} {
+    int arg_index = 0, named_arg_index = 0;
+    FMT_APPLY_VARIADIC(
+        init_named_arg(named_args, arg_index, named_arg_index, values));
+  }
+
+  named_arg_store(named_arg_store&& rhs) {
+    args[0] = {named_args, NUM_NAMED_ARGS};
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args); ++i)
+      args[i] = rhs.args[i];
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < NUM_NAMED_ARGS; ++i)
+      named_args[i] = rhs.named_args[i];
+  }
+
+  named_arg_store(const named_arg_store& rhs) = delete;
+  auto operator=(const named_arg_store& rhs) -> named_arg_store& = delete;
+  auto operator=(named_arg_store&& rhs) -> named_arg_store& = delete;
+  operator const arg_t<Context, NUM_ARGS>*() const { return args + 1; }
+};
+
+// An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted to
+// `basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
+// such as `vformat`. It is a plain struct to reduce binary size in debug mode.
+template <typename Context, int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS,
+          unsigned long long DESC>
+struct format_arg_store {
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  using type =
+      conditional_t<NUM_NAMED_ARGS == 0,
+                    arg_t<Context, NUM_ARGS>[max_of<size_t>(1, NUM_ARGS)],
+                    named_arg_store<Context, NUM_ARGS, NUM_NAMED_ARGS, DESC>>;
+  type args;
+};
+
+// TYPE can be different from type_constant<T>, e.g. for __float128.
+template <typename T, typename Char, type TYPE> struct native_formatter {
+ private:
+  dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  using nonlocking = void;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    if (ctx.begin() == ctx.end() || *ctx.begin() == '}') return ctx.begin();
+    auto end = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx, TYPE);
+    if (const_check(TYPE == type::char_type)) check_char_specs(specs_);
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <type U = TYPE,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(U == type::string_type || U == type::cstring_type ||
+                          U == type::char_type)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) {
+    specs_.set_type(set ? presentation_type::debug : presentation_type::none);
+  }
+
+  FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic ignored "-Wundefined-inline")
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out());
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct locking
+    : bool_constant<mapped_type_constant<T>::value == type::custom_type> {};
+template <typename T>
+struct locking<T, void_t<typename formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>>::nonlocking>>
+    : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T = int> FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto is_locking() -> bool {
+  return locking<T>::value;
+}
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename... Tail>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto is_locking() -> bool {
+  return locking<T1>::value || is_locking<T2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+FMT_API void vformat_to(buffer<char>& buf, string_view fmt, format_args args,
+                        locale_ref loc = {});
+
+#if FMT_WIN32
+FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(FILE*, string_view, format_args, bool);
+#else  // format_args is passed by reference since it is defined later.
+inline void vprint_mojibake(FILE*, string_view, const format_args&, bool) {}
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// The main public API.
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_context<Char>::do_check_arg_id(int arg_id) {
+  // Argument id is only checked at compile time during parsing because
+  // formatting has its own validation.
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() && use_constexpr_cast) {
+    auto ctx = static_cast<detail::compile_parse_context<Char>*>(this);
+    if (arg_id >= ctx->num_args()) report_error("argument not found");
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_context<Char>::check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id) {
+  using detail::compile_parse_context;
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() && use_constexpr_cast)
+    static_cast<compile_parse_context<Char>*>(this)->check_dynamic_spec(arg_id);
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// An output iterator that appends to a buffer. It is used instead of
+// back_insert_iterator to reduce symbol sizes and avoid <iterator> dependency.
+template <typename T> class basic_appender {
+ protected:
+  detail::buffer<T>* container;
+
+ public:
+  using container_type = detail::buffer<T>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_appender(detail::buffer<T>& buf) : container(&buf) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator=(T c) -> basic_appender& {
+    container->push_back(c);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator*() -> basic_appender& { return *this; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator++() -> basic_appender& { return *this; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator++(int) -> basic_appender { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A formatting argument. Context is a template parameter for the compiled API
+// where output can be unbuffered.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  detail::value<Context> value_;
+  detail::type type_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   private:
+    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+
+   public:
+    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+  };
+
+  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
+  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : value_(args, size) {}
+  template <typename T>
+  basic_format_arg(T&& val)
+      : value_(val), type_(detail::stored_type_constant<T, Context>::value) {}
+
+  constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
+  }
+  auto type() const -> detail::type { return type_; }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+   * the argument type. For example, if the argument type is `double` then
+   * `vis(value)` will be called with the value of type `double`.
+   */
+  template <typename Visitor>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto visit(Visitor&& vis) const -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+    using detail::map;
+    switch (type_) {
+    case detail::type::none_type:        break;
+    case detail::type::int_type:         return vis(value_.int_value);
+    case detail::type::uint_type:        return vis(value_.uint_value);
+    case detail::type::long_long_type:   return vis(value_.long_long_value);
+    case detail::type::ulong_long_type:  return vis(value_.ulong_long_value);
+    case detail::type::int128_type:      return vis(map(value_.int128_value));
+    case detail::type::uint128_type:     return vis(map(value_.uint128_value));
+    case detail::type::bool_type:        return vis(value_.bool_value);
+    case detail::type::char_type:        return vis(value_.char_value);
+    case detail::type::float_type:       return vis(value_.float_value);
+    case detail::type::double_type:      return vis(value_.double_value);
+    case detail::type::long_double_type: return vis(value_.long_double_value);
+    case detail::type::cstring_type:     return vis(value_.string.data);
+    case detail::type::string_type:      return vis(value_.string.str());
+    case detail::type::pointer_type:     return vis(value_.pointer);
+    case detail::type::custom_type:      return vis(handle(value_.custom));
+    }
+    return vis(monostate());
+  }
+
+  auto format_custom(const char_type* parse_begin,
+                     parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& ctx)
+      -> bool {
+    if (type_ != detail::type::custom_type) return false;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_begin);
+    value_.custom.format(value_.custom.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
+ * should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
+ * `vformat`:
+ *
+ *     void vlog(fmt::string_view fmt, fmt::format_args args);  // OK
+ *     fmt::format_args args = fmt::make_format_args();  // Dangling reference
+ */
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
+ private:
+  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
+  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
+  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
+  // per formatting function call.
+  unsigned long long desc_;
+  union {
+    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
+    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
+    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
+    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
+    const basic_format_arg<Context>* args_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr auto is_packed() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0;
+  }
+  constexpr auto has_named_args() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto type(int index) const -> detail::type {
+    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
+  }
+
+  template <int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS, unsigned long long DESC>
+  using store =
+      detail::format_arg_store<Context, NUM_ARGS, NUM_NAMED_ARGS, DESC>;
+
+ public:
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+  constexpr basic_format_args() : desc_(0), args_(nullptr) {}
+
+  /// Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `format_arg_store`.
+  template <int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS, unsigned long long DESC,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(NUM_ARGS <= detail::max_packed_args)>
+  constexpr FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const store<NUM_ARGS, NUM_NAMED_ARGS, DESC>& s)
+      : desc_(DESC | (NUM_NAMED_ARGS != 0 ? +detail::has_named_args_bit : 0)),
+        values_(s.args) {}
+
+  template <int NUM_ARGS, int NUM_NAMED_ARGS, unsigned long long DESC,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(NUM_ARGS > detail::max_packed_args)>
+  constexpr basic_format_args(const store<NUM_ARGS, NUM_NAMED_ARGS, DESC>& s)
+      : desc_(DESC | (NUM_NAMED_ARGS != 0 ? +detail::has_named_args_bit : 0)),
+        args_(s.args) {}
+
+  /// Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic list of arguments.
+  constexpr basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count,
+                              bool has_named = false)
+      : desc_(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count) |
+              (has_named ? +detail::has_named_args_bit : 0)),
+        args_(args) {}
+
+  /// Returns the argument with the specified id.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get(int id) const -> format_arg {
+    auto arg = format_arg();
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (static_cast<unsigned>(id) >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(id);
+    if (arg.type_ != detail::type::none_type) arg.value_ = values_[id];
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> format_arg {
+    int id = get_id(name);
+    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
+    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
+    const auto& named_args =
+        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
+      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  auto max_size() const -> int {
+    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
+  }
+};
+
+// A formatting context.
+class context {
+ private:
+  appender out_;
+  format_args args_;
+  FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = char;  ///< The character type for the output.
+  using iterator = appender;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<context>;
+  enum { builtin_types = FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES };
+
+  /// Constructs a `context` object. References to the arguments are stored
+  /// in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR context(iterator out, format_args args, locale_ref loc = {})
+      : out_(out), args_(args), loc_(loc) {}
+  context(context&&) = default;
+  context(const context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const context&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg(int id) const -> format_arg { return args_.get(id); }
+  inline auto arg(string_view name) const -> format_arg {
+    return args_.get(name);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg_id(string_view name) const -> int {
+    return args_.get_id(name);
+  }
+  auto args() const -> const format_args& { return args_; }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto out() const -> iterator { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to `it`.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto locale() const -> locale_ref { return loc_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct runtime_format_string {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Creates a runtime format string.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // Check format string at runtime instead of compile-time.
+ *     fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+ */
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> runtime_format_string<> { return {{s}}; }
+
+/// A compile-time format string. Use `format_string` in the public API to
+/// prevent type deduction.
+template <typename... T> struct fstring {
+ private:
+  static constexpr int num_static_named_args =
+      detail::count_static_named_args<T...>();
+
+  using checker = detail::format_string_checker<
+      char, static_cast<int>(sizeof...(T)), num_static_named_args,
+      num_static_named_args != detail::count_named_args<T...>()>;
+
+  using arg_pack = detail::arg_pack<T...>;
+
+ public:
+  string_view str;
+  using t = fstring;
+
+  // Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string for T.
+  template <size_t N>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE fstring(const char (&s)[N]) : str(s, N - 1) {
+    using namespace detail;
+    static_assert(count<(is_view<remove_cvref_t<T>>::value &&
+                         std::is_reference<T>::value)...>() == 0,
+                  "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+    if (FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL) parse_format_string<char>(s, checker(s, arg_pack()));
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
+    static_assert(
+        FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL && sizeof(s) != 0,
+        "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires format strings to use FMT_STRING");
+#endif
+  }
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_convertible<const S&, string_view>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE fstring(const S& s) : str(s) {
+    auto sv = string_view(str);
+    if (FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL)
+      detail::parse_format_string<char>(sv, checker(sv, arg_pack()));
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
+    static_assert(
+        FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL && sizeof(s) != 0,
+        "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires format strings to use FMT_STRING");
+#endif
+  }
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_base_of<detail::compile_string, S>::value&&
+                              std::is_same<typename S::char_type, char>::value)>
+  FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE fstring(const S&) : str(S()) {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto sv = string_view(S());
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR int unused =
+        (parse_format_string(sv, checker(sv, arg_pack())), 0);
+    detail::ignore_unused(unused);
+  }
+  fstring(runtime_format_string<> fmt) : str(fmt.str) {}
+
+  // Returning by reference generates better code in debug mode.
+  FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE operator const string_view&() const { return str; }
+  auto get() const -> string_view { return str; }
+};
+
+template <typename... T> using format_string = typename fstring<T...>::t;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+using is_formattable = bool_constant<!std::is_same<
+    detail::mapped_t<conditional_t<std::is_void<T>::value, int*, T>, Char>,
+    void>::value>;
+#ifdef __cpp_concepts
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+concept formattable = is_formattable<remove_reference_t<T>, Char>::value;
+#endif
+
+// A formatter specialization for natively supported types.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             detail::type::custom_type>>
+    : detail::native_formatter<T, Char, detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value> {
+};
+
+/**
+ * Constructs an object that stores references to arguments and can be
+ * implicitly converted to `format_args`. `Context` can be omitted in which case
+ * it defaults to `context`. See `arg` for lifetime considerations.
+ */
+// Take arguments by lvalue references to avoid some lifetime issues, e.g.
+//   auto args = make_format_args(std::string());
+template <typename Context = context, typename... T,
+          int NUM_ARGS = sizeof...(T),
+          int NUM_NAMED_ARGS = detail::count_named_args<T...>(),
+          unsigned long long DESC = detail::make_descriptor<Context, T...>()>
+constexpr FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE auto make_format_args(T&... args)
+    -> detail::format_arg_store<Context, NUM_ARGS, NUM_NAMED_ARGS, DESC> {
+  // Suppress warnings for pathological types convertible to detail::value.
+  FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion")
+  return {{args...}};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+using vargs =
+    detail::format_arg_store<context, sizeof...(T),
+                             detail::count_named_args<T...>(),
+                             detail::make_descriptor<context, T...>()>;
+
+/**
+ * Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
+ * It should only be used in a call to a formatting function.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+inline auto arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) -> detail::named_arg<Char, T> {
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+
+/// Formats a string and writes the output to `out`.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>,
+                                                   char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt&& out, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> remove_cvref_t<OutputIt> {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt`, writes the result to
+ * the output iterator `out` and returns the iterator past the end of the output
+ * range. `format_to` does not append a terminating null character.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto out = std::vector<char>();
+ *     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>,
+                                                   char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt&& out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> remove_cvref_t<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to(out, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
+  /// Iterator past the end of the output range.
+  OutputIt out;
+  /// Total (not truncated) output size.
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt`, writes up to `n`
+ * characters of the result to the output iterator `out` and returns the total
+ * (not truncated) output size and the iterator past the end of the output
+ * range. `format_to_n` does not append a terminating null character.
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                            T&&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+}
+
+struct format_to_result {
+  /// Pointer to just after the last successful write in the array.
+  char* out;
+  /// Specifies if the output was truncated.
+  bool truncated;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator char*() const {
+    // Report truncation to prevent silent data loss.
+    if (truncated) report_error("output is truncated");
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <size_t N>
+auto vformat_to(char (&out)[N], string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> format_to_result {
+  auto result = vformat_to_n(out, N, fmt, args);
+  return {result.out, result.size > N};
+}
+
+template <size_t N, typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(char (&out)[N], format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> format_to_result {
+  auto result = vformat_to_n(out, N, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+  return {result.out, result.size > N};
+}
+
+/// Returns the number of chars in the output of `format(fmt, args...)`.
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}}, {});
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_API void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprintln(FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint_buffered(FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+
+/**
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the output
+ * to `stdout`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vargs<T...> va = {{args...}};
+  if (detail::const_check(!detail::use_utf8))
+    return detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, fmt.str, va, false);
+  return detail::is_locking<T...>() ? vprint_buffered(stdout, fmt.str, va)
+                                    : vprint(fmt.str, va);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the
+ * output to the file `f`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vargs<T...> va = {{args...}};
+  if (detail::const_check(!detail::use_utf8))
+    return detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt.str, va, false);
+  return detail::is_locking<T...>() ? vprint_buffered(f, fmt.str, va)
+                                    : vprint(f, fmt.str, va);
+}
+
+/// Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the output
+/// to the file `f` followed by a newline.
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vargs<T...> va = {{args...}};
+  return detail::const_check(detail::use_utf8)
+             ? vprintln(f, fmt.str, va)
+             : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt.str, va, true);
+}
+
+/// Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the output
+/// to `stdout` followed by a newline.
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return fmt::println(stdout, fmt, static_cast<T&&>(args)...);
+}
+
+FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(diagnostic pop)
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic pop)
+FMT_PRAGMA_GCC(pop_options)
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  include "format.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // FMT_BASE_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
index 5e03149..9fbeeed 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
@@ -8,11 +8,17 @@
 #ifndef FMT_CHRONO_H_
 #define FMT_CHRONO_H_
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <locale>
-#include <sstream>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <chrono>
+#  include <cmath>    // std::isfinite
+#  include <cstring>  // std::memcpy
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <locale>
+#  include <ostream>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
 
 #include "format.h"
 
@@ -32,11 +38,13 @@ FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 // Copyright Paul Dreik 2019
 namespace safe_duration_cast {
 
+// DEPRECATED!
 template <typename To, typename From,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
                         std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed ==
                             std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
   ec = 0;
   using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
   using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
@@ -44,7 +52,7 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
   static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
 
   // A and B are both signed, or both unsigned.
-  if (F::digits <= T::digits) {
+  if (detail::const_check(F::digits <= T::digits)) {
     // From fits in To without any problem.
   } else {
     // From does not always fit in To, resort to a dynamic check.
@@ -57,15 +65,14 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
   return static_cast<To>(from);
 }
 
-/**
- * converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
- * can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
- */
+/// Converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
+/// can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
 template <typename To, typename From,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
                         std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed !=
                             std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
   ec = 0;
   using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
   using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
@@ -79,14 +86,15 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
       return {};
     }
     // From is positive. Can it always fit in To?
-    if (F::digits > T::digits &&
+    if (detail::const_check(F::digits > T::digits) &&
         from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
       ec = 1;
       return {};
     }
   }
 
-  if (!F::is_signed && T::is_signed && F::digits >= T::digits &&
+  if (detail::const_check(!F::is_signed && T::is_signed &&
+                          F::digits >= T::digits) &&
       from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
     ec = 1;
     return {};
@@ -96,7 +104,8 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
 
 template <typename To, typename From,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
   ec = 0;
   return from;
 }  // function
@@ -117,7 +126,7 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
 // clang-format on
 template <typename To, typename From,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) -> To {
   ec = 0;
   using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
   static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
@@ -139,84 +148,20 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
 
 template <typename To, typename From,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) -> To {
   ec = 0;
   static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
   return from;
 }
 
-/**
- * safe duration cast between integral durations
- */
-template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value),
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
-To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
-                      int& ec) {
-  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
-  ec = 0;
-  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
-  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
-  struct Factor
-      : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period> {};
-
-  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
-  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
-
-  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
-  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
-  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
-  // both To, From and Factor::num
-  using IntermediateRep =
-      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
-                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
-
-  // safe conversion to IntermediateRep
-  IntermediateRep count =
-      lossless_integral_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
-  if (ec) return {};
-  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
-  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
-    const auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() / Factor::num;
-    if (count > max1) {
-      ec = 1;
-      return {};
-    }
-    const auto min1 =
-        (std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::min)() / Factor::num;
-    if (count < min1) {
-      ec = 1;
-      return {};
-    }
-    count *= Factor::num;
-  }
-
-  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) count /= Factor::den;
-  auto tocount = lossless_integral_conversion<typename To::rep>(count, ec);
-  return ec ? To() : To(tocount);
-}
-
-/**
- * safe duration_cast between floating point durations
- */
+/// Safe duration_cast between floating point durations
 template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value),
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
-To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
-                      int& ec) {
+auto safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                        int& ec) -> To {
   using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
   ec = 0;
-  if (std::isnan(from.count())) {
-    // nan in, gives nan out. easy.
-    return To{std::numeric_limits<typename To::rep>::quiet_NaN()};
-  }
-  // maybe we should also check if from is denormal, and decide what to do about
-  // it.
-
-  // +-inf should be preserved.
-  if (std::isinf(from.count())) {
-    return To{from.count()};
-  }
 
   // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
   // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
@@ -243,7 +188,7 @@ To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
   }
 
   // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
-  if (Factor::num != 1) {
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
     constexpr auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() /
                           static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
     if (count > max1) {
@@ -260,7 +205,7 @@ To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
   }
 
   // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
-  if (Factor::den != 1) {
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) {
     using common_t = typename std::common_type<IntermediateRep, intmax_t>::type;
     count /= static_cast<common_t>(Factor::den);
   }
@@ -277,236 +222,365 @@ To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
 }  // namespace safe_duration_cast
 #endif
 
+namespace detail {
+
+// Check if std::chrono::utc_time is available.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_UTC_TIME
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_chrono)
+#  define FMT_USE_UTC_TIME (__cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907L)
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_UTC_TIME 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_UTC_TIME
+using utc_clock = std::chrono::utc_clock;
+#else
+struct utc_clock {
+  template <typename T> void to_sys(T);
+};
+#endif
+
+// Check if std::chrono::local_time is available.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_chrono)
+#  define FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME (__cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907L)
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME
+using local_t = std::chrono::local_t;
+#else
+struct local_t {};
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Duration>
+using sys_time = std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>;
+
+template <typename Duration>
+using utc_time = std::chrono::time_point<detail::utc_clock, Duration>;
+
+template <class Duration>
+using local_time = std::chrono::time_point<detail::local_t, Duration>;
+
+namespace detail {
+
 // Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
 // Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
 #define FMT_NOMACRO
 
-namespace detail {
 template <typename T = void> struct null {};
-inline null<> localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> localtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> gmtime_r(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> gmtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline auto gmtime_r(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
+inline auto gmtime_s(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
 
-inline auto do_write(const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc, char format,
-                     char modifier) -> std::string {
-  auto&& os = std::ostringstream();
-  using iterator = std::ostreambuf_iterator<char>;
-  const auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<char, iterator>>(loc);
-  auto end = facet.put(os, os, ' ', &time, format, modifier);
-  if (end.failed()) FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
-  auto str = os.str();
-  if (!detail::is_utf8() || loc == std::locale::classic()) return str;
-  // char16_t and char32_t codecvts are broken in MSVC (linkage errors).
-  using code_unit = conditional_t<FMT_MSC_VER != 0, wchar_t, char16_t>;
-  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<code_unit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+// It is defined here and not in ostream.h because the latter has expensive
+// includes.
+template <typename StreamBuf> class formatbuf : public StreamBuf {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename StreamBuf::char_type;
+  using streamsize = decltype(std::declval<StreamBuf>().sputn(nullptr, 0));
+  using int_type = typename StreamBuf::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename StreamBuf::traits_type;
+
+  buffer<char_type>& buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit formatbuf(buffer<char_type>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+
+ protected:
+  // The put area is always empty. This makes the implementation simpler and has
+  // the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always in sync and
+  // sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. A disadvantage is that each
+  // call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call to overflow. There is no
+  // disadvantage here for sputn since this always results in a call to xsputn.
+
+  auto overflow(int_type ch) -> int_type override {
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<char_type>(ch));
+    return ch;
+  }
+
+  auto xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize count) -> streamsize override {
+    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+    return count;
+  }
+};
+
+inline auto get_classic_locale() -> const std::locale& {
+  static const auto& locale = std::locale::classic();
+  return locale;
+}
+
+template <typename CodeUnit> struct codecvt_result {
+  static constexpr size_t max_size = 32;
+  CodeUnit buf[max_size];
+  CodeUnit* end;
+};
+
+template <typename CodeUnit>
+void write_codecvt(codecvt_result<CodeUnit>& out, string_view in,
+                   const std::locale& loc) {
+  FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic push)
+  FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated")
+  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+  FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic pop)
   auto mb = std::mbstate_t();
   const char* from_next = nullptr;
-  code_unit* to_next = nullptr;
-  constexpr size_t buf_size = 32;
-  code_unit buf[buf_size] = {};
-  auto result = f.in(mb, str.data(), str.data() + str.size(), from_next, buf,
-                     buf + buf_size, to_next);
+  auto result = f.in(mb, in.begin(), in.end(), from_next, std::begin(out.buf),
+                     std::end(out.buf), out.end);
   if (result != std::codecvt_base::ok)
     FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
-  str.clear();
-  for (code_unit* p = buf; p != to_next; ++p) {
-    auto c = *p;
-    if (c < 0x80) {
-      str.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
-    } else if (c < 0x800) {
-      str.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
-      str.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
-    } else {
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
-    }
-  }
-  return str;
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_encoded_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view in, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (const_check(detail::use_utf8) && loc != get_classic_locale()) {
+    // char16_t and char32_t codecvts are broken in MSVC (linkage errors) and
+    // gcc-4.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION != 0 ||  \
+    (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && \
+     (!defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI) || _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI == 0))
+    // The _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI macro is always defined in libstdc++ from gcc-5
+    // and newer.
+    using code_unit = wchar_t;
+#else
+    using code_unit = char32_t;
+#endif
+
+    using unit_t = codecvt_result<code_unit>;
+    unit_t unit;
+    write_codecvt(unit, in, loc);
+    // In UTF-8 is used one to four one-byte code units.
+    auto u =
+        to_utf8<code_unit, basic_memory_buffer<char, unit_t::max_size * 4>>();
+    if (!u.convert({unit.buf, to_unsigned(unit.end - unit.buf)}))
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+    return copy<char>(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
+  }
+  return copy<char>(in.data(), in.data() + in.size(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  codecvt_result<Char> unit;
+  write_codecvt(unit, sv, loc);
+  return copy<Char>(unit.buf, unit.end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, sv, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void do_write(buffer<Char>& buf, const std::tm& time,
+                     const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier) {
+  auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
+  auto&& os = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
+  os.imbue(loc);
+  const auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<Char>>(loc);
+  auto end = facet.put(os, os, Char(' '), &time, format, modifier);
+  if (end.failed()) FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
 auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
            char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
-  auto str = do_write(time, loc, format, modifier);
-  return std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), out);
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  do_write<Char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return get_iterator(buf, out);
 }
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
+           char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  do_write<char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), loc);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+using is_similar_arithmetic_type =
+    bool_constant<(std::is_integral<T>::value && std::is_integral<U>::value) ||
+                  (std::is_floating_point<T>::value &&
+                   std::is_floating_point<U>::value)>;
+
+FMT_NORETURN inline void throw_duration_error() {
+  FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
+}
+
+// Cast one integral duration to another with an overflow check.
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value&&
+                            std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) -> To {
+#if !FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<To>(from);
+#else
+  // The conversion factor: to.count() == factor * from.count().
+  using factor = std::ratio_divide<FromPeriod, typename To::period>;
+
+  using common_rep = typename std::common_type<FromRep, typename To::rep,
+                                               decltype(factor::num)>::type;
+  common_rep count = from.count();  // This conversion is lossless.
+
+  // Multiply from.count() by factor and check for overflow.
+  if (const_check(factor::num != 1)) {
+    if (count > max_value<common_rep>() / factor::num) throw_duration_error();
+    const auto min = (std::numeric_limits<common_rep>::min)() / factor::num;
+    if (const_check(!std::is_unsigned<common_rep>::value) && count < min)
+      throw_duration_error();
+    count *= factor::num;
+  }
+  if (const_check(factor::den != 1)) count /= factor::den;
+  int ec = 0;
+  auto to =
+      To(safe_duration_cast::lossless_integral_conversion<typename To::rep>(
+          count, ec));
+  if (ec) throw_duration_error();
+  return to;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value&&
+                            std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) -> To {
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  // Preserve infinity and NaN.
+  if (!isfinite(from.count())) return static_cast<To>(from.count());
+  // Throwing version of safe_duration_cast is only available for
+  // integer to integer or float to float casts.
+  int ec;
+  To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
+  if (ec) throw_duration_error();
+  return to;
+#else
+  // Standard duration cast, may overflow.
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              !is_similar_arithmetic_type<FromRep, typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) -> To {
+  // Mixed integer <-> float cast is not supported by safe duration_cast.
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<To>(from);
+}
+
+template <typename Duration>
+auto to_time_t(sys_time<Duration> time_point) -> std::time_t {
+  // Cannot use std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t since this would first
+  // require a cast to std::chrono::system_clock::time_point, which could
+  // overflow.
+  return detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<std::time_t>>(
+             time_point.time_since_epoch())
+      .count();
+}
+
 }  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 /**
-  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
-  expressed in local time. Unlike ``std::localtime``, this function is
-  thread-safe on most platforms.
+ * Converts given time since epoch as `std::time_t` value into calendar time,
+ * expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unlike `std::gmtime`, this
+ * function is thread-safe on most platforms.
  */
-inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time) {
+inline auto gmtime(std::time_t time) -> std::tm {
   struct dispatcher {
     std::time_t time_;
     std::tm tm_;
 
-    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+    inline dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
 
-    bool run() {
-      using namespace fmt::detail;
-      return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
-    }
-
-    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
-
-    bool handle(detail::null<>) {
-      using namespace fmt::detail;
-      return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
-    }
-
-    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
-
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
-    bool fallback(detail::null<>) {
-      using namespace fmt::detail;
-      std::tm* tm = std::localtime(&time_);
-      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
-      return tm != nullptr;
-    }
-#endif
-  };
-  dispatcher lt(time);
-  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
-  if (!lt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
-  return lt.tm_;
-}
-
-inline std::tm localtime(
-    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) {
-  return localtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point));
-}
-
-/**
-  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
-  expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unlike ``std::gmtime``, this
-  function is thread-safe on most platforms.
- */
-inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time) {
-  struct dispatcher {
-    std::time_t time_;
-    std::tm tm_;
-
-    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
-
-    bool run() {
+    inline auto run() -> bool {
       using namespace fmt::detail;
       return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
     }
 
-    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
+    inline auto handle(std::tm* tm) -> bool { return tm != nullptr; }
 
-    bool handle(detail::null<>) {
+    inline auto handle(detail::null<>) -> bool {
       using namespace fmt::detail;
       return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
     }
 
-    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
+    inline auto fallback(int res) -> bool { return res == 0; }
 
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
-    bool fallback(detail::null<>) {
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    inline auto fallback(detail::null<>) -> bool {
       std::tm* tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
       if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
       return tm != nullptr;
     }
 #endif
   };
-  dispatcher gt(time);
+  auto gt = dispatcher(time);
   // Too big time values may be unsupported.
   if (!gt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
   return gt.tm_;
 }
 
-inline std::tm gmtime(
-    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) {
-  return gmtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point));
+template <typename Duration>
+inline auto gmtime(sys_time<Duration> time_point) -> std::tm {
+  return gmtime(detail::to_time_t(time_point));
 }
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
 
-inline size_t strftime(char* str, size_t count, const char* format,
-                       const std::tm* time) {
-  // Assign to a pointer to suppress GCCs -Wformat-nonliteral
-  // First assign the nullptr to suppress -Wsuggest-attribute=format
-  std::size_t (*strftime)(char*, std::size_t, const char*, const std::tm*) =
-      nullptr;
-  strftime = std::strftime;
-  return strftime(str, count, format, time);
+// Writes two-digit numbers a, b and c separated by sep to buf.
+// The method by Pavel Novikov based on
+// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-unsigned-integer-to-time-string/.
+inline void write_digit2_separated(char* buf, unsigned a, unsigned b,
+                                   unsigned c, char sep) {
+  unsigned long long digits =
+      a | (b << 24) | (static_cast<unsigned long long>(c) << 48);
+  // Convert each value to BCD.
+  // We have x = a * 10 + b and we want to convert it to BCD y = a * 16 + b.
+  // The difference is
+  //   y - x = a * 6
+  // a can be found from x:
+  //   a = floor(x / 10)
+  // then
+  //   y = x + a * 6 = x + floor(x / 10) * 6
+  // floor(x / 10) is (x * 205) >> 11 (needs 16 bits).
+  digits += (((digits * 205) >> 11) & 0x000f00000f00000f) * 6;
+  // Put low nibbles to high bytes and high nibbles to low bytes.
+  digits = ((digits & 0x00f00000f00000f0) >> 4) |
+           ((digits & 0x000f00000f00000f) << 8);
+  auto usep = static_cast<unsigned long long>(sep);
+  // Add ASCII '0' to each digit byte and insert separators.
+  digits |= 0x3030003030003030 | (usep << 16) | (usep << 40);
+
+  constexpr size_t len = 8;
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    char tmp[len];
+    std::memcpy(tmp, &digits, len);
+    std::reverse_copy(tmp, tmp + len, buf);
+  } else {
+    std::memcpy(buf, &digits, len);
+  }
 }
 
-inline size_t strftime(wchar_t* str, size_t count, const wchar_t* format,
-                       const std::tm* time) {
-  // See above
-  std::size_t (*wcsftime)(wchar_t*, std::size_t, const wchar_t*,
-                          const std::tm*) = nullptr;
-  wcsftime = std::wcsftime;
-  return wcsftime(str, count, format, time);
-}
-
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename Char, typename Duration>
-struct formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
-                 Char> : formatter<std::tm, Char> {
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> val,
-              FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    std::tm time = localtime(val);
-    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    auto it = ctx.begin();
-    if (it != ctx.end() && *it == ':') ++it;
-    auto end = it;
-    while (end != ctx.end() && *end != '}') ++end;
-    specs = {it, detail::to_unsigned(end - it)};
-    return end;
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) const
-      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> tm_format;
-    tm_format.append(specs.begin(), specs.end());
-    // By appending an extra space we can distinguish an empty result that
-    // indicates insufficient buffer size from a guaranteed non-empty result
-    // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2238
-    tm_format.push_back(' ');
-    tm_format.push_back('\0');
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
-    size_t start = buf.size();
-    for (;;) {
-      size_t size = buf.capacity() - start;
-      size_t count = detail::strftime(&buf[start], size, &tm_format[0], &tm);
-      if (count != 0) {
-        buf.resize(start + count);
-        break;
-      }
-      const size_t MIN_GROWTH = 10;
-      buf.reserve(buf.capacity() + (size > MIN_GROWTH ? size : MIN_GROWTH));
-    }
-    // Remove the extra space.
-    return std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end() - 1, ctx.out());
-  }
-
-  basic_string_view<Char> specs;
-};
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* get_units() {
+template <typename Period>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto get_units() -> const char* {
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::atto>::value) return "as";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::femto>::value) return "fs";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::pico>::value) return "ps";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::nano>::value) return "ns";
-  if (std::is_same<Period, std::micro>::value) return "µs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::micro>::value)
+    return detail::use_utf8 ? "µs" : "us";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::milli>::value) return "ms";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::centi>::value) return "cs";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::deci>::value) return "ds";
@@ -519,8 +593,9 @@ template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* get_units() {
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::tera>::value) return "Ts";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::peta>::value) return "Ps";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::exa>::value) return "Es";
-  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<60>>::value) return "m";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<60>>::value) return "min";
   if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<3600>>::value) return "h";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<86400>>::value) return "d";
   return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -530,13 +605,37 @@ enum class numeric_system {
   alternative
 };
 
+// Glibc extensions for formatting numeric values.
+enum class pad_type {
+  // Pad a numeric result string with zeros (the default).
+  zero,
+  // Do not pad a numeric result string.
+  none,
+  // Pad a numeric result string with spaces.
+  space,
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_padding(OutputIt out, pad_type pad, int width) -> OutputIt {
+  if (pad == pad_type::none) return out;
+  return detail::fill_n(out, width, pad == pad_type::space ? ' ' : '0');
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_padding(OutputIt out, pad_type pad) -> OutputIt {
+  if (pad != pad_type::none) *out++ = pad == pad_type::space ? ' ' : '0';
+  return out;
+}
+
 // Parses a put_time-like format string and invokes handler actions.
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
-                                              const Char* end,
-                                              Handler&& handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                       Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return begin;
+  if (*begin != '%') FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
   auto ptr = begin;
   while (ptr != end) {
+    pad_type pad = pad_type::zero;
     auto c = *ptr;
     if (c == '}') break;
     if (c != '%') {
@@ -546,11 +645,21 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
     if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
     ++ptr;  // consume '%'
     if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    c = *ptr;
+    switch (c) {
+    case '_':
+      pad = pad_type::space;
+      ++ptr;
+      break;
+    case '-':
+      pad = pad_type::none;
+      ++ptr;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
     c = *ptr++;
     switch (c) {
-    case '%':
-      handler.on_text(ptr - 1, ptr);
-      break;
+    case '%': handler.on_text(ptr - 1, ptr); break;
     case 'n': {
       const Char newline[] = {'\n'};
       handler.on_text(newline, newline + 1);
@@ -561,95 +670,67 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
       handler.on_text(tab, tab + 1);
       break;
     }
+    // Year:
+    case 'Y': handler.on_year(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'y': handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'C': handler.on_century(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'G': handler.on_iso_week_based_year(); break;
+    case 'g': handler.on_iso_week_based_short_year(); break;
     // Day of the week:
-    case 'a':
-      handler.on_abbr_weekday();
-      break;
-    case 'A':
-      handler.on_full_weekday();
-      break;
-    case 'w':
-      handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'u':
-      handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
+    case 'a': handler.on_abbr_weekday(); break;
+    case 'A': handler.on_full_weekday(); break;
+    case 'w': handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'u': handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::standard); break;
     // Month:
     case 'b':
-      handler.on_abbr_month();
+    case 'h': handler.on_abbr_month(); break;
+    case 'B': handler.on_full_month(); break;
+    case 'm': handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    // Day of the year/month:
+    case 'U':
+      handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard, pad);
       break;
-    case 'B':
-      handler.on_full_month();
+    case 'W':
+      handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard, pad);
+      break;
+    case 'V': handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'j': handler.on_day_of_year(pad); break;
+    case 'd': handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'e':
+      handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::space);
       break;
     // Hour, minute, second:
-    case 'H':
-      handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'I':
-      handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'M':
-      handler.on_minute(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'S':
-      handler.on_second(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
+    case 'H': handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'I': handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'M': handler.on_minute(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
+    case 'S': handler.on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad); break;
     // Other:
-    case 'c':
-      handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'x':
-      handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'X':
-      handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::standard);
-      break;
-    case 'D':
-      handler.on_us_date();
-      break;
-    case 'F':
-      handler.on_iso_date();
-      break;
-    case 'r':
-      handler.on_12_hour_time();
-      break;
-    case 'R':
-      handler.on_24_hour_time();
-      break;
-    case 'T':
-      handler.on_iso_time();
-      break;
-    case 'p':
-      handler.on_am_pm();
-      break;
-    case 'Q':
-      handler.on_duration_value();
-      break;
-    case 'q':
-      handler.on_duration_unit();
-      break;
-    case 'z':
-      handler.on_utc_offset();
-      break;
-    case 'Z':
-      handler.on_tz_name();
-      break;
+    case 'c': handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'x': handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'X': handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'D': handler.on_us_date(); break;
+    case 'F': handler.on_iso_date(); break;
+    case 'r': handler.on_12_hour_time(); break;
+    case 'R': handler.on_24_hour_time(); break;
+    case 'T': handler.on_iso_time(); break;
+    case 'p': handler.on_am_pm(); break;
+    case 'Q': handler.on_duration_value(); break;
+    case 'q': handler.on_duration_unit(); break;
+    case 'z': handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::standard); break;
+    case 'Z': handler.on_tz_name(); break;
     // Alternative representation:
     case 'E': {
       if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       c = *ptr++;
       switch (c) {
-      case 'c':
-        handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::alternative);
-        break;
-      case 'x':
-        handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::alternative);
-        break;
-      case 'X':
-        handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative);
-        break;
-      default:
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      case 'Y': handler.on_year(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'y': handler.on_offset_year(); break;
+      case 'C': handler.on_century(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'c': handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'x': handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'X': handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'z': handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      default:  FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -657,30 +738,34 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
       if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       c = *ptr++;
       switch (c) {
-      case 'w':
-        handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+      case 'y': handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'm': handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'U':
+        handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
         break;
-      case 'u':
-        handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+      case 'W':
+        handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
         break;
-      case 'H':
-        handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
+      case 'V':
+        handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
         break;
-      case 'I':
-        handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
+      case 'd':
+        handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
         break;
-      case 'M':
-        handler.on_minute(numeric_system::alternative);
+      case 'e':
+        handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::alternative, pad_type::space);
         break;
-      case 'S':
-        handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative);
-        break;
-      default:
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      case 'w': handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'u': handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      case 'H': handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'I': handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'M': handler.on_minute(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'S': handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative, pad); break;
+      case 'z': handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::alternative); break;
+      default:  FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       }
       break;
-    default:
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    default: FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
     }
     begin = ptr;
   }
@@ -692,12 +777,32 @@ template <typename Derived> struct null_chrono_spec_handler {
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void unsupported() {
     static_cast<Derived*>(this)->unsupported();
   }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system, pad_type) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system, pad_type) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {
+    unsupported();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {
+    unsupported();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {
+    unsupported();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year(pad_type) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system, pad_type) {
+    unsupported();
+  }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
@@ -713,68 +818,694 @@ template <typename Derived> struct null_chrono_spec_handler {
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() { unsupported(); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() { unsupported(); }
 };
 
-struct chrono_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<chrono_format_checker> {
-  FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }
+class tm_format_checker : public null_chrono_spec_handler<tm_format_checker> {
+ private:
+  bool has_timezone_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr explicit tm_format_checker(bool has_timezone)
+      : has_timezone_(has_timezone) {}
+
+  FMT_NORETURN inline void unsupported() {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("no format"));
+  }
 
   template <typename Char>
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year(pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) {
+    if (!has_timezone_) FMT_THROW(format_error("no timezone"));
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() {
+    if (!has_timezone_) FMT_THROW(format_error("no timezone"));
+  }
+};
+
+inline auto tm_wday_full_name(int wday) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "Sunday",   "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
+      "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? full_name_list[wday] : "?";
+}
+inline auto tm_wday_short_name(int wday) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
+                                                    "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? short_name_list[wday] : "???";
+}
+
+inline auto tm_mon_full_name(int mon) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "January", "February", "March",     "April",   "May",      "June",
+      "July",    "August",   "September", "October", "November", "December"};
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? full_name_list[mon] : "?";
+}
+inline auto tm_mon_short_name(int mon) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {
+      "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+      "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  };
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? short_name_list[mon] : "???";
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct has_tm_gmtoff : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_tm_gmtoff<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_gmtoff)>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename = void> struct has_tm_zone : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_tm_zone<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_zone)>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+auto set_tm_zone(T& time, char* tz) -> bool {
+  time.tm_zone = tz;
+  return true;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+auto set_tm_zone(T&, char*) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+inline auto utc() -> char* {
+  static char tz[] = "UTC";
+  return tz;
+}
+
+// Converts value to Int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) -> Int {
+  if (!std::is_unsigned<Int>::value &&
+      (value < 0 || to_unsigned(value) > to_unsigned(upper))) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("chrono value is out of range"));
+  }
+  return static_cast<Int>(value);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) -> Int {
+  auto int_value = static_cast<Int>(value);
+  if (int_value < 0 || value > static_cast<T>(upper))
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid value"));
+  return int_value;
+}
+
+constexpr auto pow10(std::uint32_t n) -> long long {
+  return n == 0 ? 1 : 10 * pow10(n - 1);
+}
+
+// Counts the number of fractional digits in the range [0, 18] according to the
+// C++20 spec. If more than 18 fractional digits are required then returns 6 for
+// microseconds precision.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N = 0,
+          bool Enabled = (N < 19) && (Num <= max_value<long long>() / 10)>
+struct count_fractional_digits {
+  static constexpr int value =
+      Num % Den == 0 ? N : count_fractional_digits<Num * 10, Den, N + 1>::value;
+};
+
+// Base case that doesn't instantiate any more templates
+// in order to avoid overflow.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N>
+struct count_fractional_digits<Num, Den, N, false> {
+  static constexpr int value = (Num % Den == 0) ? N : 6;
+};
+
+// Format subseconds which are given as an integer type with an appropriate
+// number of digits.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Duration>
+void write_fractional_seconds(OutputIt& out, Duration d, int precision = -1) {
+  constexpr auto num_fractional_digits =
+      count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num,
+                              Duration::period::den>::value;
+
+  using subsecond_precision = std::chrono::duration<
+      typename std::common_type<typename Duration::rep,
+                                std::chrono::seconds::rep>::type,
+      std::ratio<1, pow10(num_fractional_digits)>>;
+
+  const auto fractional = d - detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  const auto subseconds =
+      std::chrono::treat_as_floating_point<
+          typename subsecond_precision::rep>::value
+          ? fractional.count()
+          : detail::duration_cast<subsecond_precision>(fractional).count();
+  auto n = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long>>(subseconds);
+  const int num_digits = count_digits(n);
+
+  int leading_zeroes = (std::max)(0, num_fractional_digits - num_digits);
+  if (precision < 0) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(!std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value, "");
+    if (std::ratio_less<typename subsecond_precision::period,
+                        std::chrono::seconds::period>::value) {
+      *out++ = '.';
+      out = detail::fill_n(out, leading_zeroes, '0');
+      out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, num_digits);
+    }
+  } else if (precision > 0) {
+    *out++ = '.';
+    leading_zeroes = min_of(leading_zeroes, precision);
+    int remaining = precision - leading_zeroes;
+    out = detail::fill_n(out, leading_zeroes, '0');
+    if (remaining < num_digits) {
+      int num_truncated_digits = num_digits - remaining;
+      n /= to_unsigned(pow10(to_unsigned(num_truncated_digits)));
+      if (n != 0) out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, remaining);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (n != 0) {
+      out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, num_digits);
+      remaining -= num_digits;
+    }
+    out = detail::fill_n(out, remaining, '0');
+  }
+}
+
+// Format subseconds which are given as a floating point type with an
+// appropriate number of digits. We cannot pass the Duration here, as we
+// explicitly need to pass the Rep value in the duration_formatter.
+template <typename Duration>
+void write_floating_seconds(memory_buffer& buf, Duration duration,
+                            int num_fractional_digits = -1) {
+  using rep = typename Duration::rep;
+  FMT_ASSERT(std::is_floating_point<rep>::value, "");
+
+  auto val = duration.count();
+
+  if (num_fractional_digits < 0) {
+    // For `std::round` with fallback to `round`:
+    // On some toolchains `std::round` is not available (e.g. GCC 6).
+    using namespace std;
+    num_fractional_digits =
+        count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num,
+                                Duration::period::den>::value;
+    if (num_fractional_digits < 6 && static_cast<rep>(round(val)) != val)
+      num_fractional_digits = 6;
+  }
+
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buf), FMT_STRING("{:.{}f}"),
+                 std::fmod(val * static_cast<rep>(Duration::period::num) /
+                               static_cast<rep>(Duration::period::den),
+                           static_cast<rep>(60)),
+                 num_fractional_digits);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename Duration = std::chrono::seconds>
+class tm_writer {
+ private:
+  static constexpr int days_per_week = 7;
+
+  const std::locale& loc_;
+  bool is_classic_;
+  OutputIt out_;
+  const Duration* subsecs_;
+  const std::tm& tm_;
+
+  auto tm_sec() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_sec >= 0 && tm_.tm_sec <= 61, "");
+    return tm_.tm_sec;
+  }
+  auto tm_min() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_min >= 0 && tm_.tm_min <= 59, "");
+    return tm_.tm_min;
+  }
+  auto tm_hour() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_hour >= 0 && tm_.tm_hour <= 23, "");
+    return tm_.tm_hour;
+  }
+  auto tm_mday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mday >= 1 && tm_.tm_mday <= 31, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mday;
+  }
+  auto tm_mon() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mon >= 0 && tm_.tm_mon <= 11, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mon;
+  }
+  auto tm_year() const noexcept -> long long { return 1900ll + tm_.tm_year; }
+  auto tm_wday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_wday >= 0 && tm_.tm_wday <= 6, "");
+    return tm_.tm_wday;
+  }
+  auto tm_yday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_yday >= 0 && tm_.tm_yday <= 365, "");
+    return tm_.tm_yday;
+  }
+
+  auto tm_hour12() const noexcept -> int {
+    auto h = tm_hour();
+    auto z = h < 12 ? h : h - 12;
+    return z == 0 ? 12 : z;
+  }
+
+  // POSIX and the C Standard are unclear or inconsistent about what %C and %y
+  // do if the year is negative or exceeds 9999. Use the convention that %C
+  // concatenated with %y yields the same output as %Y, and that %Y contains at
+  // least 4 characters, with more only if necessary.
+  auto split_year_lower(long long year) const noexcept -> int {
+    auto l = year % 100;
+    if (l < 0) l = -l;  // l in [0, 99]
+    return static_cast<int>(l);
+  }
+
+  // Algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date.
+  auto iso_year_weeks(long long curr_year) const noexcept -> int {
+    auto prev_year = curr_year - 1;
+    auto curr_p =
+        (curr_year + curr_year / 4 - curr_year / 100 + curr_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    auto prev_p =
+        (prev_year + prev_year / 4 - prev_year / 100 + prev_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    return 52 + ((curr_p == 4 || prev_p == 3) ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+  auto iso_week_num(int tm_yday, int tm_wday) const noexcept -> int {
+    return (tm_yday + 11 - (tm_wday == 0 ? days_per_week : tm_wday)) /
+           days_per_week;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_year() const noexcept -> long long {
+    auto year = tm_year();
+    auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return year - 1;
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return year + 1;
+    return year;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_of_year() const noexcept -> int {
+    auto year = tm_year();
+    auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return iso_year_weeks(year - 1);
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return 1;
+    return w;
+  }
+
+  void write1(int value) {
+    *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + to_unsigned(value) % 10);
+  }
+  void write2(int value) {
+    const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(value) % 100);
+    *out_++ = *d++;
+    *out_++ = *d;
+  }
+  void write2(int value, pad_type pad) {
+    unsigned int v = to_unsigned(value) % 100;
+    if (v >= 10) {
+      const char* d = digits2(v);
+      *out_++ = *d++;
+      *out_++ = *d;
+    } else {
+      out_ = detail::write_padding(out_, pad);
+      *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + v);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write_year_extended(long long year, pad_type pad) {
+    // At least 4 characters.
+    int width = 4;
+    bool negative = year < 0;
+    if (negative) {
+      year = 0 - year;
+      --width;
+    }
+    uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n = to_unsigned(year);
+    const int num_digits = count_digits(n);
+    if (negative && pad == pad_type::zero) *out_++ = '-';
+    if (width > num_digits)
+      out_ = detail::write_padding(out_, pad, width - num_digits);
+    if (negative && pad != pad_type::zero) *out_++ = '-';
+    out_ = format_decimal<Char>(out_, n, num_digits);
+  }
+  void write_year(long long year, pad_type pad) {
+    write_year_extended(year, pad);
+  }
+
+  void write_utc_offset(long long offset, numeric_system ns) {
+    if (offset < 0) {
+      *out_++ = '-';
+      offset = -offset;
+    } else {
+      *out_++ = '+';
+    }
+    offset /= 60;
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset / 60));
+    if (ns != numeric_system::standard) *out_++ = ':';
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset % 60));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset(const T& tm, numeric_system ns) {
+    write_utc_offset(tm.tm_gmtoff, ns);
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset(const T&, numeric_system ns) {
+    write_utc_offset(0, ns);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name(const T& tm) {
+    out_ = write_tm_str<Char>(out_, tm.tm_zone, loc_);
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name(const T&) {
+    out_ = std::copy_n(utc(), 3, out_);
+  }
+
+  void format_localized(char format, char modifier = 0) {
+    out_ = write<Char>(out_, tm_, loc_, format, modifier);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  tm_writer(const std::locale& loc, OutputIt out, const std::tm& tm,
+            const Duration* subsecs = nullptr)
+      : loc_(loc),
+        is_classic_(loc_ == get_classic_locale()),
+        out_(out),
+        subsecs_(subsecs),
+        tm_(tm) {}
+
+  auto out() const -> OutputIt { return out_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    out_ = copy<Char>(begin, end, out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_short_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('a');
+  }
+  void on_full_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_full_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('A');
+  }
+  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write1(tm_wday());
+    format_localized('w', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write1(wday == 0 ? days_per_week : wday);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('u', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_short_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('b');
+  }
+  void on_full_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_full_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('B');
+  }
+
+  void on_datetime(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      on_abbr_weekday();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_abbr_month();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::space);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_iso_time();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_year(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::space);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('c', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_loc_date(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_us_date();
+    else
+      format_localized('x', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_loc_time(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_iso_time();
+    else
+      format_localized('X', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_us_date() {
+    char buf[8];
+    write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           to_unsigned(split_year_lower(tm_year())), '/');
+    out_ = copy<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+  void on_iso_date() {
+    auto year = tm_year();
+    char buf[10];
+    size_t offset = 0;
+    if (year >= 0 && year < 10000) {
+      write2digits(buf, static_cast<size_t>(year / 100));
+    } else {
+      offset = 4;
+      write_year_extended(year, pad_type::zero);
+      year = 0;
+    }
+    write_digit2_separated(buf + 2, static_cast<unsigned>(year % 100),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1), to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           '-');
+    out_ = copy<Char>(std::begin(buf) + offset, std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_utc_offset(numeric_system ns) { format_utc_offset(tm_, ns); }
+  void on_tz_name() { format_tz_name(tm_); }
+
+  void on_year(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write_year(tm_year(), pad);
+    format_localized('Y', 'E');
+  }
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_offset_year() {
+    if (is_classic_) return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'E');
+  }
+
+  void on_century(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto year = tm_year();
+      auto upper = year / 100;
+      if (year >= -99 && year < 0) {
+        // Zero upper on negative year.
+        *out_++ = '-';
+        *out_++ = '0';
+      } else if (upper >= 0 && upper < 100) {
+        write2(static_cast<int>(upper));
+      } else {
+        out_ = write<Char>(out_, upper);
+      }
+    } else {
+      format_localized('C', 'E');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_mon() + 1, pad);
+    format_localized('m', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week - tm_wday()) / days_per_week,
+                    pad);
+    format_localized('U', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week -
+              (wday == 0 ? (days_per_week - 1) : (wday - 1))) /
+                 days_per_week,
+             pad);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('W', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_iso_week_of_year(), pad);
+    format_localized('V', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() {
+    write_year(tm_iso_week_year(), pad_type::zero);
+  }
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {
+    write2(split_year_lower(tm_iso_week_year()));
+  }
+
+  void on_day_of_year(pad_type pad) {
+    auto yday = tm_yday() + 1;
+    auto digit1 = yday / 100;
+    if (digit1 != 0)
+      write1(digit1);
+    else
+      out_ = detail::write_padding(out_, pad);
+    write2(yday % 100, pad);
+  }
+
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_mday(), pad);
+    format_localized('d', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_hour(), pad);
+    format_localized('H', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_hour12(), pad);
+    format_localized('I', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_min(), pad);
+    format_localized('M', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      write2(tm_sec(), pad);
+      if (subsecs_) {
+        if (std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value) {
+          auto buf = memory_buffer();
+          write_floating_seconds(buf, *subsecs_);
+          if (buf.size() > 1) {
+            // Remove the leading "0", write something like ".123".
+            out_ = copy<Char>(buf.begin() + 1, buf.end(), out_);
+          }
+        } else {
+          write_fractional_seconds<Char>(out_, *subsecs_);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Currently no formatting of subseconds when a locale is set.
+      format_localized('S', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      char buf[8];
+      write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour12()),
+                             to_unsigned(tm_min()), to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
+      out_ = copy<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_am_pm();
+    } else {
+      format_localized('r');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_24_hour_time() {
+    write2(tm_hour());
+    *out_++ = ':';
+    write2(tm_min());
+  }
+  void on_iso_time() {
+    on_24_hour_time();
+    *out_++ = ':';
+    on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::zero);
+  }
+
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      *out_++ = tm_hour() < 12 ? 'A' : 'P';
+      *out_++ = 'M';
+    } else {
+      format_localized('p');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // These apply to chrono durations but not tm.
+  void on_duration_value() {}
+  void on_duration_unit() {}
+};
+
+struct chrono_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<chrono_format_checker> {
+  bool has_precision_integral = false;
+
+  FMT_NORETURN inline void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year(pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() const {
+    if (has_precision_integral)
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("precision not allowed for this argument type"));
+  }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() {}
 };
 
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline bool isnan(T) {
-  return false;
-}
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-inline bool isnan(T value) {
-  return std::isnan(value);
-}
-
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline bool isfinite(T) {
+template <typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value&& has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+inline auto isfinite(T) -> bool {
   return true;
 }
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-inline bool isfinite(T value) {
-  return std::isfinite(value);
-}
-
-// Converts value to int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline int to_nonnegative_int(T value, int upper) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0 && to_unsigned(value) <= to_unsigned(upper),
-             "invalid value");
-  (void)upper;
-  return static_cast<int>(value);
-}
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline int to_nonnegative_int(T value, int upper) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(
-      std::isnan(value) || (value >= 0 && value <= static_cast<T>(upper)),
-      "invalid value");
-  (void)upper;
-  return static_cast<int>(value);
-}
 
 template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+inline auto mod(T x, int y) -> T {
   return x % static_cast<T>(y);
 }
 template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+inline auto mod(T x, int y) -> T {
   return std::fmod(x, static_cast<T>(y));
 }
 
@@ -789,81 +1520,58 @@ template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged<T, true> {
   using type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
 };
 
-#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
-// throwing version of safe_duration_cast
-template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod>
-To fmt_safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) {
-  int ec;
-  To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
-  if (ec) FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
-  return to;
-}
-#endif
-
 template <typename Rep, typename Period,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
-inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(
-    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
-  // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
-  // target type.
+inline auto get_milliseconds(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
+    -> std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> {
+  // This may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the target type.
 #if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
-  using CommonSecondsType =
+  using common_seconds_type =
       typename std::common_type<decltype(d), std::chrono::seconds>::type;
-  const auto d_as_common = fmt_safe_duration_cast<CommonSecondsType>(d);
-  const auto d_as_whole_seconds =
-      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
-  // this conversion should be nonproblematic
-  const auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
-  const auto ms =
-      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
+  auto d_as_common = detail::duration_cast<common_seconds_type>(d);
+  auto d_as_whole_seconds =
+      detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
+  // This conversion should be nonproblematic.
+  auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
+  auto ms = detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
   return ms;
 #else
-  auto s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
-  return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
+  auto s = detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  return detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
 #endif
 }
 
-template <typename Rep, typename Period,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
-inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(
-    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
-  using common_type = typename std::common_type<Rep, std::intmax_t>::type;
-  auto ms = mod(d.count() * static_cast<common_type>(Period::num) /
-                    static_cast<common_type>(Period::den) * 1000,
-                1000);
-  return std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>(static_cast<Rep>(ms));
-}
-
 template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
-OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int) {
+auto format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int) -> OutputIt {
   return write<Char>(out, val);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
-OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision) {
-  auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
+auto format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision) -> OutputIt {
+  auto specs = format_specs();
   specs.precision = precision;
-  specs.type = precision > 0 ? 'f' : 'g';
+  specs.set_type(precision >= 0 ? presentation_type::fixed
+                                : presentation_type::general);
   return write<Char>(out, val, specs);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, Char) {
-  return std::copy(unit.begin(), unit.end(), out);
+auto copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, Char) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy<Char>(unit.begin(), unit.end(), out);
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIt>
-OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, wchar_t) {
+auto copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, wchar_t) -> OutputIt {
   // This works when wchar_t is UTF-32 because units only contain characters
   // that have the same representation in UTF-16 and UTF-32.
   utf8_to_utf16 u(unit);
-  return std::copy(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
+  return copy<wchar_t>(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename Period, typename OutputIt>
-OutputIt format_duration_unit(OutputIt out) {
+auto format_duration_unit(OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
   if (const char* unit = get_units<Period>())
     return copy_unit(string_view(unit), out, Char());
   *out++ = '[';
@@ -877,31 +1585,53 @@ OutputIt format_duration_unit(OutputIt out) {
   return out;
 }
 
-template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt, typename Rep,
-          typename Period>
-struct chrono_formatter {
-  FormatContext& context;
-  OutputIt out;
-  int precision;
-  bool localized = false;
+class get_locale {
+ private:
+  union {
+    std::locale locale_;
+  };
+  bool has_locale_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  inline get_locale(bool localized, locale_ref loc) : has_locale_(localized) {
+    if (!localized) return;
+    ignore_unused(loc);
+    ::new (&locale_) std::locale(
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+        loc.template get<std::locale>()
+#endif
+    );
+  }
+  inline ~get_locale() {
+    if (has_locale_) locale_.~locale();
+  }
+  inline operator const std::locale&() const {
+    return has_locale_ ? locale_ : get_classic_locale();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename Period>
+struct duration_formatter {
+  using iterator = basic_appender<Char>;
+  iterator out;
   // rep is unsigned to avoid overflow.
   using rep =
       conditional_t<std::is_integral<Rep>::value && sizeof(Rep) < sizeof(int),
                     unsigned, typename make_unsigned_or_unchanged<Rep>::type>;
   rep val;
+  int precision;
+  locale_ref locale;
+  bool localized = false;
   using seconds = std::chrono::duration<rep>;
   seconds s;
   using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<rep, std::milli>;
   bool negative;
 
-  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+  using tm_writer_type = tm_writer<iterator, Char>;
 
-  explicit chrono_formatter(FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt o,
-                            std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
-      : context(ctx),
-        out(o),
-        val(static_cast<rep>(d.count())),
-        negative(false) {
+  duration_formatter(iterator o, std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d,
+                     locale_ref loc)
+      : out(o), val(static_cast<rep>(d.count())), locale(loc), negative(false) {
     if (d.count() < 0) {
       val = 0 - val;
       negative = true;
@@ -909,45 +1639,41 @@ struct chrono_formatter {
 
     // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
     // target type.
-#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
     // might need checked conversion (rep!=Rep)
-    auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val);
-    s = fmt_safe_duration_cast<seconds>(tmpval);
-#else
-    s = std::chrono::duration_cast<seconds>(
-        std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
-#endif
+    s = detail::duration_cast<seconds>(std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
   }
 
   // returns true if nan or inf, writes to out.
-  bool handle_nan_inf() {
-    if (isfinite(val)) {
-      return false;
-    }
+  auto handle_nan_inf() -> bool {
+    if (isfinite(val)) return false;
     if (isnan(val)) {
       write_nan();
       return true;
     }
     // must be +-inf
-    if (val > 0) {
-      write_pinf();
-    } else {
-      write_ninf();
-    }
+    if (val > 0)
+      std::copy_n("inf", 3, out);
+    else
+      std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out);
     return true;
   }
 
-  Rep hour() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24)); }
+  auto days() const -> Rep { return static_cast<Rep>(s.count() / 86400); }
+  auto hour() const -> Rep {
+    return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24));
+  }
 
-  Rep hour12() const {
+  auto hour12() const -> Rep {
     Rep hour = static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 12));
     return hour <= 0 ? 12 : hour;
   }
 
-  Rep minute() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60)); }
-  Rep second() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }
+  auto minute() const -> Rep {
+    return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60));
+  }
+  auto second() const -> Rep { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }
 
-  std::tm time() const {
+  auto time() const -> std::tm {
     auto time = std::tm();
     time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
     time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
@@ -956,35 +1682,36 @@ struct chrono_formatter {
   }
 
   void write_sign() {
-    if (negative) {
-      *out++ = '-';
-      negative = false;
-    }
+    if (!negative) return;
+    *out++ = '-';
+    negative = false;
   }
 
-  void write(Rep value, int width) {
+  void write(Rep value, int width, pad_type pad = pad_type::zero) {
     write_sign();
     if (isnan(value)) return write_nan();
     uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int> n =
         to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(value, max_value<int>()));
     int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
-    if (width > num_digits) out = std::fill_n(out, width - num_digits, '0');
-    out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+    if (width > num_digits) {
+      out = detail::write_padding(out, pad, width - num_digits);
+    }
+    out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, num_digits);
   }
 
   void write_nan() { std::copy_n("nan", 3, out); }
-  void write_pinf() { std::copy_n("inf", 3, out); }
-  void write_ninf() { std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out); }
 
-  void format_localized(const tm& time, char format, char modifier = 0) {
+  template <typename Callback, typename... Args>
+  void format_tm(const tm& time, Callback cb, Args... args) {
     if (isnan(val)) return write_nan();
-    const auto& loc = localized ? context.locale().template get<std::locale>()
-                                : std::locale::classic();
-    out = detail::write(out, time, loc, format, modifier);
+    get_locale loc(localized, locale);
+    auto w = tm_writer_type(loc, out, time);
+    (w.*cb)(args...);
+    out = w.out();
   }
 
-  void on_text(const char_type* begin, const char_type* end) {
-    std::copy(begin, end, out);
+  void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    copy<Char>(begin, end, out);
   }
 
   // These are not implemented because durations don't have date information.
@@ -999,64 +1726,79 @@ struct chrono_formatter {
   void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
   void on_us_date() {}
   void on_iso_date() {}
-  void on_utc_offset() {}
+  void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) {}
   void on_tz_name() {}
+  void on_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_offset_year() {}
+  void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
 
-  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+  void on_day_of_year(pad_type) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    write(days(), 0);
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
 
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour(), 2);
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour(), 2, pad);
     auto time = tm();
     time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
-    format_localized(time, 'H', 'O');
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_24_hour, ns, pad);
   }
 
-  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
 
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour12(), 2);
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour12(), 2, pad);
     auto time = tm();
     time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour12(), 12);
-    format_localized(time, 'I', 'O');
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour, ns, pad);
   }
 
-  void on_minute(numeric_system ns) {
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
 
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(minute(), 2);
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(minute(), 2, pad);
     auto time = tm();
     time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
-    format_localized(time, 'M', 'O');
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_minute, ns, pad);
   }
 
-  void on_second(numeric_system ns) {
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
 
     if (ns == numeric_system::standard) {
-      write(second(), 2);
-#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
-      // convert rep->Rep
-      using duration_rep = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>;
-      using duration_Rep = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
-      auto tmpval = fmt_safe_duration_cast<duration_Rep>(duration_rep{val});
-#else
-      auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>(val);
-#endif
-      auto ms = get_milliseconds(tmpval);
-      if (ms != std::chrono::milliseconds(0)) {
-        *out++ = '.';
-        write(ms.count(), 3);
+      if (std::is_floating_point<rep>::value) {
+        auto buf = memory_buffer();
+        write_floating_seconds(buf, std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val),
+                               precision);
+        if (negative) *out++ = '-';
+        if (buf.size() < 2 || buf[1] == '.')
+          out = detail::write_padding(out, pad);
+        out = copy<Char>(buf.begin(), buf.end(), out);
+      } else {
+        write(second(), 2, pad);
+        write_fractional_seconds<Char>(
+            out, std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val), precision);
       }
       return;
     }
     auto time = tm();
     time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
-    format_localized(time, 'S', 'O');
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_second, ns, pad);
   }
 
   void on_12_hour_time() {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
-    format_localized(time(), 'r');
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour_time);
   }
 
   void on_24_hour_time() {
@@ -1075,185 +1817,430 @@ struct chrono_formatter {
     on_24_hour_time();
     *out++ = ':';
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
-    write(second(), 2);
+    on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::zero);
   }
 
   void on_am_pm() {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
-    format_localized(time(), 'p');
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_am_pm);
   }
 
   void on_duration_value() {
     if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
     write_sign();
-    out = format_duration_value<char_type>(out, val, precision);
+    out = format_duration_value<Char>(out, val, precision);
   }
 
-  void on_duration_unit() {
-    out = format_duration_unit<char_type, Period>(out);
-  }
+  void on_duration_unit() { out = format_duration_unit<Char, Period>(out); }
 };
 
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+}  // namespace detail
 
 #if defined(__cpp_lib_chrono) && __cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907
 using weekday = std::chrono::weekday;
+using day = std::chrono::day;
+using month = std::chrono::month;
+using year = std::chrono::year;
+using year_month_day = std::chrono::year_month_day;
 #else
 // A fallback version of weekday.
 class weekday {
  private:
-  unsigned char value;
+  unsigned char value_;
 
  public:
   weekday() = default;
-  explicit constexpr weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept
-      : value(static_cast<unsigned char>(wd != 7 ? wd : 0)) {}
-  constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept { return value; }
+  constexpr explicit weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept
+      : value_(static_cast<unsigned char>(wd != 7 ? wd : 0)) {}
+  constexpr auto c_encoding() const noexcept -> unsigned { return value_; }
 };
-#endif
 
-// A rudimentary weekday formatter.
-template <> struct formatter<weekday> {
+class day {
  private:
-  bool localized = false;
+  unsigned char value_;
 
  public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
-    if (begin != end && *begin == 'L') {
-      ++begin;
-      localized = true;
+  day() = default;
+  constexpr explicit day(unsigned d) noexcept
+      : value_(static_cast<unsigned char>(d)) {}
+  constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept { return value_; }
+};
+
+class month {
+ private:
+  unsigned char value_;
+
+ public:
+  month() = default;
+  constexpr explicit month(unsigned m) noexcept
+      : value_(static_cast<unsigned char>(m)) {}
+  constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept { return value_; }
+};
+
+class year {
+ private:
+  int value_;
+
+ public:
+  year() = default;
+  constexpr explicit year(int y) noexcept : value_(y) {}
+  constexpr explicit operator int() const noexcept { return value_; }
+};
+
+class year_month_day {
+ private:
+  fmt::year year_;
+  fmt::month month_;
+  fmt::day day_;
+
+ public:
+  year_month_day() = default;
+  constexpr year_month_day(const year& y, const month& m, const day& d) noexcept
+      : year_(y), month_(m), day_(d) {}
+  constexpr auto year() const noexcept -> fmt::year { return year_; }
+  constexpr auto month() const noexcept -> fmt::month { return month_; }
+  constexpr auto day() const noexcept -> fmt::day { return day_; }
+};
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<weekday, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool use_tm_formatter_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it != end && *it == 'L') {
+      ++it;
+      this->set_localized();
     }
-    return begin;
+    use_tm_formatter_ = it != end && *it != '}';
+    return use_tm_formatter_ ? formatter<std::tm, Char>::parse(ctx) : it;
   }
 
-  auto format(weekday wd, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(weekday wd, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     auto time = std::tm();
     time.tm_wday = static_cast<int>(wd.c_encoding());
-    const auto& loc = localized ? ctx.locale().template get<std::locale>()
-                                : std::locale::classic();
-    return detail::write(ctx.out(), time, loc, 'a');
+    if (use_tm_formatter_) return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
+    detail::get_locale loc(this->localized(), ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_abbr_weekday();
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<day, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool use_tm_formatter_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    use_tm_formatter_ = it != end && *it != '}';
+    return use_tm_formatter_ ? formatter<std::tm, Char>::parse(ctx) : it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(day d, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_mday = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(d));
+    if (use_tm_formatter_) return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
+    detail::get_locale loc(false, ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_day_of_month(detail::numeric_system::standard, detail::pad_type::zero);
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<month, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool use_tm_formatter_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it != end && *it == 'L') {
+      ++it;
+      this->set_localized();
+    }
+    use_tm_formatter_ = it != end && *it != '}';
+    return use_tm_formatter_ ? formatter<std::tm, Char>::parse(ctx) : it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(month m, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_mon = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(m)) - 1;
+    if (use_tm_formatter_) return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
+    detail::get_locale loc(this->localized(), ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_abbr_month();
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<year, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool use_tm_formatter_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    use_tm_formatter_ = it != end && *it != '}';
+    return use_tm_formatter_ ? formatter<std::tm, Char>::parse(ctx) : it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(year y, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_year = static_cast<int>(y) - 1900;
+    if (use_tm_formatter_) return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
+    detail::get_locale loc(false, ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_year(detail::numeric_system::standard, detail::pad_type::zero);
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<year_month_day, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool use_tm_formatter_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    use_tm_formatter_ = it != end && *it != '}';
+    return use_tm_formatter_ ? formatter<std::tm, Char>::parse(ctx) : it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(year_month_day val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_year = static_cast<int>(val.year()) - 1900;
+    time.tm_mon = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(val.month())) - 1;
+    time.tm_mday = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(val.day()));
+    if (use_tm_formatter_) return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(time, ctx);
+    detail::get_locale loc(true, ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_iso_date();
+    return w.out();
   }
 };
 
 template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char>
 struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
  private:
-  basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
-  int precision = -1;
-  using arg_ref_type = detail::arg_ref<Char>;
-  arg_ref_type width_ref;
-  arg_ref_type precision_ref;
-  bool localized = false;
-  basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
-  using duration = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
-
-  struct spec_handler {
-    formatter& f;
-    basic_format_parse_context<Char>& context;
-    basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
-
-    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
-      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-      return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
-    }
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) {
-      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-      return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
-    }
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(detail::auto_id) {
-      return arg_ref_type(context.next_arg_id());
-    }
-
-    void on_error(const char* msg) { FMT_THROW(format_error(msg)); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) {
-      f.specs.fill = fill;
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { f.specs.align = align; }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { f.specs.width = width; }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int _precision) {
-      f.precision = _precision;
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
-
-    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
-      f.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
-    }
-
-    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
-      f.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
-    }
-  };
-
-  using iterator = typename basic_format_parse_context<Char>::iterator;
-  struct parse_range {
-    iterator begin;
-    iterator end;
-  };
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR parse_range do_parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx) {
-    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
-    if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return {begin, begin};
-    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx, format_str};
-    begin = detail::parse_align(begin, end, handler);
-    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
-    begin = detail::parse_width(begin, end, handler);
-    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
-    if (*begin == '.') {
-      if (std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)
-        begin = detail::parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
-      else
-        handler.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
-    }
-    if (begin != end && *begin == 'L') {
-      ++begin;
-      localized = true;
-    }
-    end = parse_chrono_format(begin, end, detail::chrono_format_checker());
-    return {begin, end};
-  }
+  format_specs specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> precision_ref_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> fmt_;
 
  public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
-      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    auto range = do_parse(ctx);
-    format_str = basic_string_view<Char>(
-        &*range.begin, detail::to_unsigned(range.end - range.begin));
-    return range.end;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    Char c = *it;
+    if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '{') {
+      it = detail::parse_width(it, end, specs_, width_ref_, ctx);
+      if (it == end) return it;
+    }
+
+    auto checker = detail::chrono_format_checker();
+    if (*it == '.') {
+      checker.has_precision_integral = !std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value;
+      it = detail::parse_precision(it, end, specs_, precision_ref_, ctx);
+    }
+    if (it != end && *it == 'L') {
+      specs_.set_localized();
+      ++it;
+    }
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(it, end, checker);
+    fmt_ = {it, detail::to_unsigned(end - it)};
+    return end;
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const duration& d, FormatContext& ctx) const
+  auto format(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d, FormatContext& ctx) const
       -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    auto specs_copy = specs;
-    auto precision_copy = precision;
-    auto begin = format_str.begin(), end = format_str.end();
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    auto precision = specs.precision;
+    specs.precision = -1;
+    auto begin = fmt_.begin(), end = fmt_.end();
     // As a possible future optimization, we could avoid extra copying if width
     // is not specified.
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
-    auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_copy.width,
-                                                       width_ref, ctx);
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(precision_copy,
-                                                           precision_ref, ctx);
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    auto out = basic_appender<Char>(buf);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), precision,
+                                precision_ref_, ctx);
     if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
-      out = detail::format_duration_value<Char>(out, d.count(), precision_copy);
+      out = detail::format_duration_value<Char>(out, d.count(), precision);
       detail::format_duration_unit<Char, Period>(out);
     } else {
-      detail::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out), Rep, Period> f(
-          ctx, out, d);
-      f.precision = precision_copy;
-      f.localized = localized;
+      auto f =
+          detail::duration_formatter<Char, Rep, Period>(out, d, ctx.locale());
+      f.precision = precision;
+      f.localized = specs_.localized();
       detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, f);
     }
     return detail::write(
-        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs_copy);
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
   }
 };
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  format_specs specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> fmt_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '%', 'F', ' ', '%', 'T'>();
+
+ protected:
+  auto localized() const -> bool { return specs_.localized(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_localized() { specs_.set_localized(); }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx, bool has_timezone)
+      -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    Char c = *it;
+    if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '{') {
+      it = detail::parse_width(it, end, specs_, width_ref_, ctx);
+      if (it == end) return it;
+    }
+
+    if (*it == 'L') {
+      specs_.set_localized();
+      ++it;
+    }
+
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(it, end,
+                                      detail::tm_format_checker(has_timezone));
+    // Replace the default format string only if the new spec is not empty.
+    if (end != it) fmt_ = {it, detail::to_unsigned(end - it)};
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Duration, typename FormatContext>
+  auto do_format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 const Duration* subsecs) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    auto out = basic_appender<Char>(buf);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                ctx);
+
+    auto loc_ref = specs.localized() ? ctx.locale() : locale_ref();
+    detail::get_locale loc(static_cast<bool>(loc_ref), loc_ref);
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<basic_appender<Char>, Char, Duration>(
+        loc, out, tm, subsecs);
+    detail::parse_chrono_format(fmt_.begin(), fmt_.end(), w);
+    return detail::write(
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return do_parse(ctx, detail::has_tm_gmtoff<std::tm>::value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return do_format<std::chrono::seconds>(tm, ctx, nullptr);
+  }
+};
+
+// DEPRECATED! Reversed order of template parameters.
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+struct formatter<sys_time<Duration>, Char> : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return this->do_parse(ctx, true);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(sys_time<Duration> val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    std::tm tm = gmtime(val);
+    using period = typename Duration::period;
+    if (detail::const_check(
+            period::num == 1 && period::den == 1 &&
+            !std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value)) {
+      detail::set_tm_zone(tm, detail::utc());
+      return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(tm, ctx);
+    }
+    Duration epoch = val.time_since_epoch();
+    Duration subsecs = detail::duration_cast<Duration>(
+        epoch - detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(epoch));
+    if (subsecs.count() < 0) {
+      auto second = detail::duration_cast<Duration>(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+      if (tm.tm_sec != 0) {
+        --tm.tm_sec;
+      } else {
+        tm = gmtime(val - second);
+        detail::set_tm_zone(tm, detail::utc());
+      }
+      subsecs += second;
+    }
+    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::do_format(tm, ctx, &subsecs);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Duration, typename Char>
+struct formatter<utc_time<Duration>, Char>
+    : formatter<sys_time<Duration>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(utc_time<Duration> val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<sys_time<Duration>, Char>::format(
+        detail::utc_clock::to_sys(val), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Duration, typename Char>
+struct formatter<local_time<Duration>, Char>
+    : private formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return this->do_parse(ctx, false);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(local_time<Duration> val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time_since_epoch = val.time_since_epoch();
+    auto seconds_since_epoch =
+        detail::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(time_since_epoch);
+    // Use gmtime to prevent time zone conversion since local_time has an
+    // unspecified time zone.
+    std::tm t = gmtime(seconds_since_epoch.count());
+    using period = typename Duration::period;
+    if (period::num == 1 && period::den == 1 &&
+        !std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value) {
+      return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(t, ctx);
+    }
+    auto subsecs =
+        detail::duration_cast<Duration>(time_since_epoch - seconds_since_epoch);
+    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::do_format(t, ctx, &subsecs);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_CHRONO_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/color.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
index 7fa5490..2cbc53c 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
@@ -10,15 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "format.h"
 
-// __declspec(deprecated) is broken in some MSVC versions.
-#if FMT_MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC
-#else
-#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC FMT_DEPRECATED
-#endif
-
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 enum class color : uint32_t {
   alice_blue = 0xF0F8FF,               // rgb(240,248,255)
@@ -185,19 +178,23 @@ enum class terminal_color : uint8_t {
 
 enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
   bold = 1,
-  italic = 1 << 1,
-  underline = 1 << 2,
-  strikethrough = 1 << 3
+  faint = 1 << 1,
+  italic = 1 << 2,
+  underline = 1 << 3,
+  blink = 1 << 4,
+  reverse = 1 << 5,
+  conceal = 1 << 6,
+  strikethrough = 1 << 7,
 };
 
 // rgb is a struct for red, green and blue colors.
 // Using the name "rgb" makes some editors show the color in a tooltip.
 struct rgb {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+  constexpr rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  constexpr rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  constexpr rgb(uint32_t hex)
       : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+  constexpr rgb(color hex)
       : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF),
         g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
         b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
@@ -206,422 +203,435 @@ struct rgb {
   uint8_t b;
 };
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
 
-// color is a struct of either a rgb color or a terminal color.
+// A bit-packed variant of an RGB color, a terminal color, or unset color.
+// see text_style for the bit-packing scheme.
 struct color_type {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(), value{} {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true),
-                                                           value{} {
-    value.rgb_color = static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color);
+  constexpr color_type() noexcept = default;
+  constexpr color_type(color rgb_color) noexcept
+      : value_(static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color) | (1 << 24)) {}
+  constexpr color_type(rgb rgb_color) noexcept
+      : color_type(static_cast<color>(
+            (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
+            (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b)) {}
+  constexpr color_type(terminal_color term_color) noexcept
+      : value_(static_cast<uint32_t>(term_color) | (3 << 24)) {}
+
+  constexpr auto is_terminal_color() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return (value_ & (1 << 25)) != 0;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true), value{} {
-    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
-                      (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
+
+  constexpr auto value() const noexcept -> uint32_t {
+    return value_ & 0xFFFFFF;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(),
-                                                                     value{} {
-    value.term_color = static_cast<uint8_t>(term_color);
-  }
-  bool is_rgb;
-  union color_union {
-    uint8_t term_color;
-    uint32_t rgb_color;
-  } value;
+
+  constexpr color_type(uint32_t value) noexcept : value_(value) {}
+
+  uint32_t value_ = 0;
 };
+}  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-/** A text style consisting of foreground and background colors and emphasis. */
+/// A text style consisting of foreground and background colors and emphasis.
 class text_style {
+  // The information is packed as follows:
+  // ┌──┐
+  // │ 0│─┐
+  // │..│ ├── foreground color value
+  // │23│─┘
+  // ├──┤
+  // │24│─┬── discriminator for the above value. 00 if unset, 01 if it's
+  // │25│─┘   an RGB color, or 11 if it's a terminal color (10 is unused)
+  // ├──┤
+  // │26│──── overflow bit, always zero (see below)
+  // ├──┤
+  // │27│─┐
+  // │..│ │
+  // │50│ │
+  // ├──┤ │
+  // │51│ ├── background color (same format as the foreground color)
+  // │52│ │
+  // ├──┤ │
+  // │53│─┘
+  // ├──┤
+  // │54│─┐
+  // │..│ ├── emphases
+  // │61│─┘
+  // ├──┤
+  // │62│─┬── unused
+  // │63│─┘
+  // └──┘
+  // The overflow bits are there to make operator|= efficient.
+  // When ORing, we must throw if, for either the foreground or background,
+  // one style specifies a terminal color and the other specifies any color
+  // (terminal or RGB); in other words, if one discriminator is 11 and the
+  // other is 11 or 01.
+  //
+  // We do that check by adding the styles. Consider what adding does to each
+  // possible pair of discriminators:
+  //    00 + 00 = 000
+  //    01 + 00 = 001
+  //    11 + 00 = 011
+  //    01 + 01 = 010
+  //    11 + 01 = 100 (!!)
+  //    11 + 11 = 110 (!!)
+  // In the last two cases, the ones we want to catch, the third bit——the
+  // overflow bit——is set. Bingo.
+  //
+  // We must take into account the possible carry bit from the bits
+  // before the discriminator. The only potentially problematic case is
+  // 11 + 00 = 011 (a carry bit would make it 100, not good!), but a carry
+  // bit is impossible in that case, because 00 (unset color) means the
+  // 24 bits that precede the discriminator are all zero.
+  //
+  // This test can be applied to both colors simultaneously.
+
  public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : set_foreground_color(),
-        set_background_color(),
-        ems(em) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) noexcept
+      : style_(static_cast<uint64_t>(em) << 54) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator|=(const text_style& rhs) {
-    if (!set_foreground_color) {
-      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
-      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
-    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
-      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
-      foreground_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
-    }
-
-    if (!set_background_color) {
-      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
-      background_color = rhs.background_color;
-    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
-      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
-      background_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
-    }
-
-    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) |
-                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator|=(text_style rhs) -> text_style& {
+    if (((style_ + rhs.style_) & ((1ULL << 26) | (1ULL << 53))) != 0)
+      report_error("can't OR a terminal color");
+    style_ |= rhs.style_;
     return *this;
   }
 
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style operator|(text_style lhs,
-                                            const text_style& rhs) {
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator|(text_style lhs, text_style rhs)
+      -> text_style {
     return lhs |= rhs;
   }
 
-  FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator&=(
-      const text_style& rhs) {
-    return and_assign(rhs);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator==(text_style rhs) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return style_ == rhs.style_;
   }
 
-  FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style
-  operator&(text_style lhs, const text_style& rhs) {
-    return lhs.and_assign(rhs);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator!=(text_style rhs) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return !(*this == rhs);
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_foreground() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return set_foreground_color;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_foreground() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return (style_ & (1 << 24)) != 0;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_background() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return set_background_color;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_background() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return (style_ & (1ULL << 51)) != 0;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_emphasis() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) != 0;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_emphasis() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return (style_ >> 54) != 0;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_foreground() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_foreground() const noexcept -> detail::color_type {
     FMT_ASSERT(has_foreground(), "no foreground specified for this style");
-    return foreground_color;
+    return style_ & 0x3FFFFFF;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_background() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_background() const noexcept -> detail::color_type {
     FMT_ASSERT(has_background(), "no background specified for this style");
-    return background_color;
+    return (style_ >> 27) & 0x3FFFFFF;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR emphasis get_emphasis() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_emphasis() const noexcept -> emphasis {
     FMT_ASSERT(has_emphasis(), "no emphasis specified for this style");
-    return ems;
+    return static_cast<emphasis>(style_ >> 54);
   }
 
  private:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
-                           detail::color_type text_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : set_foreground_color(),
-        set_background_color(),
-        ems() {
-    if (is_foreground) {
-      foreground_color = text_color;
-      set_foreground_color = true;
-    } else {
-      background_color = text_color;
-      set_background_color = true;
-    }
-  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(uint64_t style) noexcept : style_(style) {}
 
-  // DEPRECATED!
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& and_assign(const text_style& rhs) {
-    if (!set_foreground_color) {
-      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
-      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
-    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
-      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
-      foreground_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
-    }
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept
+      -> text_style;
 
-    if (!set_background_color) {
-      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
-      background_color = rhs.background_color;
-    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
-      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
-        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
-      background_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
-    }
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept
+      -> text_style;
 
-    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) &
-                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground)
-      FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL text_style bg(detail::color_type background)
-      FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-
-  detail::color_type foreground_color;
-  detail::color_type background_color;
-  bool set_foreground_color;
-  bool set_background_color;
-  emphasis ems;
+  uint64_t style_ = 0;
 };
 
-/** Creates a text style from the foreground (text) color. */
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return text_style(true, foreground);
+/// Creates a text style from the foreground (text) color.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
+  return foreground.value_;
 }
 
-/** Creates a text style from the background color. */
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style bg(detail::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return text_style(false, background);
+/// Creates a text style from the background color.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(background.value_) << 27;
 }
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style operator|(emphasis lhs,
-                                          emphasis rhs) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto operator|(emphasis lhs, emphasis rhs) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
   return text_style(lhs) | rhs;
 }
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
 
 template <typename Char> struct ansi_color_escape {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(detail::color_type text_color,
-                                  const char* esc) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(color_type text_color,
+                                  const char* esc) noexcept {
     // If we have a terminal color, we need to output another escape code
     // sequence.
-    if (!text_color.is_rgb) {
+    if (text_color.is_terminal_color()) {
       bool is_background = esc == string_view("\x1b[48;2;");
-      uint32_t value = text_color.value.term_color;
+      uint32_t value = text_color.value();
       // Background ASCII codes are the same as the foreground ones but with
       // 10 more.
       if (is_background) value += 10u;
 
-      size_t index = 0;
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
 
       if (value >= 100u) {
-        buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('1');
+        buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('1');
         value %= 100u;
       }
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10u);
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10u);
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10u);
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10u);
 
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\0');
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
       return;
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
       buffer[i] = static_cast<Char>(esc[i]);
     }
-    rgb color(text_color.value.rgb_color);
+    rgb color(text_color.value());
     to_esc(color.r, buffer + 7, ';');
     to_esc(color.g, buffer + 11, ';');
     to_esc(color.b, buffer + 15, 'm');
-    buffer[19] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+    size = 19;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    uint8_t em_codes[4] = {};
-    uint8_t em_bits = static_cast<uint8_t>(em);
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::italic)) em_codes[1] = 3;
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::underline)) em_codes[2] = 4;
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::strikethrough))
-      em_codes[3] = 9;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) noexcept {
+    uint8_t em_codes[num_emphases] = {};
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::faint)) em_codes[1] = 2;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::italic)) em_codes[2] = 3;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::underline)) em_codes[3] = 4;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::blink)) em_codes[4] = 5;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::reverse)) em_codes[5] = 7;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::conceal)) em_codes[6] = 8;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::strikethrough)) em_codes[7] = 9;
 
-    size_t index = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+    buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_emphases; ++i) {
       if (!em_codes[i]) continue;
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
-      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
+      buffer[size++] = static_cast<Char>(';');
     }
-    buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>(0);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS const Char* end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return buffer + std::char_traits<Char>::length(buffer);
+    buffer[size - 1] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const noexcept { return buffer; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto begin() const noexcept -> const Char* { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto end() const noexcept -> const Char* {
+    return buffer + size;
   }
 
  private:
-  Char buffer[7u + 3u * 4u + 1u];
+  static constexpr size_t num_emphases = 8;
+  Char buffer[7u + 4u * num_emphases] = {};
+  size_t size = 0;
 
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char* out,
-                                   char delimiter) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+                                   char delimiter) noexcept {
     out[0] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 100);
     out[1] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 10 % 10);
     out[2] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c % 10);
     out[3] = static_cast<Char>(delimiter);
   }
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_emphasis(emphasis em, emphasis mask) noexcept
+      -> bool {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(em) & static_cast<uint8_t>(mask);
+  }
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_foreground_color(
-    detail::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_foreground_color(color_type foreground) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
   return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, "\x1b[38;2;");
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_background_color(
-    detail::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_background_color(color_type background) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
   return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, "\x1b[48;2;");
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_emphasis(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_emphasis(emphasis em) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
   return ansi_color_escape<Char>(em);
 }
 
-template <typename Char>
-inline void fputs(const Char* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  std::fputs(chars, stream);
-}
-
-template <>
-inline void fputs<wchar_t>(const wchar_t* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  std::fputws(chars, stream);
-}
-
-template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  fputs("\x1b[0m", stream);
-}
-
-template <> inline void reset_color<wchar_t>(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  fputs(L"\x1b[0m", stream);
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-inline void reset_color(buffer<Char>& buffer) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(buffer<Char>& buffer) {
   auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
   buffer.append(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end());
 }
 
+template <typename T> struct styled_arg : view {
+  const T& value;
+  text_style style;
+  styled_arg(const T& v, text_style s) : value(v), style(s) {}
+};
+
 template <typename Char>
-void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, const text_style& ts,
-                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  bool has_style = false;
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, text_style ts, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args) {
   if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
-    has_style = true;
-    auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+    auto emphasis = make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
     buf.append(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end());
   }
   if (ts.has_foreground()) {
-    has_style = true;
-    auto foreground = detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+    auto foreground = make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
     buf.append(foreground.begin(), foreground.end());
   }
   if (ts.has_background()) {
-    has_style = true;
-    auto background = detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+    auto background = make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
     buf.append(background.begin(), background.end());
   }
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
-  if (has_style) detail::reset_color<Char>(buf);
+  vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
+  if (ts != text_style()) reset_color<Char>(buf);
 }
+}  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-void vprint(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format,
-            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, to_string_view(format), args);
-  buf.push_back(Char(0));
-  detail::fputs(buf.data(), f);
+inline void vprint(FILE* f, text_style ts, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buf = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, fmt, args);
+  print(f, FMT_STRING("{}"), string_view(buf.begin(), buf.size()));
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats a string and prints it to the specified file stream using ANSI
-  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
-               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
-  \endrst
+ * Formats a string and prints it to the specified file stream using ANSI
+ * escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+ *                "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
-void print(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
-           const Args&... args) {
-  vprint(f, ts, format_str,
-         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+template <typename... T>
+void print(FILE* f, text_style ts, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vprint(f, ts, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences to
-  specify text formatting.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
-               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
-  \endrst
+ * Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences to
+ * specify text formatting.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+ *                "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
-void print(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
-  return print(stdout, ts, format_str, args...);
+template <typename... T>
+void print(text_style ts, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return print(stdout, ts, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+inline auto vformat(text_style ts, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::string {
+  auto buf = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, fmt, args);
   return fmt::to_string(buf);
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI
-  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    #include <fmt/color.h>
-    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
-                                      "The answer is {}", 42);
-  \endrst
-*/
-template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
-                                      const Args&... args) {
-  return fmt::vformat(ts, to_string_view(format_str),
-                      fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
-}
-
-/**
-  Formats a string with the given text_style and writes the output to ``out``.
+ * Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI escape
+ * sequences to specify text formatting.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ * ```
+ * #include <fmt/color.h>
+ * std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+ *                                   "The answer is {}", 42);
+ * ```
  */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value)>
-OutputIt vformat_to(
-    OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, format_str, args);
-  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto format(text_style ts, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return fmt::vformat(ts, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+}
+
+/// Formats a string with the given text_style and writes the output to `out`.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, text_style ts, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, fmt, args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats arguments with the given text_style, writes the result to the output
-  iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output range.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    std::vector<char> out;
-    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
-                   fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red), "{}", 42);
-  \endrst
-*/
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
-          bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char_t<S>>::value&&
-              detail::is_string<S>::value>
-inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
-                      Args&&... args) ->
-    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
-  return vformat_to(out, ts, to_string_view(format_str),
-                    fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+ * Formats arguments with the given text style, writes the result to the output
+ * iterator `out` and returns the iterator past the end of the output range.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     std::vector<char> out;
+ *     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+ *                    fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red), "{}", 42);
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, text_style ts, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                      T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, ts, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
 }
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::styled_arg<T>, Char> : formatter<T, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const detail::styled_arg<T>& arg, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    const auto& ts = arg.style;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    bool has_style = false;
+    if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto foreground =
+          detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(foreground.begin(), foreground.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_background()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto background =
+          detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(background.begin(), background.end(), out);
+    }
+    out = formatter<T, Char>::format(arg.value, ctx);
+    if (has_style) {
+      auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end(), out);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns an argument that will be formatted using ANSI escape sequences,
+ * to be used in a formatting function.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds",
+ *                fmt::styled(1.23, fmt::fg(fmt::color::green) |
+ *                                  fmt::bg(fmt::color::blue)));
+ */
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto styled(const T& value, text_style ts)
+    -> detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>> {
+  return detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>>{value, ts};
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_COLOR_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
index 9528b57..64eb7a2 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
@@ -8,134 +8,14 @@
 #ifndef FMT_COMPILE_H_
 #define FMT_COMPILE_H_
 
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <iterator>  // std::back_inserter
+#endif
+
 #include "format.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-namespace detail {
-
-// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
-// discards them.
-class counting_iterator {
- private:
-  size_t count_;
-
- public:
-  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  using pointer = void;
-  using reference = void;
-  using _Unchecked_type = counting_iterator;  // Mark iterator as checked.
-
-  struct value_type {
-    template <typename T> void operator=(const T&) {}
-  };
-
-  counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
-
-  size_t count() const { return count_; }
-
-  counting_iterator& operator++() {
-    ++count_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
-    auto it = *this;
-    ++*this;
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  friend counting_iterator operator+(counting_iterator it, difference_type n) {
-    it.count_ += static_cast<size_t>(n);
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  value_type operator*() const { return {}; }
-};
-
-template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
-inline counting_iterator copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
-                                  counting_iterator it) {
-  return it + (end - begin);
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIt> class truncating_iterator_base {
- protected:
-  OutputIt out_;
-  size_t limit_;
-  size_t count_ = 0;
-
-  truncating_iterator_base() : out_(), limit_(0) {}
-
-  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
-      : out_(out), limit_(limit) {}
-
- public:
-  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
-  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type;
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  using pointer = void;
-  using reference = void;
-  using _Unchecked_type =
-      truncating_iterator_base;  // Mark iterator as checked.
-
-  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
-  size_t count() const { return count_; }
-};
-
-// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
-// written to it.
-template <typename OutputIt,
-          typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
-              typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
-class truncating_iterator;
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>
-    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
-  mutable typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type blackhole_;
-
- public:
-  using value_type = typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type;
-
-  truncating_iterator() = default;
-
-  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
-      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
-
-  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
-    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) ++this->out_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
-    auto it = *this;
-    ++*this;
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  value_type& operator*() const {
-    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>
-    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
- public:
-  truncating_iterator() = default;
-
-  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
-      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
-
-  template <typename T> truncating_iterator& operator=(T val) {
-    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) *this->out_++ = val;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
-  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
-  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
-};
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 // A compile-time string which is compiled into fast formatting code.
 class compiled_string {};
@@ -144,64 +24,99 @@ template <typename S>
 struct is_compiled_string : std::is_base_of<compiled_string, S> {};
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Converts a string literal *s* into a format string that will be parsed at
-  compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires C++17
-  ``constexpr if`` compiler support.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
-    // runtime format string processing.
-    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
-  \endrst
+ * Converts a string literal `s` into a format string that will be parsed at
+ * compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires C++17
+ * `constexpr if` compiler support.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+ *     // runtime format string processing.
+ *     std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
  */
-#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
-#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) \
-    FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compiled_string, explicit)
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::compiled_string)
 #else
 #  define FMT_COMPILE(s) FMT_STRING(s)
 #endif
 
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-template <typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
-struct udl_compiled_string : compiled_string {
-  using char_type = Char;
-  constexpr operator basic_string_view<char_type>() const {
-    return {Str.data, N - 1};
-  }
-};
+/**
+ * Converts a string literal into a format string that will be parsed at
+ * compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires support
+ * for class types in constant template parameters (a C++20 feature).
+ *
+ *  **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+ *     // runtime format string processing.
+ *     using namespace fmt::literals;
+ *     std::string s = fmt::format("{}"_cf, 42);
+ */
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+inline namespace literals {
+template <detail::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_cf() {
+  return FMT_COMPILE(Str.data);
+}
+}  // namespace literals
 #endif
 
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+namespace detail {
+
 template <typename T, typename... Tail>
-const T& first(const T& value, const Tail&...) {
+constexpr auto first(const T& value, const Tail&...) -> const T& {
   return value;
 }
 
-#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
-template <typename... Args> struct type_list {};
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+template <typename... T> struct type_list {};
 
 // Returns a reference to the argument at index N from [first, rest...].
 template <int N, typename T, typename... Args>
-constexpr const auto& get([[maybe_unused]] const T& first,
-                          [[maybe_unused]] const Args&... rest) {
+constexpr auto get([[maybe_unused]] const T& first,
+                   [[maybe_unused]] const Args&... rest) -> const auto& {
   static_assert(N < 1 + sizeof...(Args), "index is out of bounds");
   if constexpr (N == 0)
     return first;
   else
-    return get<N - 1>(rest...);
+    return detail::get<N - 1>(rest...);
+}
+
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args, typename Char>
+constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+  if constexpr (is_static_named_arg<T>()) {
+    if (name == T::name) return N;
+  }
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<N + 1, Args...>(name);
+  (void)name;  // Workaround an MSVC bug about "unused" parameter.
+  return -1;
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<0, Args...>(name);
+#  endif
+  (void)name;
+  return -1;
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename... Args>
-constexpr int get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name,
-                                    type_list<Args...>) {
+constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name,
+                                     type_list<Args...>) -> int {
   return get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(name);
 }
 
 template <int N, typename> struct get_type_impl;
 
 template <int N, typename... Args> struct get_type_impl<N, type_list<Args...>> {
-  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(get<N>(std::declval<Args>()...))>;
+  using type =
+      remove_cvref_t<decltype(detail::get<N>(std::declval<Args>()...))>;
 };
 
 template <int N, typename T>
@@ -213,8 +128,8 @@ template <typename Char> struct text {
   basic_string_view<Char> data;
   using char_type = Char;
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr auto format(OutputIt out, const T&...) const -> OutputIt {
     return write<Char>(out, data);
   }
 };
@@ -223,8 +138,8 @@ template <typename Char>
 struct is_compiled_format<text<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename Char>
-constexpr text<Char> make_text(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t pos,
-                               size_t size) {
+constexpr auto make_text(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t pos, size_t size)
+    -> text<Char> {
   return {{&s[pos], size}};
 }
 
@@ -232,16 +147,17 @@ template <typename Char> struct code_unit {
   Char value;
   using char_type = Char;
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
-    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr auto format(OutputIt out, const T&...) const -> OutputIt {
+    *out++ = value;
+    return out;
   }
 };
 
 // This ensures that the argument type is convertible to `const T&`.
 template <typename T, int N, typename... Args>
-constexpr const T& get_arg_checked(const Args&... args) {
-  const auto& arg = get<N>(args...);
+constexpr auto get_arg_checked(const Args&... args) -> const T& {
+  const auto& arg = detail::get<N>(args...);
   if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg)>>()) {
     return arg.value;
   } else {
@@ -253,12 +169,18 @@ template <typename Char>
 struct is_compiled_format<code_unit<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
 // A replacement field that refers to argument N.
-template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct field {
+template <typename Char, typename V, int N> struct field {
   using char_type = Char;
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
-    return write<Char>(out, get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...));
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr auto format(OutputIt out, const T&... args) const -> OutputIt {
+    const V& arg = get_arg_checked<V, N>(args...);
+    if constexpr (std::is_convertible<V, basic_string_view<Char>>::value) {
+      auto s = basic_string_view<Char>(arg);
+      return copy<Char>(s.begin(), s.end(), out);
+    } else {
+      return write<Char>(out, arg);
+    }
   }
 };
 
@@ -271,10 +193,10 @@ template <typename Char> struct runtime_named_field {
   basic_string_view<Char> name;
 
   template <typename OutputIt, typename T>
-  constexpr static bool try_format_argument(
+  constexpr static auto try_format_argument(
       OutputIt& out,
       // [[maybe_unused]] due to unused-but-set-parameter warning in GCC 7,8,9
-      [[maybe_unused]] basic_string_view<Char> arg_name, const T& arg) {
+      [[maybe_unused]] basic_string_view<Char> arg_name, const T& arg) -> bool {
     if constexpr (is_named_arg<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value) {
       if (arg_name == arg.name) {
         out = write<Char>(out, arg.value);
@@ -284,11 +206,11 @@ template <typename Char> struct runtime_named_field {
     return false;
   }
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr auto format(OutputIt out, const T&... args) const -> OutputIt {
     bool found = (try_format_argument(out, name, args) || ...);
     if (!found) {
-      throw format_error("argument with specified name is not found");
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("argument with specified name is not found"));
     }
     return out;
   }
@@ -298,17 +220,17 @@ template <typename Char>
 struct is_compiled_format<runtime_named_field<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
 // A replacement field that refers to argument N and has format specifiers.
-template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct spec_field {
+template <typename Char, typename V, int N> struct spec_field {
   using char_type = Char;
-  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+  formatter<V, Char> fmt;
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format(OutputIt out,
-                                       const Args&... args) const {
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE auto format(OutputIt out, const T&... args) const
+      -> OutputIt {
     const auto& vargs =
         fmt::make_format_args<basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>(args...);
     basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char> ctx(out, vargs);
-    return fmt.format(get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...), ctx);
+    return fmt.format(get_arg_checked<V, N>(args...), ctx);
   }
 };
 
@@ -320,8 +242,8 @@ template <typename L, typename R> struct concat {
   R rhs;
   using char_type = typename L::char_type;
 
-  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+  constexpr auto format(OutputIt out, const T&... args) const -> OutputIt {
     out = lhs.format(out, args...);
     return rhs.format(out, args...);
   }
@@ -331,14 +253,14 @@ template <typename L, typename R>
 struct is_compiled_format<concat<L, R>> : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename L, typename R>
-constexpr concat<L, R> make_concat(L lhs, R rhs) {
+constexpr auto make_concat(L lhs, R rhs) -> concat<L, R> {
   return {lhs, rhs};
 }
 
 struct unknown_format {};
 
 template <typename Char>
-constexpr size_t parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) {
+constexpr auto parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) -> size_t {
   for (size_t size = str.size(); pos != size; ++pos) {
     if (str[pos] == '{' || str[pos] == '}') break;
   }
@@ -346,13 +268,12 @@ constexpr size_t parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) {
 }
 
 template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
-constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str);
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S fmt);
 
 template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename T, typename S>
-constexpr auto parse_tail(T head, S format_str) {
-  if constexpr (POS !=
-                basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str).size()) {
-    constexpr auto tail = compile_format_string<Args, POS, ID>(format_str);
+constexpr auto parse_tail(T head, S fmt) {
+  if constexpr (POS != basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(fmt).size()) {
+    constexpr auto tail = compile_format_string<Args, POS, ID>(fmt);
     if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(tail)>,
                                unknown_format>())
       return tail;
@@ -369,48 +290,51 @@ template <typename T, typename Char> struct parse_specs_result {
   int next_arg_id;
 };
 
-constexpr int manual_indexing_id = -1;
+enum { manual_indexing_id = -1 };
 
 template <typename T, typename Char>
-constexpr parse_specs_result<T, Char> parse_specs(basic_string_view<Char> str,
-                                                  size_t pos, int next_arg_id) {
+constexpr auto parse_specs(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos,
+                           int next_arg_id) -> parse_specs_result<T, Char> {
   str.remove_prefix(pos);
-  auto ctx = basic_format_parse_context<Char>(str, {}, next_arg_id);
+  auto ctx =
+      compile_parse_context<Char>(str, max_value<int>(), nullptr, next_arg_id);
   auto f = formatter<T, Char>();
   auto end = f.parse(ctx);
-  return {f, pos + fmt::detail::to_unsigned(end - str.data()) + 1,
+  return {f, pos + fmt::detail::to_unsigned(end - str.data()),
           next_arg_id == 0 ? manual_indexing_id : ctx.next_arg_id()};
 }
 
 template <typename Char> struct arg_id_handler {
+  arg_id_kind kind;
   arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
 
-  constexpr int operator()() {
+  constexpr auto on_auto() -> int {
     FMT_ASSERT(false, "handler cannot be used with automatic indexing");
     return 0;
   }
-  constexpr int operator()(int id) {
+  constexpr auto on_index(int id) -> int {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
     arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
     return 0;
   }
-  constexpr int operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+  constexpr auto on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::name;
     arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
     return 0;
   }
-
-  constexpr void on_error(const char* message) { throw format_error(message); }
 };
 
 template <typename Char> struct parse_arg_id_result {
+  arg_id_kind kind;
   arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
   const Char* arg_id_end;
 };
 
 template <int ID, typename Char>
 constexpr auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
-  auto handler = arg_id_handler<Char>{arg_ref<Char>{}};
+  auto handler = arg_id_handler<Char>{arg_id_kind::none, arg_ref<Char>{}};
   auto arg_id_end = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
-  return parse_arg_id_result<Char>{handler.arg_id, arg_id_end};
+  return parse_arg_id_result<Char>{handler.kind, handler.arg_id, arg_id_end};
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct field_type {
@@ -424,43 +348,48 @@ struct field_type<T, enable_if_t<detail::is_named_arg<T>::value>> {
 
 template <typename T, typename Args, size_t END_POS, int ARG_INDEX, int NEXT_ID,
           typename S>
-constexpr auto parse_replacement_field_then_tail(S format_str) {
+constexpr auto parse_replacement_field_then_tail(S fmt) {
   using char_type = typename S::char_type;
-  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(fmt);
   constexpr char_type c = END_POS != str.size() ? str[END_POS] : char_type();
   if constexpr (c == '}') {
     return parse_tail<Args, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID>(
-        field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>(),
-        format_str);
-  } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+        field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>(), fmt);
+  } else if constexpr (c != ':') {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("expected ':'"));
+  } else {
     constexpr auto result = parse_specs<typename field_type<T>::type>(
         str, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID == manual_indexing_id ? 0 : NEXT_ID);
-    return parse_tail<Args, result.end, result.next_arg_id>(
-        spec_field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>{
-            result.fmt},
-        format_str);
+    if constexpr (result.end >= str.size() || str[result.end] != '}') {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("expected '}'"));
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      return parse_tail<Args, result.end + 1, result.next_arg_id>(
+          spec_field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>{
+              result.fmt},
+          fmt);
+    }
   }
 }
 
 // Compiles a non-empty format string and returns the compiled representation
 // or unknown_format() on unrecognized input.
 template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
-constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str) {
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S fmt) {
   using char_type = typename S::char_type;
-  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(fmt);
   if constexpr (str[POS] == '{') {
     if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
-      throw format_error("unmatched '{' in format string");
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '{' in format string"));
     if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '{') {
-      return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+      return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), fmt);
     } else if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '}' || str[POS + 1] == ':') {
       static_assert(ID != manual_indexing_id,
                     "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
       constexpr auto next_id =
           ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
       return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<ID, Args>, Args,
-                                               POS + 1, ID, next_id>(
-          format_str);
+                                               POS + 1, ID, next_id>(fmt);
     } else {
       constexpr auto arg_id_result =
           parse_arg_id<ID>(str.data() + POS + 1, str.data() + str.size());
@@ -468,92 +397,87 @@ constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str) {
       constexpr char_type c =
           arg_id_end_pos != str.size() ? str[arg_id_end_pos] : char_type();
       static_assert(c == '}' || c == ':', "missing '}' in format string");
-      if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::index) {
+      if constexpr (arg_id_result.kind == arg_id_kind::index) {
         static_assert(
             ID == manual_indexing_id || ID == 0,
             "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
-        constexpr auto arg_index = arg_id_result.arg_id.val.index;
+        constexpr auto arg_index = arg_id_result.arg_id.index;
         return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<arg_index, Args>,
                                                  Args, arg_id_end_pos,
                                                  arg_index, manual_indexing_id>(
-            format_str);
-      } else if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::name) {
+            fmt);
+      } else if constexpr (arg_id_result.kind == arg_id_kind::name) {
         constexpr auto arg_index =
-            get_arg_index_by_name(arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name, Args{});
-        if constexpr (arg_index != invalid_arg_index) {
+            get_arg_index_by_name(arg_id_result.arg_id.name, Args{});
+        if constexpr (arg_index >= 0) {
           constexpr auto next_id =
               ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
           return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<
               decltype(get_type<arg_index, Args>::value), Args, arg_id_end_pos,
-              arg_index, next_id>(format_str);
-        } else {
-          if constexpr (c == '}') {
-            return parse_tail<Args, arg_id_end_pos + 1, ID>(
-                runtime_named_field<char_type>{arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name},
-                format_str);
-          } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
-            return unknown_format();  // no type info for specs parsing
-          }
+              arg_index, next_id>(fmt);
+        } else if constexpr (c == '}') {
+          return parse_tail<Args, arg_id_end_pos + 1, ID>(
+              runtime_named_field<char_type>{arg_id_result.arg_id.name}, fmt);
+        } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+          return unknown_format();  // no type info for specs parsing
         }
       }
     }
   } else if constexpr (str[POS] == '}') {
     if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
-      throw format_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
-    return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '}' in format string"));
+    return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), fmt);
   } else {
     constexpr auto end = parse_text(str, POS + 1);
     if constexpr (end - POS > 1) {
-      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(make_text(str, POS, end - POS),
-                                       format_str);
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(make_text(str, POS, end - POS), fmt);
     } else {
-      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(code_unit<char_type>{str[POS]},
-                                       format_str);
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(code_unit<char_type>{str[POS]}, fmt);
     }
   }
 }
 
 template <typename... Args, typename S,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-constexpr auto compile(S format_str) {
-  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str);
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto compile(S fmt) {
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(fmt);
   if constexpr (str.size() == 0) {
     return detail::make_text(str, 0, 0);
   } else {
     constexpr auto result =
-        detail::compile_format_string<detail::type_list<Args...>, 0, 0>(
-            format_str);
+        detail::compile_format_string<detail::type_list<Args...>, 0, 0>(fmt);
     return result;
   }
 }
-#endif  // __cpp_if_constexpr
+#endif  // defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
 }  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
-#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
 
-template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... T,
           typename Char = typename CompiledFormat::char_type,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> format(const CompiledFormat& cf,
-                                          const Args&... args) {
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING auto format(const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                            const T&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
   auto s = std::basic_string<Char>();
   cf.format(std::back_inserter(s), args...);
   return s;
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
-constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
-                                        const Args&... args) {
+constexpr FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                    const T&... args) -> OutputIt {
   return cf.format(out, args...);
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> format(const S&,
-                                                           Args&&... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING auto format(const S&, T&&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> {
   if constexpr (std::is_same<typename S::char_type, char>::value) {
     constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(S());
     if constexpr (str.size() == 2 && str[0] == '{' && str[1] == '}') {
@@ -566,73 +490,99 @@ FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> format(const S&,
       }
     }
   }
-  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<T...>(S());
   if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
                              detail::unknown_format>()) {
-    return format(static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
-                  std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return fmt::format(
+        static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<T>(args)...);
   } else {
-    return format(compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return fmt::format(compiled, std::forward<T>(args)...);
   }
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S&, Args&&... args) {
-  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S&, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<T...>(S());
   if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
                              detail::unknown_format>()) {
-    return format_to(out,
-                     static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
-                     std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return fmt::format_to(
+        out, static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<T>(args)...);
   } else {
-    return format_to(out, compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return fmt::format_to(out, compiled, std::forward<T>(args)...);
   }
 }
 #endif
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n,
-                                         const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  auto it = format_to(detail::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n), format_str,
-                      std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  return {it.base(), it.count()};
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buf), fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-size_t formatted_size(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
-  return format_to(detail::counting_iterator(), format_str, args...).count();
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  fmt::format_to(appender(buf), fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+  return buf.count();
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
-  memory_buffer buffer;
-  format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), format_str, args...);
-  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const S& fmt, T&&... args) {
+  auto buf = memory_buffer();
+  fmt::format_to(appender(buf), fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+  detail::print(f, {buf.data(), buf.size()});
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
-void print(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
-  print(stdout, format_str, args...);
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const S& fmt, T&&... args) {
+  print(stdout, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
 }
 
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-inline namespace literals {
-template <detail::fixed_string Str>
-constexpr detail::udl_compiled_string<
-    remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>,
-    sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(decltype(Str.data[0])), Str>
-operator""_cf() {
-  return {};
-}
-}  // namespace literals
-#endif
+template <size_t N> class static_format_result {
+ private:
+  char data[N];
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+ public:
+  template <typename S, typename... T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR static_format_result(const S& fmt, T&&... args) {
+    *fmt::format_to(data, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...) = '\0';
+  }
+
+  auto str() const -> fmt::string_view { return {data, N - 1}; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* { return data; }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats arguments according to the format string `fmt_str` and produces
+ * a string of the exact required size at compile time. Both the format string
+ * and the arguments must be compile-time expressions.
+ *
+ * The resulting string can be accessed as a C string via `c_str()` or as
+ * a `fmt::string_view` via `str()`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // Produces the static string "42" at compile time.
+ *     static constexpr auto result = FMT_STATIC_FORMAT("{}", 42);
+ *     const char* s = result.c_str();
+ */
+#define FMT_STATIC_FORMAT(fmt_str, ...)                            \
+  fmt::static_format_result<                                       \
+      fmt::formatted_size(FMT_COMPILE(fmt_str), __VA_ARGS__) + 1>( \
+      FMT_COMPILE(fmt_str), __VA_ARGS__)
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_COMPILE_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/core.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
index cacd858..8ca735f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -1,2967 +1,5 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - the core API
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
-// All rights reserved.
-//
-// For the license information refer to format.h.
+// This file is only provided for compatibility and may be removed in future
+// versions. Use fmt/base.h if you don't need fmt::format and fmt/format.h
+// otherwise.
 
-#ifndef FMT_CORE_H_
-#define FMT_CORE_H_
-
-#include <climits>  // INT_MAX
-#include <cstdio>   // std::FILE
-#include <cstring>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
-
-// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
-#define FMT_VERSION 70104
-
-#ifdef __clang__
-#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
-#else
-#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
-#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
-#  define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg) _Pragma(arg)
-#else
-#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
-#  define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg)
-#endif
-
-#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
-#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 FMT_GCC_VERSION
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 0
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
-#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
-#else
-#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __NVCC__
-#  define FMT_NVCC __NVCC__
-#else
-#  define FMT_NVCC 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...) __pragma(warning(__VA_ARGS__))
-#else
-#  define FMT_MSC_VER 0
-#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...)
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_feature
-#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
-    (!FMT_ICC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1600)
-#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
-#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
-  (__cplusplus >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
-
-#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
-  (__cplusplus >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
-
-// Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
-// GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
-#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
-#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR                                           \
-    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1910 || \
-     (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L)) &&           \
-        !FMT_NVCC && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL constexpr
-#else
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
-#endif
-
-// Check if constexpr std::char_traits<>::compare,length is supported.
-#if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
-#  if __cplusplus >= 201703L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
-      _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 7  // GCC 7+ libstdc++ has _GLIBCXX_RELEASE.
-#    define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
-#  endif
-#elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && __cplusplus >= 201703L && \
-    _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 4000
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
-#elif FMT_MSC_VER >= 1914 && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_OVERRIDE
-#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_override_control) || \
-      (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-#    define FMT_OVERRIDE override
-#  else
-#    define FMT_OVERRIDE
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-// Check if exceptions are disabled.
-#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
-      FMT_MSC_VER && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
-#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
-#  else
-#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-// Define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT to make fmt use noexcept (C++11 feature).
-#ifndef FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT
-#  define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT 0
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept) || \
-    (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT noexcept
-#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#else
-#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT throw()
-#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_NOEXCEPT
-#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS || FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
-#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
-#  else
-#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-// [[noreturn]] is disabled on MSVC and NVCC because of bogus unreachable code
-// warnings.
-#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VER && \
-    !FMT_NVCC
-#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
-#else
-#  define FMT_NORETURN
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
-#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
-#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
-#  else
-#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-#if __cplusplus == 201103L || __cplusplus == 201402L
-#  if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI)
-#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-#  elif defined(__clang__)
-#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
-#  elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && \
-      (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 520)
-#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
-#  else
-#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-#  endif
-#elif FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough) || \
-    (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L)
-#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
-#else
-#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT
-#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT 1
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_USE_DOUBLE
-#  define FMT_USE_DOUBLE 1
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE
-#  define FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_INLINE
-#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-#    define FMT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
-#  else
-#    define FMT_INLINE inline
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES
-#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_inline_namespaces) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 || \
-      (FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900 && (!defined(_MANAGED) || !_MANAGED))
-#    define FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES 1
-#  else
-#    define FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES 0
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-#  if FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES
-#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE inline namespace
-#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
-      }                       \
-      }
-#  else
-#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE namespace
-#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
-      }                       \
-      using namespace v7;     \
-      }
-#  endif
-#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
-    namespace fmt {           \
-    FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v7 {
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
-#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
-#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
-#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
-#  define FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE namespace detail {
-#  define FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE }
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
-#  define FMT_CLASS_API FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4275)
-#  ifdef FMT_EXPORT
-#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
-#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
-#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
-#  endif
-#else
-#  define FMT_CLASS_API
-#  if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
-#    define FMT_API __attribute__((visibility("default")))
-#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
-#  endif
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_API
-#  define FMT_API
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
-#  define FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
-#else
-#  define FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN
-#endif
-
-// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
-#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) &&                       \
-     (__cplusplus > 201402L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))) || \
-    (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
-#  include <string_view>
-#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
-#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && __cplusplus >= 201402L
-#  include <experimental/string_view>
-#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
-#  define FMT_UNICODE !FMT_MSC_VER
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_COMPILE_TIME_CHECKS
-#  define FMT_COMPILE_TIME_CHECKS 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-#  if defined(__cpp_nontype_template_args) &&                \
-      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 903 && __cplusplus >= 201709L) || \
-       __cpp_nontype_template_args >= 201911L)
-#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS 1
-#  else
-#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS 0
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-// Enable minimal optimizations for more compact code in debug mode.
-FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC push_options")
-#ifndef __OPTIMIZE__
-FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC optimize(\"Og\")")
-#endif
-
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
-template <bool B, class T = void>
-using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
-template <bool B, class T, class F>
-using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
-template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
-template <typename T>
-using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
-template <typename T>
-using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
-template <typename T> struct type_identity { using type = T; };
-template <typename T> using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;
-
-struct monostate {};
-
-// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
-// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
-// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
-#ifdef FMT_DOC
-#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)
-#else
-#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
-#endif
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-constexpr FMT_INLINE auto is_constant_evaluated() FMT_NOEXCEPT -> bool {
-#ifdef __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated
-  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
-#else
-  return false;
-#endif
-}
-
-// A function to suppress "conditional expression is constant" warnings.
-template <typename T> constexpr auto const_check(T value) -> T { return value; }
-
-FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
-                                      const char* message);
-
-#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
-#  ifdef NDEBUG
-// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Werror=empty-body.
-#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) ((void)0)
-#  else
-#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
-      ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
-           ? (void)0                                                          \
-           : ::fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
-template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
-#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
-template <typename Char>
-using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
-#else
-template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
-// Do nothing.
-#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !FMT_NVCC && \
-    !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VER)
-#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
-using int128_t = __int128_t;
-using uint128_t = __uint128_t;
-template <typename T> inline auto convert_for_visit(T value) -> T {
-  return value;
-}
-#else
-#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
-#endif
-#if !FMT_USE_INT128
-enum class int128_t {};
-enum class uint128_t {};
-// Reduce template instantiations.
-template <typename T> inline auto convert_for_visit(T) -> monostate {
-  return {};
-}
-#endif
-
-// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
-template <typename Int>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_unsigned(Int value) ->
-    typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type {
-  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "negative value");
-  return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
-}
-
-FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4566) constexpr unsigned char micro[] = "\u00B5";
-
-constexpr auto is_utf8() -> bool {
-  // Avoid buggy sign extensions in MSVC's constant evaluation mode.
-  // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/t/C-difference-in-behavior-for-unsigned/1233612
-  using uchar = unsigned char;
-  return FMT_UNICODE || (sizeof(micro) == 3 && uchar(micro[0]) == 0xC2 &&
-                         uchar(micro[1]) == 0xB5);
-}
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-/**
-  An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
-  subset of the API. ``fmt::basic_string_view`` is used for format strings even
-  if ``std::string_view`` is available to prevent issues when a library is
-  compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
-  recommended).
- */
-template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
- private:
-  const Char* data_;
-  size_t size_;
-
- public:
-  using value_type = Char;
-  using iterator = const Char*;
-
-  constexpr basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
-
-  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
-  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : data_(s),
-        size_(count) {}
-
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
-    the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
-  FMT_INLINE
-  basic_string_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {
-    if (detail::const_check(std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
-                            !detail::is_constant_evaluated()))
-      size_ = std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s));
-    else
-      size_ = std::char_traits<Char>::length(s);
-  }
-
-  /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
-  template <typename Traits, typename Alloc>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
-      const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : data_(s.data()),
-        size_(s.size()) {}
-
-  template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
-                                      S, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(s.data()),
-                                                      size_(s.size()) {}
-
-  /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
-  constexpr auto data() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
-
-  /** Returns the string size. */
-  constexpr auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
-
-  constexpr auto begin() const -> iterator { return data_; }
-  constexpr auto end() const -> iterator { return data_ + size_; }
-
-  constexpr auto operator[](size_t pos) const -> const Char& {
-    return data_[pos];
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) {
-    data_ += n;
-    size_ -= n;
-  }
-
-  // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto compare(basic_string_view other) const -> int {
-    size_t str_size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
-    int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, str_size);
-    if (result == 0)
-      result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS friend auto operator==(basic_string_view lhs,
-                                                   basic_string_view rhs)
-      -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
-  }
-  friend auto operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
-  }
-  friend auto operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
-  }
-  friend auto operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
-  }
-  friend auto operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
-  }
-  friend auto operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
-    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
-  }
-};
-
-using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
-
-/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
-template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
-template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Returns a string view of `s`. In order to add custom string type support to
-  {fmt} provide an overload of `to_string_view` for it in the same namespace as
-  the type for the argument-dependent lookup to work.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    namespace my_ns {
-    inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
-      return {s.data(), s.length()};
-    }
-    }
-    std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}"), 42);
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE auto to_string_view(const Char* s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  return s;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Alloc>
-inline auto to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s)
-    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  return s;
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-constexpr auto to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
-    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  return s;
-}
-
-template <typename Char,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
-inline auto to_string_view(detail::std_string_view<Char> s)
-    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  return s;
-}
-
-// A base class for compile-time strings. It is defined in the fmt namespace to
-// make formatting functions visible via ADL, e.g. format(FMT_STRING("{}"), 42).
-struct compile_string {};
-
-template <typename S>
-struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
-
-template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
-constexpr auto to_string_view(const S& s)
-    -> basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> {
-  return basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(s);
-}
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-void to_string_view(...);
-using fmt::v7::to_string_view;
-
-// Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
-// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
-// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
-template <typename S>
-struct is_string : std::is_class<decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {
-};
-
-template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
-template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
-  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
-  using type = typename result::value_type;
-};
-
-// Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string.
-template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE void check_format_string(const S&) {
-#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
-  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
-                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to use "
-                "FMT_STRING.");
-#endif
-}
-template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
-void check_format_string(S);
-
-struct error_handler {
-  constexpr error_handler() = default;
-  constexpr error_handler(const error_handler&) = default;
-
-  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
-  FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void on_error(const char* message);
-};
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-/** String's character type. */
-template <typename S> using char_t = typename detail::char_t_impl<S>::type;
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
-  argument counter for automatic indexing.
-  You can use the ```format_parse_context`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = detail::error_handler>
-class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
- private:
-  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
-  int next_arg_id_;
-
- public:
-  using char_type = Char;
-  using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
-
-  explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(
-      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = {},
-      int next_arg_id = 0)
-      : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(next_arg_id) {}
-
-  /**
-    Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
-    parsed.
-   */
-  constexpr auto begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> iterator {
-    return format_str_.begin();
-  }
-
-  /**
-    Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
-   */
-  constexpr auto end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> iterator {
-    return format_str_.end();
-  }
-
-  /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
-    format_str_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
-  }
-
-  /**
-    Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
-    the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
-   */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
-    // Don't check if the argument id is valid to avoid overhead and because it
-    // will be checked during formatting anyway.
-    if (next_arg_id_ >= 0) return next_arg_id_++;
-    on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  /**
-    Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
-    switches to the manual indexing.
-   */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int) {
-    if (next_arg_id_ > 0)
-      on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
-    else
-      next_arg_id_ = -1;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-    ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
-  }
-
-  constexpr auto error_handler() const -> ErrorHandler { return *this; }
-};
-
-using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
-
-template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
-template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
-template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store;
-
-// A formatter for objects of type T.
-template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatter {
-  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
-  formatter() = delete;
-};
-
-// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
-// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
-template <typename T, typename Context>
-using has_formatter =
-    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
-
-// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
-template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
-
-class appender;
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
-template <typename Container>
-inline auto get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it)
-    -> Container& {
-  using bi_iterator = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
-  struct accessor : bi_iterator {
-    accessor(bi_iterator iter) : bi_iterator(iter) {}
-    using bi_iterator::container;
-  };
-  return *accessor(it).container;
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an internal
-  class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `~fmt::basic_memory_buffer`.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename T> class buffer {
- private:
-  T* ptr_;
-  size_t size_;
-  size_t capacity_;
-
- protected:
-  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
-  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 26495)
-  buffer(size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
-
-  buffer(T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0, size_t cap = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : ptr_(p),
-        size_(sz),
-        capacity_(cap) {}
-
-  ~buffer() = default;
-  buffer(buffer&&) = default;
-
-  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
-  void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    ptr_ = buf_data;
-    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
-  }
-
-  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
-  virtual void grow(size_t capacity) = 0;
-
- public:
-  using value_type = T;
-  using const_reference = const T&;
-
-  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
-  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
-
-  auto begin() FMT_NOEXCEPT -> T* { return ptr_; }
-  auto end() FMT_NOEXCEPT -> T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
-
-  auto begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> const T* { return ptr_; }
-  auto end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> const T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
-
-  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
-  auto size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> size_t { return size_; }
-
-  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
-  auto capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> size_t { return capacity_; }
-
-  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
-  auto data() FMT_NOEXCEPT -> T* { return ptr_; }
-
-  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
-  auto data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT -> const T* { return ptr_; }
-
-  /** Clears this buffer. */
-  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
-
-  // Tries resizing the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type
-  // the new elements may not be initialized.
-  void try_resize(size_t count) {
-    try_reserve(count);
-    size_ = count <= capacity_ ? count : capacity_;
-  }
-
-  // Tries increasing the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. It can increase the
-  // capacity by a smaller amount than requested but guarantees there is space
-  // for at least one additional element either by increasing the capacity or by
-  // flushing the buffer if it is full.
-  void try_reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
-    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
-  }
-
-  void push_back(const T& value) {
-    try_reserve(size_ + 1);
-    ptr_[size_++] = value;
-  }
-
-  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
-  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
-
-  template <typename I> auto operator[](I index) -> T& { return ptr_[index]; }
-  template <typename I> auto operator[](I index) const -> const T& {
-    return ptr_[index];
-  }
-};
-
-struct buffer_traits {
-  explicit buffer_traits(size_t) {}
-  auto count() const -> size_t { return 0; }
-  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t { return size; }
-};
-
-class fixed_buffer_traits {
- private:
-  size_t count_ = 0;
-  size_t limit_;
-
- public:
-  explicit fixed_buffer_traits(size_t limit) : limit_(limit) {}
-  auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
-  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t {
-    size_t n = limit_ > count_ ? limit_ - count_ : 0;
-    count_ += size;
-    return size < n ? size : n;
-  }
-};
-
-// A buffer that writes to an output iterator when flushed.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits = buffer_traits>
-class iterator_buffer final : public Traits, public buffer<T> {
- private:
-  OutputIt out_;
-  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
-  T data_[buffer_size];
-
- protected:
-  void grow(size_t) final FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    if (this->size() == buffer_size) flush();
-  }
-  void flush();
-
- public:
-  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t n = buffer_size)
-      : Traits(n), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(out) {}
-  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
-      : Traits(other), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(other.out_) {}
-  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
-
-  auto out() -> OutputIt {
-    flush();
-    return out_;
-  }
-  auto count() const -> size_t { return Traits::count() + this->size(); }
-};
-
-template <typename T> class iterator_buffer<T*, T> final : public buffer<T> {
- protected:
-  void grow(size_t) final FMT_OVERRIDE {}
-
- public:
-  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t = 0) : buffer<T>(out, 0, ~size_t()) {}
-
-  auto out() -> T* { return &*this->end(); }
-};
-
-// A buffer that writes to a container with the contiguous storage.
-template <typename Container>
-class iterator_buffer<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>,
-                      enable_if_t<is_contiguous<Container>::value,
-                                  typename Container::value_type>>
-    final : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
- private:
-  Container& container_;
-
- protected:
-  void grow(size_t capacity) final FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    container_.resize(capacity);
-    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
-  }
-
- public:
-  explicit iterator_buffer(Container& c)
-      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
-  explicit iterator_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, size_t = 0)
-      : iterator_buffer(get_container(out)) {}
-  auto out() -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
-    return std::back_inserter(container_);
-  }
-};
-
-// A buffer that counts the number of code units written discarding the output.
-template <typename T = char> class counting_buffer final : public buffer<T> {
- private:
-  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
-  T data_[buffer_size];
-  size_t count_ = 0;
-
- protected:
-  void grow(size_t) final FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    if (this->size() != buffer_size) return;
-    count_ += this->size();
-    this->clear();
-  }
-
- public:
-  counting_buffer() : buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size) {}
-
-  auto count() -> size_t { return count_ + this->size(); }
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-using buffer_appender = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, char>::value, appender,
-                                      std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>>;
-
-// Maps an output iterator to a buffer.
-template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
-auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T> {
-  return iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T>(out);
-}
-
-template <typename Buffer>
-auto get_iterator(Buffer& buf) -> decltype(buf.out()) {
-  return buf.out();
-}
-template <typename T> auto get_iterator(buffer<T>& buf) -> buffer_appender<T> {
-  return buffer_appender<T>(buf);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
-struct fallback_formatter {
-  fallback_formatter() = delete;
-};
-
-// Specifies if T has an enabled fallback_formatter specialization.
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-using has_fallback_formatter =
-    std::is_constructible<fallback_formatter<T, Char>>;
-
-struct view {};
-
-template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
-  const Char* name;
-  const T& value;
-  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
-};
-
-template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
-  const Char* name;
-  int id;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
-struct arg_data {
-  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args_ to avoid bloating format_args.
-  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
-  T args_[1 + (NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1)];
-  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[NUM_NAMED_ARGS];
-
-  template <typename... U>
-  arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{T(named_args_, NUM_NAMED_ARGS), init...} {}
-  arg_data(const arg_data& other) = delete;
-  auto args() const -> const T* { return args_ + 1; }
-  auto named_args() -> named_arg_info<Char>* { return named_args_; }
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS>
-struct arg_data<T, Char, NUM_ARGS, 0> {
-  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
-  T args_[NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1];
-
-  template <typename... U>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{init...} {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto args() const -> const T* { return args_; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto named_args() -> std::nullptr_t {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char>
-inline void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>*, int, int) {}
-
-template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
-template <typename T> struct is_statically_named_arg : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_named_arg<T>::value)>
-void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
-                     int named_arg_count, const T&, const Tail&... args) {
-  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
-void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
-                     int named_arg_count, const T& arg, const Tail&... args) {
-  named_args[named_arg_count++] = {arg.name, arg_count};
-  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
-}
-
-template <typename... Args>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void init_named_args(std::nullptr_t, int, int,
-                                              const Args&...) {}
-
-template <bool B = false> constexpr auto count() -> size_t { return B ? 1 : 0; }
-template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr auto count() -> size_t {
-  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
-}
-
-template <typename... Args> constexpr auto count_named_args() -> size_t {
-  return count<is_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
-}
-
-enum class type {
-  none_type,
-  // Integer types should go first,
-  int_type,
-  uint_type,
-  long_long_type,
-  ulong_long_type,
-  int128_type,
-  uint128_type,
-  bool_type,
-  char_type,
-  last_integer_type = char_type,
-  // followed by floating-point types.
-  float_type,
-  double_type,
-  long_double_type,
-  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
-  cstring_type,
-  string_type,
-  pointer_type,
-  custom_type
-};
-
-// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
-
-#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
-  template <typename Char>                \
-  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
-      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
-
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_t, int128_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_t, uint128_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
-
-constexpr bool is_integral_type(type t) {
-  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
-}
-
-constexpr bool is_arithmetic_type(type t) {
-  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
-}
-
-template <typename Char> struct string_value {
-  const Char* data;
-  size_t size;
-};
-
-template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
-  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
-  size_t size;
-};
-
-template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
-  using parse_context = typename Context::parse_context_type;
-  const void* value;
-  void (*format)(const void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
-};
-
-// A formatting argument value.
-template <typename Context> class value {
- public:
-  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
-
-  union {
-    int int_value;
-    unsigned uint_value;
-    long long long_long_value;
-    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
-    int128_t int128_value;
-    uint128_t uint128_value;
-    bool bool_value;
-    char_type char_value;
-    float float_value;
-    double double_value;
-    long double long_double_value;
-    const void* pointer;
-    string_value<char_type> string;
-    custom_value<Context> custom;
-    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
-  };
-
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(int128_t val) : int128_value(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_t val) : uint128_value(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* val) {
-    string.data = val;
-    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = {};
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
-    string.data = val.data();
-    string.size = val.size();
-  }
-  FMT_INLINE value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
-  FMT_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
-      : named_args{args, size} {}
-
-  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const T& val) {
-    custom.value = &val;
-    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
-    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
-    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
-    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
-        T, conditional_t<has_formatter<T, Context>::value,
-                         typename Context::template formatter_type<T>,
-                         fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>>;
-  }
-
- private:
-  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
-  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
-  static void format_custom_arg(const void* arg,
-                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
-                                Context& ctx) {
-    Formatter f;
-    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
-    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(arg), ctx));
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Context, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(const T& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context>;
-
-// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
-// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
-enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
-using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
-using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
-
-struct unformattable {};
-
-// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
-template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
-  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(signed char val) -> int { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned char val) -> unsigned {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(short val) -> int { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned short val) -> unsigned {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int val) -> int { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned val) -> unsigned { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long val) -> long_type { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long val) -> ulong_type {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long long val) -> long long { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long long val)
-      -> unsigned long long {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int128_t val) -> int128_t { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(uint128_t val) -> uint128_t { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(bool val) -> bool { return val; }
-
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T val) -> char_type {
-    static_assert(
-        std::is_same<T, char>::value || std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
-        "mixing character types is disallowed");
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(float val) -> float { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(double val) -> double { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long double val) -> long double {
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
-    return val;
-  }
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
-      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value,
-                  "mixing character types is disallowed");
-    return to_string_view(val);
-  }
-  template <typename T,
-            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
-                std::is_constructible<basic_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
-                !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
-                !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
-      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
-    return basic_string_view<char_type>(val);
-  }
-  template <
-      typename T,
-      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
-          std::is_constructible<std_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
-          !std::is_constructible<basic_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
-          !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
-          !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
-      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
-    return std_string_view<char_type>(val);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const signed char* val) -> const char* {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
-    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const unsigned char* val) -> const char* {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
-    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(signed char* val) -> const char* {
-    const auto* const_val = val;
-    return map(const_val);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned char* val) -> const char* {
-    const auto* const_val = val;
-    return map(const_val);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(void* val) -> const void* { return val; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const void* val) -> const void* {
-    return val;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(std::nullptr_t val) -> const void* {
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  // We use SFINAE instead of a const T* parameter to avoid conflicting with
-  // the C array overload.
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(T) -> enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<T>::value, int> {
-    // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to output
-    // a pointer cast it to "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this
-    // forbids formatting of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool
-    // by iostreams.
-    static_assert(!sizeof(T), "formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed");
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T, std::size_t N>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T (&values)[N]) -> const T (&)[N] {
-    return values;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T,
-            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<T>::value &&
-                          !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
-                          !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
-      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(
-          static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(val))) {
-    return map(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(val));
-  }
-  template <typename T,
-            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_string<T>::value && !is_char<T>::value &&
-                          (has_formatter<T, Context>::value ||
-                           has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value))>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val) -> const T& {
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& named_arg)
-      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(named_arg.value)) {
-    return map(named_arg.value);
-  }
-
-  auto map(...) -> unformattable { return {}; }
-};
-
-// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
-template <typename T, typename Context>
-using mapped_type_constant =
-    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
-                  typename Context::char_type>;
-
-enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
-// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
-enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
-enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
-enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
-
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// An output iterator that appends to a buffer.
-// It is used to reduce symbol sizes for the common case.
-class appender : public std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>> {
-  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>;
-
-  template <typename T>
-  friend auto get_buffer(appender out) -> detail::buffer<char>& {
-    return detail::get_container(out);
-  }
-
- public:
-  using std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>::back_insert_iterator;
-  appender(base it) : base(it) {}
-  using _Unchecked_type = appender;  // Mark iterator as checked.
-
-  auto operator++() -> appender& {
-    base::operator++();
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  auto operator++(int) -> appender {
-    auto tmp = *this;
-    ++*this;
-    return tmp;
-  }
-};
-
-// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
-// allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
-template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
- private:
-  detail::value<Context> value_;
-  detail::type type_;
-
-  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto detail::make_arg(const T& value)
-      -> basic_format_arg<ContextType>;
-
-  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
-                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
-      -> decltype(vis(0));
-
-  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
-  friend class dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>;
-
-  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
-
-  template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
-  friend struct detail::arg_data;
-
-  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
-      : value_(args, size) {}
-
- public:
-  class handle {
-   public:
-    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
-
-    void format(typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
-                Context& ctx) const {
-      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
-    }
-
-   private:
-    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
-  };
-
-  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
-
-  constexpr explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
-  }
-
-  auto type() const -> detail::type { return type_; }
-
-  auto is_integral() const -> bool { return detail::is_integral_type(type_); }
-  auto is_arithmetic() const -> bool {
-    return detail::is_arithmetic_type(type_);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
-  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
-  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto visit_format_arg(
-    Visitor&& vis, const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
-  switch (arg.type_) {
-  case detail::type::none_type:
-    break;
-  case detail::type::int_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
-  case detail::type::uint_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
-  case detail::type::long_long_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
-  case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
-  case detail::type::int128_type:
-    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.int128_value));
-  case detail::type::uint128_type:
-    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.uint128_value));
-  case detail::type::bool_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
-  case detail::type::char_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
-  case detail::type::float_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
-  case detail::type::double_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
-  case detail::type::long_double_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
-  case detail::type::cstring_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
-  case detail::type::string_type:
-    using sv = basic_string_view<typename Context::char_type>;
-    return vis(sv(arg.value_.string.data, arg.value_.string.size));
-  case detail::type::pointer_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
-  case detail::type::custom_type:
-    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
-  }
-  return vis(monostate());
-}
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
-// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
-template <typename... Ts> struct void_t_impl { using type = void; };
-template <typename... Ts>
-using void_t = typename detail::void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
-#else
-template <typename...> using void_t = void;
-#endif
-
-template <typename It, typename T, typename Enable = void>
-struct is_output_iterator : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename It, typename T>
-struct is_output_iterator<
-    It, T,
-    void_t<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category,
-           decltype(*std::declval<It>() = std::declval<T>())>>
-    : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
-template <typename Container>
-struct is_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
-    : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
-template <typename Container>
-struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
-    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
-template <>
-struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<appender> : std::true_type {};
-
-// A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid heavy <locale> include.
-class locale_ref {
- private:
-  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
-
- public:
-  constexpr locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
-  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
-
-  explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return locale_ != nullptr; }
-
-  template <typename Locale> auto get() const -> Locale;
-};
-
-template <typename> constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
-  return 0;
-}
-
-template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
-constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
-  return static_cast<unsigned>(mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value) |
-         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << packed_arg_bits);
-}
-
-template <typename Context, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(const T& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
-  basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
-  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
-  arg.value_ = arg_mapper<Context>().map(value);
-  return arg;
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdangling-reference"
-#endif
-
-// The type template parameter is there to avoid an ODR violation when using
-// a fallback formatter in one translation unit and an implicit conversion in
-// another (not recommended).
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(IS_PACKED)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto make_arg(const T& val) -> value<Context> {
-  const auto& arg = arg_mapper<Context>().map(val);
-  static_assert(
-      !std::is_same<decltype(arg), const unformattable&>::value,
-      "Cannot format an argument. To make type T formattable provide a "
-      "formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt");
-  return arg;
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!IS_PACKED)>
-inline auto make_arg(const T& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
-  return make_arg<Context>(value);
-}
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// Formatting context.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
- public:
-  /** The character type for the output. */
-  using char_type = Char;
-
- private:
-  OutputIt out_;
-  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
-  detail::locale_ref loc_;
-
- public:
-  using iterator = OutputIt;
-  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
-  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
-  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
-
-  basic_format_context(basic_format_context&&) = default;
-  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
-  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
-  /**
-   Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments are
-   stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
-   */
-  constexpr basic_format_context(
-      OutputIt out, basic_format_args<basic_format_context> ctx_args,
-      detail::locale_ref loc = detail::locale_ref())
-      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
-
-  constexpr auto arg(int id) const -> format_arg { return args_.get(id); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name) -> format_arg {
-    return args_.get(name);
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg_id(basic_string_view<char_type> name) -> int {
-    return args_.get_id(name);
-  }
-  auto args() const -> const basic_format_args<basic_format_context>& {
-    return args_;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto error_handler() -> detail::error_handler { return {}; }
-  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
-
-  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto out() -> iterator { return out_; }
-
-  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
-  void advance_to(iterator it) {
-    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto locale() -> detail::locale_ref { return loc_; }
-};
-
-template <typename Char>
-using buffer_context =
-    basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
-using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
-
-// Workaround an alias issue: https://stackoverflow.com/q/62767544/471164.
-#define FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(Char) \
-  basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>
-
-template <typename T, typename Char = char>
-using is_formattable = bool_constant<
-    !std::is_same<decltype(detail::arg_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>().map(
-                      std::declval<T>())),
-                  detail::unformattable>::value &&
-    !detail::has_fallback_formatter<T, Char>::value>;
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
-  `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
-  such as `~fmt::vformat`.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Context, typename... Args>
-class format_arg_store
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
-    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
-    : public basic_format_args<Context>
-#endif
-{
- private:
-  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
-  static const size_t num_named_args = detail::count_named_args<Args...>();
-  static const bool is_packed = num_args <= detail::max_packed_args;
-
-  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, detail::value<Context>,
-                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
-
-  detail::arg_data<value_type, typename Context::char_type, num_args,
-                   num_named_args>
-      data_;
-
-  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
-
-  static constexpr unsigned long long desc =
-      (is_packed ? detail::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
-                 : detail::is_unpacked_bit | num_args) |
-      (num_named_args != 0
-           ? static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit)
-           : 0);
-
- public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE format_arg_store(const Args&... args)
-      :
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
-        basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
-#endif
-        data_{detail::make_arg<
-            is_packed, Context,
-            detail::mapped_type_constant<Args, Context>::value>(args)...} {
-    detail::init_named_args(data_.named_args(), 0, 0, args...);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Constructs a `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
-  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
-  can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::context`.
-  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Context = format_context, typename... Args>
-constexpr auto make_format_args(const Args&... args)
-    -> format_arg_store<Context, Args...> {
-  return {args...};
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
-  It should only be used in a call to a formatting function or
-  `dynamic_format_arg_store::push_back`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Char, typename T>
-inline auto arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) -> detail::named_arg<Char, T> {
-  static_assert(!detail::is_named_arg<T>(), "nested named arguments");
-  return {name, arg};
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
-  should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
-  ``vformat``::
-
-    void vlog(string_view format_str, format_args args);  // OK
-    format_args args = make_format_args(42);  // Error: dangling reference
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
- public:
-  using size_type = int;
-  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
-
- private:
-  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
-  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
-  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
-  // per formatting function call.
-  unsigned long long desc_;
-  union {
-    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
-    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
-    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
-    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
-    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
-    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
-    const format_arg* args_;
-  };
-
-  constexpr auto is_packed() const -> bool {
-    return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0;
-  }
-  auto has_named_args() const -> bool {
-    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto type(int index) const -> detail::type {
-    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
-    unsigned int mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
-    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
-  }
-
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc,
-                                         const detail::value<Context>* values)
-      : desc_(desc), values_(values) {}
-  constexpr basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc, const format_arg* args)
-      : desc_(desc), args_(args) {}
-
- public:
-  constexpr basic_format_args() : desc_(0), args_(nullptr) {}
-
-  /**
-   \rst
-   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `~fmt::format_arg_store`.
-   \endrst
-   */
-  template <typename... Args>
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
-      const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
-      : basic_format_args(format_arg_store<Context, Args...>::desc,
-                          store.data_.args()) {}
-
-  /**
-   \rst
-   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from
-   `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
-   \endrst
-   */
-  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
-      const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
-      : basic_format_args(store.get_types(), store.data()) {}
-
-  /**
-   \rst
-   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
-   \endrst
-   */
-  constexpr basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
-      : basic_format_args(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count),
-                          args) {}
-
-  /** Returns the argument with the specified id. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get(int id) const -> format_arg {
-    format_arg arg;
-    if (!is_packed()) {
-      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
-      return arg;
-    }
-    if (id >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
-    arg.type_ = type(id);
-    if (arg.type_ == detail::type::none_type) return arg;
-    arg.value_ = values_[id];
-    return arg;
-  }
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  auto get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> format_arg {
-    int id = get_id(name);
-    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
-  }
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  auto get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
-    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
-    const auto& named_args =
-        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
-      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
-    }
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  auto max_size() const -> int {
-    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
-    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
-                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
-  }
-};
-
-/** An alias to ``basic_format_args<format_context>``. */
-// A separate type would result in shorter symbols but break ABI compatibility
-// between clang and gcc on ARM (#1919).
-using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
-
-// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug
-// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414.
-namespace align {
-enum type { none, left, right, center, numeric };
-}
-using align_t = align::type;
-namespace sign {
-enum type { none, minus, plus, space };
-}
-using sign_t = sign::type;
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-void throw_format_error(const char* message);
-
-// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
-template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
- private:
-  enum { max_size = 4 };
-  Char data_[max_size] = {Char(' '), Char(0), Char(0), Char(0)};
-  unsigned char size_ = 1;
-
- public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
-    auto size = s.size();
-    if (size > max_size) return throw_format_error("invalid fill");
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) data_[i] = s[i];
-    size_ = static_cast<unsigned char>(size);
-  }
-
-  constexpr auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
-  constexpr auto data() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) -> Char& { return data_[index]; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) const -> const Char& {
-    return data_[index];
-  }
-};
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
-template <typename Char> struct basic_format_specs {
-  int width;
-  int precision;
-  char type;
-  align_t align : 4;
-  sign_t sign : 3;
-  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
-  bool localized : 1;
-  detail::fill_t<Char> fill;
-
-  constexpr basic_format_specs()
-      : width(0),
-        precision(-1),
-        type(0),
-        align(align::none),
-        sign(sign::none),
-        alt(false),
-        localized(false) {}
-};
-
-using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char>;
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
-
-// An argument reference.
-template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
-      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> name)
-      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(int idx) -> arg_ref& {
-    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
-    val.index = idx;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  arg_id_kind kind;
-  union value {
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int id = 0) : index{id} {}
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
-
-    int index;
-    basic_string_view<Char> name;
-  } val;
-};
-
-// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
-// than parsing time to allow re-using the same parsed specifiers with
-// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
-template <typename Char>
-struct dynamic_format_specs : basic_format_specs<Char> {
-  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
-  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
-};
-
-struct auto_id {};
-
-// A format specifier handler that sets fields in basic_format_specs.
-template <typename Char> class specs_setter {
- protected:
-  basic_format_specs<Char>& specs_;
-
- public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
-      : specs_(specs) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(const specs_setter& other)
-      : specs_(other.specs_) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { specs_.align = align; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) {
-    specs_.fill = fill;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_sign(sign_t s) { specs_.sign = s; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() { specs_.alt = true; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_localized() { specs_.localized = true; }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
-    if (specs_.align == align::none) specs_.align = align::numeric;
-    specs_.fill[0] = Char('0');
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { specs_.width = width; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int precision) {
-    specs_.precision = precision;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_type(Char type) {
-    specs_.type = static_cast<char>(type);
-  }
-};
-
-// Format spec handler that saves references to arguments representing dynamic
-// width and precision to be resolved at formatting time.
-template <typename ParseContext>
-class dynamic_specs_handler
-    : public specs_setter<typename ParseContext::char_type> {
- public:
-  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
-                                      ParseContext& ctx)
-      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), specs_(specs), context_(ctx) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(const dynamic_specs_handler& other)
-      : specs_setter<char_type>(other),
-        specs_(other.specs_),
-        context_(other.context_) {}
-
-  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
-    specs_.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
-  }
-
-  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
-    specs_.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-    context_.on_error(message);
-  }
-
- private:
-  dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs_;
-  ParseContext& context_;
-
-  using arg_ref_type = arg_ref<char_type>;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(int arg_id) -> arg_ref_type {
-    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(auto_id) -> arg_ref_type {
-    return arg_ref_type(context_.next_arg_id());
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id)
-      -> arg_ref_type {
-    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-    basic_string_view<char_type> format_str(
-        context_.begin(), to_unsigned(context_.end() - context_.begin()));
-    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char> constexpr bool is_ascii_letter(Char c) {
-  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z');
-}
-
-// Converts a character to ASCII. Returns a number > 127 on conversion failure.
-template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Char>::value)>
-constexpr auto to_ascii(Char value) -> Char {
-  return value;
-}
-template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Char>::value)>
-constexpr auto to_ascii(Char value) ->
-    typename std::underlying_type<Char>::type {
-  return value;
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto code_point_length(const Char* begin) -> int {
-  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1)) return 1;
-  constexpr char lengths[] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-                              0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 0};
-  int len = lengths[static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin) >> 3];
-
-  // Compute the pointer to the next character early so that the next
-  // iteration can start working on the next character. Neither Clang
-  // nor GCC figure out this reordering on their own.
-  return len + !len;
-}
-
-// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
-template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) -> bool {
-  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
-    if (*out == value) return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-template <>
-inline auto find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
-                              const char*& out) -> bool {
-  out = static_cast<const char*>(
-      std::memchr(first, value, to_unsigned(last - first)));
-  return out != nullptr;
-}
-
-// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
-// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
-                                         ErrorHandler&& eh) -> int {
-  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
-  unsigned value = 0;
-  // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
-  const unsigned max_int = to_unsigned(INT_MAX);
-  unsigned big = max_int / 10;
-  do {
-    // Check for overflow.
-    if (value > big) {
-      value = max_int + 1;
-      break;
-    }
-    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*begin - '0');
-    ++begin;
-  } while (begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9');
-  if (value > max_int) eh.on_error("number is too big");
-  return static_cast<int>(value);
-}
-
-// Parses fill and alignment.
-template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                               Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
-  auto align = align::none;
-  auto p = begin + code_point_length(begin);
-  if (p >= end) p = begin;
-  for (;;) {
-    switch (to_ascii(*p)) {
-    case '<':
-      align = align::left;
-      break;
-    case '>':
-      align = align::right;
-      break;
-    case '^':
-      align = align::center;
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-    if (align != align::none) {
-      if (p != begin) {
-        auto c = *begin;
-        if (c == '{')
-          return handler.on_error("invalid fill character '{'"), begin;
-        handler.on_fill(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)));
-        begin = p + 1;
-      } else
-        ++begin;
-      handler.on_align(align);
-      break;
-    } else if (p == begin) {
-      break;
-    }
-    p = begin;
-  }
-  return begin;
-}
-
-template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_name_start(Char c) {
-  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || '_' == c;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                                   IDHandler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
-  Char c = *begin;
-  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
-    int index = 0;
-    if (c != '0')
-      index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler);
-    else
-      ++begin;
-    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
-      handler.on_error("invalid format string");
-    else
-      handler(index);
-    return begin;
-  }
-  if (!is_name_start(c)) {
-    handler.on_error("invalid format string");
-    return begin;
-  }
-  auto it = begin;
-  do {
-    ++it;
-  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(c = *it) || ('0' <= c && c <= '9')));
-  handler(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)));
-  return it;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                                           IDHandler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  Char c = *begin;
-  if (c != '}' && c != ':') return do_parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
-  handler();
-  return begin;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_width(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                               Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  using detail::auto_id;
-  struct width_adapter {
-    Handler& handler;
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_width(auto_id()); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_width(id); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
-      handler.on_dynamic_width(id);
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
-    }
-  };
-
-  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
-  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
-    handler.on_width(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
-  } else if (*begin == '{') {
-    ++begin;
-    if (begin != end) begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, width_adapter{handler});
-    if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
-      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
-    ++begin;
-  }
-  return begin;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                                   Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  using detail::auto_id;
-  struct precision_adapter {
-    Handler& handler;
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_precision(auto_id()); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_precision(id); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
-      handler.on_dynamic_precision(id);
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
-    }
-  };
-
-  ++begin;
-  auto c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
-  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
-    handler.on_precision(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
-  } else if (c == '{') {
-    ++begin;
-    if (begin != end)
-      begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, precision_adapter{handler});
-    if (begin == end || *begin++ != '}')
-      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
-  } else {
-    return handler.on_error("missing precision specifier"), begin;
-  }
-  handler.end_precision();
-  return begin;
-}
-
-// Parses standard format specifiers and sends notifications about parsed
-// components to handler.
-template <typename Char, typename SpecHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_format_specs(const Char* begin,
-                                                 const Char* end,
-                                                 SpecHandler&& handler)
-    -> const Char* {
-  if (begin + 1 < end && begin[1] == '}' && is_ascii_letter(*begin) &&
-      *begin != 'L') {
-    handler.on_type(*begin++);
-    return begin;
-  }
-
-  if (begin == end) return begin;
-
-  begin = parse_align(begin, end, handler);
-  if (begin == end) return begin;
-
-  // Parse sign.
-  switch (to_ascii(*begin)) {
-  case '+':
-    handler.on_sign(sign::plus);
-    ++begin;
-    break;
-  case '-':
-    handler.on_sign(sign::minus);
-    ++begin;
-    break;
-  case ' ':
-    handler.on_sign(sign::space);
-    ++begin;
-    break;
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
-  if (begin == end) return begin;
-
-  if (*begin == '#') {
-    handler.on_hash();
-    if (++begin == end) return begin;
-  }
-
-  // Parse zero flag.
-  if (*begin == '0') {
-    handler.on_zero();
-    if (++begin == end) return begin;
-  }
-
-  begin = parse_width(begin, end, handler);
-  if (begin == end) return begin;
-
-  // Parse precision.
-  if (*begin == '.') {
-    begin = parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
-    if (begin == end) return begin;
-  }
-
-  if (*begin == 'L') {
-    handler.on_localized();
-    ++begin;
-  }
-
-  // Parse type.
-  if (begin != end && *begin != '}') handler.on_type(*begin++);
-  return begin;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_replacement_field(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
-                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
-  struct id_adapter {
-    Handler& handler;
-    int arg_id;
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
-      arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id);
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
-    }
-  };
-
-  ++begin;
-  if (begin == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), end;
-  if (*begin == '}') {
-    handler.on_replacement_field(handler.on_arg_id(), begin);
-  } else if (*begin == '{') {
-    handler.on_text(begin, begin + 1);
-  } else {
-    auto adapter = id_adapter{handler, 0};
-    begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, adapter);
-    Char c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
-    if (c == '}') {
-      handler.on_replacement_field(adapter.arg_id, begin);
-    } else if (c == ':') {
-      begin = handler.on_format_specs(adapter.arg_id, begin + 1, end);
-      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
-        return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier"), end;
-    } else {
-      return handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string"), end;
-    }
-  }
-  return begin + 1;
-}
-
-template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void parse_format_string(
-    basic_string_view<Char> format_str, Handler&& handler) {
-  // this is most likely a name-lookup defect in msvc's modules implementation
-  using detail::find;
-
-  auto begin = format_str.data();
-  auto end = begin + format_str.size();
-  if (end - begin < 32) {
-    // Use a simple loop instead of memchr for small strings.
-    const Char* p = begin;
-    while (p != end) {
-      auto c = *p++;
-      if (c == '{') {
-        handler.on_text(begin, p - 1);
-        begin = p = parse_replacement_field(p - 1, end, handler);
-      } else if (c == '}') {
-        if (p == end || *p != '}')
-          return handler.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
-        handler.on_text(begin, p);
-        begin = ++p;
-      }
-    }
-    handler.on_text(begin, end);
-    return;
-  }
-  struct writer {
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* pbegin, const Char* pend) {
-      if (pbegin == pend) return;
-      for (;;) {
-        const Char* p = nullptr;
-        if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(pbegin, pend, '}', p))
-          return handler_.on_text(pbegin, pend);
-        ++p;
-        if (p == pend || *p != '}')
-          return handler_.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
-        handler_.on_text(pbegin, p);
-        pbegin = p + 1;
-      }
-    }
-    Handler& handler_;
-  } write{handler};
-  while (begin != end) {
-    // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
-    // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
-    const Char* p = begin;
-    if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin + 1, end, '{', p))
-      return write(begin, end);
-    write(begin, p);
-    begin = parse_replacement_field(p, end, handler);
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_format_specs(ParseContext& ctx)
-    -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
-  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
-  using mapped_type = conditional_t<
-      mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value != type::custom_type,
-      decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())), T>;
-  auto f = conditional_t<has_formatter<mapped_type, context>::value,
-                         formatter<mapped_type, char_type>,
-                         fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>();
-  return f.parse(ctx);
-}
-
-// A parse context with extra argument id checks. It is only used at compile
-// time because adding checks at runtime would introduce substantial overhead
-// and would be redundant since argument ids are checked when arguments are
-// retrieved anyway.
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
-class compile_parse_context
-    : public basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler> {
- private:
-  int num_args_;
-  using base = basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
-
- public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR compile_parse_context(
-      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int num_args = INT_MAX,
-      ErrorHandler eh = {})
-      : base(format_str, eh), num_args_(num_args) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
-    int id = base::next_arg_id();
-    if (id >= num_args_) this->on_error("argument not found");
-    return id;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
-    base::check_arg_id(id);
-    if (id >= num_args_) this->on_error("argument not found");
-  }
-  using base::check_arg_id;
-};
-
-template <typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_int_type_spec(char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
-  switch (spec) {
-  case 0:
-  case 'd':
-  case 'x':
-  case 'X':
-  case 'b':
-  case 'B':
-  case 'o':
-  case 'c':
-    break;
-  default:
-    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
-// Checks char specs and returns true if the type spec is char (and not int).
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_char_specs(const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                    ErrorHandler&& eh = {}) -> bool {
-  if (specs.type && specs.type != 'c') {
-    check_int_type_spec(specs.type, eh);
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (specs.align == align::numeric || specs.sign != sign::none || specs.alt)
-    eh.on_error("invalid format specifier for char");
-  return true;
-}
-
-// A floating-point presentation format.
-enum class float_format : unsigned char {
-  general,  // General: exponent notation or fixed point based on magnitude.
-  exp,      // Exponent notation with the default precision of 6, e.g. 1.2e-3.
-  fixed,    // Fixed point with the default precision of 6, e.g. 0.0012.
-  hex
-};
-
-struct float_specs {
-  int precision;
-  float_format format : 8;
-  sign_t sign : 8;
-  bool upper : 1;
-  bool locale : 1;
-  bool binary32 : 1;
-  bool use_grisu : 1;
-  bool showpoint : 1;
-};
-
-template <typename ErrorHandler = error_handler, typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_float_type_spec(const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                         ErrorHandler&& eh = {})
-    -> float_specs {
-  auto result = float_specs();
-  result.showpoint = specs.alt;
-  result.locale = specs.localized;
-  switch (specs.type) {
-  case 0:
-    result.format = float_format::general;
-    break;
-  case 'G':
-    result.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
-  case 'g':
-    result.format = float_format::general;
-    break;
-  case 'E':
-    result.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
-  case 'e':
-    result.format = float_format::exp;
-    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
-    break;
-  case 'F':
-    result.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
-  case 'f':
-    result.format = float_format::fixed;
-    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
-    break;
-  case 'A':
-    result.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
-  case 'a':
-    result.format = float_format::hex;
-    break;
-  default:
-    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-    break;
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_cstring_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh = {})
-    -> bool {
-  if (spec == 0 || spec == 's') return true;
-  if (spec != 'p') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-  return false;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_string_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
-  if (spec != 0 && spec != 's') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_pointer_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
-  if (spec != 0 && spec != 'p') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
-}
-
-// A parse_format_specs handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with
-// the argument type.
-template <typename Handler> class specs_checker : public Handler {
- private:
-  detail::type arg_type_;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void require_numeric_argument() {
-    if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type_))
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  }
-
- public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, detail::type arg_type)
-      : Handler(handler), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) {
-    if (align == align::numeric) require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_align(align);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_sign(sign_t s) {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) && arg_type_ != type::int_type &&
-        arg_type_ != type::long_long_type && arg_type_ != type::char_type) {
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
-    }
-    Handler::on_sign(s);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_hash();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_localized() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_localized();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_zero();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {
-    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == type::pointer_type)
-      this->on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  }
-};
-
-constexpr int invalid_arg_index = -1;
-
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-template <int N, typename T, typename... Args, typename Char>
-constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
-  if constexpr (detail::is_statically_named_arg<T>()) {
-    if (name == T::name) return N;
-  }
-  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
-    return get_arg_index_by_name<N + 1, Args...>(name);
-  (void)name;  // Workaround an MSVC bug about "unused" parameter.
-  return invalid_arg_index;
-}
-#endif
-
-template <typename... Args, typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
-    return get_arg_index_by_name<0, Args...>(name);
-#endif
-  (void)name;
-  return invalid_arg_index;
-}
-
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler, typename... Args>
-class format_string_checker {
- private:
-  using parse_context_type = compile_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
-  enum { num_args = sizeof...(Args) };
-
-  // Format specifier parsing function.
-  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
-
-  parse_context_type context_;
-  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? num_args : 1];
-
- public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(
-      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh)
-      : context_(format_str, num_args, eh),
-        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return context_.next_arg_id(); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
-    return context_.check_arg_id(id), id;
-  }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-    auto index = get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(id);
-    if (index == invalid_arg_index) on_error("named argument is not found");
-    return context_.check_arg_id(index), index;
-#else
-    (void)id;
-    on_error("compile-time checks for named arguments require C++20 support");
-    return 0;
-#endif
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(int, const Char*) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char*)
-      -> const Char* {
-    context_.advance_to(context_.begin() + (begin - &*context_.begin()));
-    // id >= 0 check is a workaround for gcc 10 bug (#2065).
-    return id >= 0 && id < num_args ? parse_funcs_[id](context_) : begin;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-    context_.on_error(message);
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename... Args, typename S,
-          enable_if_t<(is_compile_string<S>::value), int>>
-void check_format_string(S format_str) {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto s = to_string_view(format_str);
-  using checker = format_string_checker<typename S::char_type, error_handler,
-                                        remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool invalid_format =
-      (parse_format_string<true>(s, checker(s, {})), true);
-  (void)invalid_format;
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-void vformat_to(
-    buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
-    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(type_identity_t<Char>)> args,
-    detail::locale_ref loc = {});
-
-FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
-#ifndef _WIN32
-inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
-#endif
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// A formatter specialization for the core types corresponding to detail::type
-// constants.
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct formatter<T, Char,
-                 enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
-                             detail::type::custom_type>> {
- private:
-  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
-
- public:
-  // Parses format specifiers stopping either at the end of the range or at the
-  // terminating '}'.
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
-    if (begin == end) return begin;
-    using handler_type = detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
-    auto type = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
-    auto checker =
-        detail::specs_checker<handler_type>(handler_type(specs_, ctx), type);
-    auto it = detail::parse_format_specs(begin, end, checker);
-    auto eh = ctx.error_handler();
-    switch (type) {
-    case detail::type::none_type:
-      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
-      break;
-    case detail::type::bool_type:
-      if (!specs_.type || specs_.type == 's') break;
-      FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
-    case detail::type::int_type:
-    case detail::type::uint_type:
-    case detail::type::long_long_type:
-    case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
-    case detail::type::int128_type:
-    case detail::type::uint128_type:
-      detail::check_int_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
-      break;
-    case detail::type::char_type:
-      detail::check_char_specs(specs_, eh);
-      break;
-    case detail::type::float_type:
-      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_FLOAT))
-        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
-      else
-        FMT_ASSERT(false, "float support disabled");
-      break;
-    case detail::type::double_type:
-      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_DOUBLE))
-        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
-      else
-        FMT_ASSERT(false, "double support disabled");
-      break;
-    case detail::type::long_double_type:
-      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE))
-        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
-      else
-        FMT_ASSERT(false, "long double support disabled");
-      break;
-    case detail::type::cstring_type:
-      detail::check_cstring_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
-      break;
-    case detail::type::string_type:
-      detail::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
-      break;
-    case detail::type::pointer_type:
-      detail::check_pointer_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
-      break;
-    case detail::type::custom_type:
-      // Custom format specifiers are checked in parse functions of
-      // formatter specializations.
-      break;
-    }
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const
-      -> decltype(ctx.out());
-};
-
-template <typename Char> struct basic_runtime { basic_string_view<Char> str; };
-
-template <typename Char, typename... Args> class basic_format_string {
- private:
-  basic_string_view<Char> str_;
-
- public:
-  template <typename S,
-            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
-                std::is_convertible<const S&, basic_string_view<Char>>::value)>
-#if FMT_COMPILE_TIME_CHECKS
-  consteval
-#endif
-      basic_format_string(const S& s)
-      : str_(s) {
-    static_assert(
-        detail::count<
-            (std::is_base_of<detail::view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
-             std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
-        "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
-#if FMT_COMPILE_TIME_CHECKS
-    if constexpr (detail::count_named_args<Args...>() == 0) {
-      using checker = detail::format_string_checker<Char, detail::error_handler,
-                                                    remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
-      detail::parse_format_string<true>(str_, checker(s, {}));
-    }
-#else
-    detail::check_format_string<Args...>(s);
-#endif
-  }
-  basic_format_string(basic_runtime<Char> r) : str_(r.str) {}
-
-  FMT_INLINE operator basic_string_view<Char>() const { return str_; }
-};
-
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
-// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
-template <typename... Args> using format_string = string_view;
-template <typename S> auto runtime(const S& s) -> basic_string_view<char_t<S>> {
-  return s;
-}
-#else
-template <typename... Args>
-using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
-// Creates a runtime format string.
-template <typename S> auto runtime(const S& s) -> basic_runtime<char_t<S>> {
-  return {{s}};
-}
-#endif
-
-FMT_API auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string;
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and returns the result
-  as a string.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    #include <fmt/core.h>
-    std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}", 42);
-  \endrst
-*/
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_INLINE auto format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::string {
-  return vformat(fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-}
-
-/** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
-template <typename OutputIt,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
-auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, string_view fmt, format_args args) -> OutputIt {
-  using detail::get_buffer;
-  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, string_view(fmt), args);
-  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
-}
-
-/**
- \rst
- Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes the result to
- the output iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output
- range.
-
- **Example**::
-
-   auto out = std::vector<char>();
-   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
- \endrst
- */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
-    -> OutputIt {
-  return vformat_to(out, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
-  /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
-  OutputIt out;
-  /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
-  size_t size;
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
-auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, string_view fmt, format_args args)
-    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
-  using buffer =
-      detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, detail::fixed_buffer_traits>;
-  auto buf = buffer(out, n);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
-  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes up to ``n``
-  characters of the result to the output iterator ``out`` and returns the total
-  (not truncated) output size and the iterator past the end of the output range.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt,
-                            const T&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
-  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-}
-
-/** Returns the number of chars in the output of ``format(fmt, args...)``. */
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t {
-  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-  return buf.count();
-}
-
-FMT_API void vprint(string_view, format_args);
-FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
-  to ``stdout``.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_INLINE void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
-  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(fmt, vargs)
-                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, fmt, vargs);
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
-  output to the file ``f``.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_INLINE void print(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
-  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(f, fmt, vargs)
-                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt, vargs);
-}
-
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
-FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC pop_options")
-FMT_END_NAMESPACE
-
-#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-#  include "format.h"
-#endif
-#endif  // FMT_CORE_H_
+#include "format.h"
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
index 5e796bd..945cb91 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
@@ -8,53 +8,70 @@
 #ifndef FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
 #define FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cctype>
-#include <cerrno>  // errno
-#include <climits>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstring>  // std::memmove
-#include <cwchar>
-#include <exception>
-
-#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
-#  include <locale>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <cerrno>  // errno
+#  include <climits>
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <exception>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(FMT_USE_WRITE_CONSOLE)
 #  include <io.h>  // _isatty
 #endif
 
 #include "format.h"
 
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-namespace detail {
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE && !defined(FMT_MODULE)
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
 
+#ifndef FMT_FUNC
+#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifndef FMT_CUSTOM_ASSERT_FAIL
 FMT_FUNC void assert_fail(const char* file, int line, const char* message) {
   // Use unchecked std::fprintf to avoid triggering another assertion when
-  // writing to stderr fails
+  // writing to stderr fails.
   std::fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: assertion failed: %s", file, line, message);
-  // Chosen instead of std::abort to satisfy Clang in CUDA mode during device
-  // code pass.
-  std::terminate();
+  abort();
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+namespace detail {
+using std::locale;
+using std::numpunct;
+using std::use_facet;
+}  // namespace detail
+#else
+namespace detail {
+struct locale {};
+template <typename Char> struct numpunct {
+  auto grouping() const -> std::string { return "\03"; }
+  auto thousands_sep() const -> Char { return ','; }
+  auto decimal_point() const -> Char { return '.'; }
+};
+template <typename Facet> Facet use_facet(locale) { return {}; }
+}  // namespace detail
+#endif  // FMT_USE_LOCALE
+
+template <typename Locale> auto locale_ref::get() const -> Locale {
+  using namespace detail;
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, locale>::value, "");
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+  if (locale_) return *static_cast<const locale*>(locale_);
+#endif
+  return locale();
 }
 
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
-#else  // _MSC_VER
-inline int fmt_snprintf(char* buffer, size_t size, const char* format, ...) {
-  va_list args;
-  va_start(args, format);
-  int result = vsnprintf_s(buffer, size, _TRUNCATE, format, args);
-  va_end(args);
-  return result;
-}
-#  define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
-#endif  // _MSC_VER
+namespace detail {
 
 FMT_FUNC void format_error_code(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                                string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+                                string_view message) noexcept {
   // Report error code making sure that the output fits into
   // inline_buffer_size to avoid dynamic memory allocation and potential
   // bad_alloc.
@@ -69,983 +86,198 @@ FMT_FUNC void format_error_code(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
     ++error_code_size;
   }
   error_code_size += detail::to_unsigned(detail::count_digits(abs_value));
-  auto it = buffer_appender<char>(out);
+  auto it = appender(out);
   if (message.size() <= inline_buffer_size - error_code_size)
-    format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), message, SEP);
-  format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), ERROR_STR, error_code);
+    fmt::format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), message, SEP);
+  fmt::format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), ERROR_STR, error_code);
   FMT_ASSERT(out.size() <= inline_buffer_size, "");
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
-                           const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void do_report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                              const char* message) noexcept {
   memory_buffer full_message;
   func(full_message, error_code, message);
-  // Don't use fwrite_fully because the latter may throw.
+  // Don't use fwrite_all because the latter may throw.
   if (std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr) > 0)
     std::fputc('\n', stderr);
 }
 
 // A wrapper around fwrite that throws on error.
-inline void fwrite_fully(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t count,
-                         FILE* stream) {
-  size_t written = std::fwrite(ptr, size, count, stream);
-  if (written < count) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+inline void fwrite_all(const void* ptr, size_t count, FILE* stream) {
+  size_t written = std::fwrite(ptr, 1, count, stream);
+  if (written < count)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
 }
 
-#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
-template <typename Locale>
-locale_ref::locale_ref(const Locale& loc) : locale_(&loc) {
-  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto&& facet = use_facet<numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<locale>());
+  auto grouping = facet.grouping();
+  auto thousands_sep = grouping.empty() ? Char() : facet.thousands_sep();
+  return {std::move(grouping), thousands_sep};
+}
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
+  return use_facet<numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<locale>()).decimal_point();
 }
 
-template <typename Locale> Locale locale_ref::get() const {
-  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
-  return locale_ ? *static_cast<const std::locale*>(locale_) : std::locale();
-}
-
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC std::string grouping_impl(locale_ref loc) {
-  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>()).grouping();
-}
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) {
-  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
-      .thousands_sep();
-}
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) {
-  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
-      .decimal_point();
-}
-#else
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC std::string grouping_impl(locale_ref) {
-  return "\03";
-}
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref) {
-  return FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR;
-}
-template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) {
-  return '.';
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+FMT_FUNC auto write_loc(appender out, loc_value value,
+                        const format_specs& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool {
+  auto locale = loc.get<std::locale>();
+  // We cannot use the num_put<char> facet because it may produce output in
+  // a wrong encoding.
+  using facet = format_facet<std::locale>;
+  if (std::has_facet<facet>(locale))
+    return use_facet<facet>(locale).put(out, value, specs);
+  return facet(locale).put(out, value, specs);
 }
 #endif
 }  // namespace detail
 
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
-FMT_API FMT_FUNC format_error::~format_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT = default;
+FMT_FUNC void report_error(const char* message) {
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION || defined(__NVCC__)
+  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
+  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
+  volatile bool b = true;
+  if (!b) return;
+#endif
+  FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale> typename Locale::id format_facet<Locale>::id;
+
+template <typename Locale> format_facet<Locale>::format_facet(Locale& loc) {
+  auto& np = detail::use_facet<detail::numpunct<char>>(loc);
+  grouping_ = np.grouping();
+  if (!grouping_.empty()) separator_ = std::string(1, np.thousands_sep());
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+template <>
+FMT_API FMT_FUNC auto format_facet<std::locale>::do_put(
+    appender out, loc_value val, const format_specs& specs) const -> bool {
+  return val.visit(
+      detail::loc_writer<>{out, specs, separator_, grouping_, decimal_point_});
+}
 #endif
 
-FMT_FUNC std::system_error vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
-                                         format_args args) {
+FMT_FUNC auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::system_error {
   auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
-  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(format_str, args));
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(fmt, args));
 }
 
 namespace detail {
 
-template <> FMT_FUNC int count_digits<4>(detail::fallback_uintptr n) {
-  // fallback_uintptr is always stored in little endian.
-  int i = static_cast<int>(sizeof(void*)) - 1;
-  while (i > 0 && n.value[i] == 0) --i;
-  auto char_digits = std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits / 4;
-  return i >= 0 ? i * char_digits + count_digits<4, unsigned>(n.value[i]) : 1;
+template <typename F>
+inline auto operator==(basic_fp<F> x, basic_fp<F> y) -> bool {
+  return x.f == y.f && x.e == y.e;
 }
 
-#if __cplusplus < 201703L
-template <typename T> constexpr const char basic_data<T>::digits[][2];
-template <typename T> constexpr const char basic_data<T>::hex_digits[];
-template <typename T> constexpr const char basic_data<T>::signs[];
-template <typename T> constexpr const unsigned basic_data<T>::prefixes[];
-template <typename T> constexpr const char basic_data<T>::left_padding_shifts[];
-template <typename T>
-constexpr const char basic_data<T>::right_padding_shifts[];
-#endif
-
-template <typename T> struct bits {
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int value =
-      static_cast<int>(sizeof(T) * std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits);
-};
-
-class fp;
-template <int SHIFT = 0> fp normalize(fp value);
-
-// Lower (upper) boundary is a value half way between a floating-point value
-// and its predecessor (successor). Boundaries have the same exponent as the
-// value so only significands are stored.
-struct boundaries {
-  uint64_t lower;
-  uint64_t upper;
-};
-
-// A handmade floating-point number f * pow(2, e).
-class fp {
- private:
-  using significand_type = uint64_t;
-
-  template <typename Float>
-  using is_supported_float = bool_constant<sizeof(Float) == sizeof(uint64_t) ||
-                                           sizeof(Float) == sizeof(uint32_t)>;
-
- public:
-  significand_type f;
-  int e;
-
-  // All sizes are in bits.
-  // Subtract 1 to account for an implicit most significant bit in the
-  // normalized form.
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int double_significand_size =
-      std::numeric_limits<double>::digits - 1;
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const uint64_t implicit_bit =
-      1ULL << double_significand_size;
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int significand_size =
-      bits<significand_type>::value;
-
-  fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
-  fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
-
-  // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 double. It is a template to prevent compile
-  // errors on platforms where double is not IEEE754.
-  template <typename Double> explicit fp(Double d) { assign(d); }
-
-  // Assigns d to this and return true iff predecessor is closer than successor.
-  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_supported_float<Float>::value)>
-  bool assign(Float d) {
-    // Assume float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
-    using limits = std::numeric_limits<Float>;
-    const int float_significand_size = limits::digits - 1;
-    const int exponent_size =
-        bits<Float>::value - float_significand_size - 1;  // -1 for sign
-    const uint64_t float_implicit_bit = 1ULL << float_significand_size;
-    const uint64_t significand_mask = float_implicit_bit - 1;
-    const uint64_t exponent_mask = (~0ULL >> 1) & ~significand_mask;
-    const int exponent_bias = (1 << exponent_size) - limits::max_exponent - 1;
-    constexpr bool is_double = sizeof(Float) == sizeof(uint64_t);
-    auto u = bit_cast<conditional_t<is_double, uint64_t, uint32_t>>(d);
-    f = u & significand_mask;
-    int biased_e =
-        static_cast<int>((u & exponent_mask) >> float_significand_size);
-    // Predecessor is closer if d is a normalized power of 2 (f == 0) other than
-    // the smallest normalized number (biased_e > 1).
-    bool is_predecessor_closer = f == 0 && biased_e > 1;
-    if (biased_e != 0)
-      f += float_implicit_bit;
-    else
-      biased_e = 1;  // Subnormals use biased exponent 1 (min exponent).
-    e = biased_e - exponent_bias - float_significand_size;
-    return is_predecessor_closer;
-  }
-
-  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_supported_float<Float>::value)>
-  bool assign(Float) {
-    *this = fp();
-    return false;
-  }
-};
-
-// Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
-template <int SHIFT> fp normalize(fp value) {
-  // Handle subnormals.
-  const auto shifted_implicit_bit = fp::implicit_bit << SHIFT;
-  while ((value.f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
-    value.f <<= 1;
-    --value.e;
-  }
-  // Subtract 1 to account for hidden bit.
-  const auto offset =
-      fp::significand_size - fp::double_significand_size - SHIFT - 1;
-  value.f <<= offset;
-  value.e -= offset;
-  return value;
+// Compilers should be able to optimize this into the ror instruction.
+FMT_INLINE auto rotr(uint32_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  r &= 31;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (32 - r));
 }
-
-inline bool operator==(fp x, fp y) { return x.f == y.f && x.e == y.e; }
-
-// Computes lhs * rhs / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest with half-up tie breaking.
-inline uint64_t multiply(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs) {
-#if FMT_USE_INT128
-  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(lhs) * rhs;
-  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
-  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0 ? f + 1 : f;
-#else
-  // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
-  uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
-  uint64_t a = lhs >> 32, b = lhs & mask;
-  uint64_t c = rhs >> 32, d = rhs & mask;
-  uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
-  // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
-  uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
-  return ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32);
-#endif
+FMT_INLINE auto rotr(uint64_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  r &= 63;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (64 - r));
 }
 
-inline fp operator*(fp x, fp y) { return {multiply(x.f, y.f), x.e + y.e + 64}; }
-
-// Returns a cached power of 10 `c_k = c_k.f * pow(2, c_k.e)` such that its
-// (binary) exponent satisfies `min_exponent <= c_k.e <= min_exponent + 28`.
-inline fp get_cached_power(int min_exponent, int& pow10_exponent) {
-  // Normalized 64-bit significands of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340.
-  // These are generated by support/compute-powers.py.
-  static constexpr const uint64_t pow10_significands[] = {
-      0xfa8fd5a0081c0288, 0xbaaee17fa23ebf76, 0x8b16fb203055ac76,
-      0xcf42894a5dce35ea, 0x9a6bb0aa55653b2d, 0xe61acf033d1a45df,
-      0xab70fe17c79ac6ca, 0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0xbe5691ef416bd60c,
-      0x8dd01fad907ffc3c, 0xd3515c2831559a83, 0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5,
-      0xea9c227723ee8bcb, 0xaecc49914078536d, 0x823c12795db6ce57,
-      0xc21094364dfb5637, 0x9096ea6f3848984f, 0xd77485cb25823ac7,
-      0xa086cfcd97bf97f4, 0xef340a98172aace5, 0xb23867fb2a35b28e,
-      0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0xc5dd44271ad3cdba, 0x936b9fcebb25c996,
-      0xdbac6c247d62a584, 0xa3ab66580d5fdaf6, 0xf3e2f893dec3f126,
-      0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x87625f056c7c4a8b, 0xc9bcff6034c13053,
-      0x964e858c91ba2655, 0xdff9772470297ebd, 0xa6dfbd9fb8e5b88f,
-      0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0xb94470938fa89bcf, 0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b,
-      0xcdb02555653131b6, 0x993fe2c6d07b7fac, 0xe45c10c42a2b3b06,
-      0xaa242499697392d3, 0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
-      0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x9c40000000000000,
-      0xe8d4a51000000000, 0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0x813f3978f8940984,
-      0xc097ce7bc90715b3, 0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xd5d238a4abe98068,
-      0x9f4f2726179a2245, 0xed63a231d4c4fb27, 0xb0de65388cc8ada8,
-      0x83c7088e1aab65db, 0xc45d1df942711d9a, 0x924d692ca61be758,
-      0xda01ee641a708dea, 0xa26da3999aef774a, 0xf209787bb47d6b85,
-      0xb454e4a179dd1877, 0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0xc83553c5c8965d3d,
-      0x952ab45cfa97a0b3, 0xde469fbd99a05fe3, 0xa59bc234db398c25,
-      0xf6c69a72a3989f5c, 0xb7dcbf5354e9bece, 0x88fcf317f22241e2,
-      0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5, 0x98165af37b2153df, 0xe2a0b5dc971f303a,
-      0xa8d9d1535ce3b396, 0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0xbb764c4ca7a44410,
-      0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x9b10a4e5e9913129,
-      0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x80444b5e7aa7cf85,
-      0xbf21e44003acdd2d, 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0xd433179d9c8cb841,
-      0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0xeb96bf6ebadf77d9, 0xaf87023b9bf0ee6b,
-  };
-
-  // Binary exponents of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340, corresponding
-  // to significands above.
-  static constexpr const int16_t pow10_exponents[] = {
-      -1220, -1193, -1166, -1140, -1113, -1087, -1060, -1034, -1007, -980, -954,
-      -927,  -901,  -874,  -847,  -821,  -794,  -768,  -741,  -715,  -688, -661,
-      -635,  -608,  -582,  -555,  -529,  -502,  -475,  -449,  -422,  -396, -369,
-      -343,  -316,  -289,  -263,  -236,  -210,  -183,  -157,  -130,  -103, -77,
-      -50,   -24,   3,     30,    56,    83,    109,   136,   162,   189,  216,
-      242,   269,   295,   322,   348,   375,   402,   428,   455,   481,  508,
-      534,   561,   588,   614,   641,   667,   694,   720,   747,   774,  800,
-      827,   853,   880,   907,   933,   960,   986,   1013,  1039,  1066};
-
-  const int shift = 32;
-  const auto significand = static_cast<int64_t>(data::log10_2_significand);
-  int index = static_cast<int>(
-      ((min_exponent + fp::significand_size - 1) * (significand >> shift) +
-       ((int64_t(1) << shift) - 1))  // ceil
-      >> 32                          // arithmetic shift
-  );
-  // Decimal exponent of the first (smallest) cached power of 10.
-  const int first_dec_exp = -348;
-  // Difference between 2 consecutive decimal exponents in cached powers of 10.
-  const int dec_exp_step = 8;
-  index = (index - first_dec_exp - 1) / dec_exp_step + 1;
-  pow10_exponent = first_dec_exp + index * dec_exp_step;
-  return {pow10_significands[index], pow10_exponents[index]};
-}
-
-// A simple accumulator to hold the sums of terms in bigint::square if uint128_t
-// is not available.
-struct accumulator {
-  uint64_t lower;
-  uint64_t upper;
-
-  accumulator() : lower(0), upper(0) {}
-  explicit operator uint32_t() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(lower); }
-
-  void operator+=(uint64_t n) {
-    lower += n;
-    if (lower < n) ++upper;
-  }
-  void operator>>=(int shift) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(shift == 32, "");
-    (void)shift;
-    lower = (upper << 32) | (lower >> 32);
-    upper >>= 32;
-  }
-};
-
-class bigint {
- private:
-  // A bigint is stored as an array of bigits (big digits), with bigit at index
-  // 0 being the least significant one.
-  using bigit = uint32_t;
-  using double_bigit = uint64_t;
-  enum { bigits_capacity = 32 };
-  basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> bigits_;
-  int exp_;
-
-  bigit operator[](int index) const { return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)]; }
-  bigit& operator[](int index) { return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)]; }
-
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int bigit_bits = bits<bigit>::value;
-
-  friend struct formatter<bigint>;
-
-  void subtract_bigits(int index, bigit other, bigit& borrow) {
-    auto result = static_cast<double_bigit>((*this)[index]) - other - borrow;
-    (*this)[index] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
-    borrow = static_cast<bigit>(result >> (bigit_bits * 2 - 1));
-  }
-
-  void remove_leading_zeros() {
-    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) - 1;
-    while (num_bigits > 0 && (*this)[num_bigits] == 0) --num_bigits;
-    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + 1));
-  }
-
-  // Computes *this -= other assuming aligned bigints and *this >= other.
-  void subtract_aligned(const bigint& other) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(other.exp_ >= exp_, "unaligned bigints");
-    FMT_ASSERT(compare(*this, other) >= 0, "");
-    bigit borrow = 0;
-    int i = other.exp_ - exp_;
-    for (size_t j = 0, n = other.bigits_.size(); j != n; ++i, ++j)
-      subtract_bigits(i, other.bigits_[j], borrow);
-    while (borrow > 0) subtract_bigits(i, 0, borrow);
-    remove_leading_zeros();
-  }
-
-  void multiply(uint32_t value) {
-    const double_bigit wide_value = value;
-    bigit carry = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
-      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * wide_value + carry;
-      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
-      carry = static_cast<bigit>(result >> bigit_bits);
-    }
-    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
-  }
-
-  void multiply(uint64_t value) {
-    const bigit mask = ~bigit(0);
-    const double_bigit lower = value & mask;
-    const double_bigit upper = value >> bigit_bits;
-    double_bigit carry = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
-      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * lower + (carry & mask);
-      carry =
-          bigits_[i] * upper + (result >> bigit_bits) + (carry >> bigit_bits);
-      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
-    }
-    while (carry != 0) {
-      bigits_.push_back(carry & mask);
-      carry >>= bigit_bits;
-    }
-  }
-
- public:
-  bigint() : exp_(0) {}
-  explicit bigint(uint64_t n) { assign(n); }
-  ~bigint() { FMT_ASSERT(bigits_.capacity() <= bigits_capacity, ""); }
-
-  bigint(const bigint&) = delete;
-  void operator=(const bigint&) = delete;
-
-  void assign(const bigint& other) {
-    auto size = other.bigits_.size();
-    bigits_.resize(size);
-    auto data = other.bigits_.data();
-    std::copy(data, data + size, make_checked(bigits_.data(), size));
-    exp_ = other.exp_;
-  }
-
-  void assign(uint64_t n) {
-    size_t num_bigits = 0;
-    do {
-      bigits_[num_bigits++] = n & ~bigit(0);
-      n >>= bigit_bits;
-    } while (n != 0);
-    bigits_.resize(num_bigits);
-    exp_ = 0;
-  }
-
-  int num_bigits() const { return static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) + exp_; }
-
-  FMT_NOINLINE bigint& operator<<=(int shift) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(shift >= 0, "");
-    exp_ += shift / bigit_bits;
-    shift %= bigit_bits;
-    if (shift == 0) return *this;
-    bigit carry = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
-      bigit c = bigits_[i] >> (bigit_bits - shift);
-      bigits_[i] = (bigits_[i] << shift) + carry;
-      carry = c;
-    }
-    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  template <typename Int> bigint& operator*=(Int value) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(value > 0, "");
-    multiply(uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>(value));
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  friend int compare(const bigint& lhs, const bigint& rhs) {
-    int num_lhs_bigits = lhs.num_bigits(), num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
-    if (num_lhs_bigits != num_rhs_bigits)
-      return num_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits ? 1 : -1;
-    int i = static_cast<int>(lhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
-    int j = static_cast<int>(rhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
-    int end = i - j;
-    if (end < 0) end = 0;
-    for (; i >= end; --i, --j) {
-      bigit lhs_bigit = lhs[i], rhs_bigit = rhs[j];
-      if (lhs_bigit != rhs_bigit) return lhs_bigit > rhs_bigit ? 1 : -1;
-    }
-    if (i != j) return i > j ? 1 : -1;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Returns compare(lhs1 + lhs2, rhs).
-  friend int add_compare(const bigint& lhs1, const bigint& lhs2,
-                         const bigint& rhs) {
-    int max_lhs_bigits = (std::max)(lhs1.num_bigits(), lhs2.num_bigits());
-    int num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
-    if (max_lhs_bigits + 1 < num_rhs_bigits) return -1;
-    if (max_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits) return 1;
-    auto get_bigit = [](const bigint& n, int i) -> bigit {
-      return i >= n.exp_ && i < n.num_bigits() ? n[i - n.exp_] : 0;
-    };
-    double_bigit borrow = 0;
-    int min_exp = (std::min)((std::min)(lhs1.exp_, lhs2.exp_), rhs.exp_);
-    for (int i = num_rhs_bigits - 1; i >= min_exp; --i) {
-      double_bigit sum =
-          static_cast<double_bigit>(get_bigit(lhs1, i)) + get_bigit(lhs2, i);
-      bigit rhs_bigit = get_bigit(rhs, i);
-      if (sum > rhs_bigit + borrow) return 1;
-      borrow = rhs_bigit + borrow - sum;
-      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
-      borrow <<= bigit_bits;
-    }
-    return borrow != 0 ? -1 : 0;
-  }
-
-  // Assigns pow(10, exp) to this bigint.
-  void assign_pow10(int exp) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 0, "");
-    if (exp == 0) return assign(1);
-    // Find the top bit.
-    int bitmask = 1;
-    while (exp >= bitmask) bitmask <<= 1;
-    bitmask >>= 1;
-    // pow(10, exp) = pow(5, exp) * pow(2, exp). First compute pow(5, exp) by
-    // repeated squaring and multiplication.
-    assign(5);
-    bitmask >>= 1;
-    while (bitmask != 0) {
-      square();
-      if ((exp & bitmask) != 0) *this *= 5;
-      bitmask >>= 1;
-    }
-    *this <<= exp;  // Multiply by pow(2, exp) by shifting.
-  }
-
-  void square() {
-    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
-    int num_result_bigits = 2 * num_bigits;
-    basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> n(std::move(bigits_));
-    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_result_bigits));
-    using accumulator_t = conditional_t<FMT_USE_INT128, uint128_t, accumulator>;
-    auto sum = accumulator_t();
-    for (int bigit_index = 0; bigit_index < num_bigits; ++bigit_index) {
-      // Compute bigit at position bigit_index of the result by adding
-      // cross-product terms n[i] * n[j] such that i + j == bigit_index.
-      for (int i = 0, j = bigit_index; j >= 0; ++i, --j) {
-        // Most terms are multiplied twice which can be optimized in the future.
-        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i]) * n[j];
-      }
-      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
-      sum >>= bits<bigit>::value;  // Compute the carry.
-    }
-    // Do the same for the top half.
-    for (int bigit_index = num_bigits; bigit_index < num_result_bigits;
-         ++bigit_index) {
-      for (int j = num_bigits - 1, i = bigit_index - j; i < num_bigits;)
-        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i++]) * n[j--];
-      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
-      sum >>= bits<bigit>::value;
-    }
-    --num_result_bigits;
-    remove_leading_zeros();
-    exp_ *= 2;
-  }
-
-  // If this bigint has a bigger exponent than other, adds trailing zero to make
-  // exponents equal. This simplifies some operations such as subtraction.
-  void align(const bigint& other) {
-    int exp_difference = exp_ - other.exp_;
-    if (exp_difference <= 0) return;
-    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
-    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + exp_difference));
-    for (int i = num_bigits - 1, j = i + exp_difference; i >= 0; --i, --j)
-      bigits_[j] = bigits_[i];
-    std::uninitialized_fill_n(bigits_.data(), exp_difference, 0);
-    exp_ -= exp_difference;
-  }
-
-  // Divides this bignum by divisor, assigning the remainder to this and
-  // returning the quotient.
-  int divmod_assign(const bigint& divisor) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(this != &divisor, "");
-    if (compare(*this, divisor) < 0) return 0;
-    FMT_ASSERT(divisor.bigits_[divisor.bigits_.size() - 1u] != 0, "");
-    align(divisor);
-    int quotient = 0;
-    do {
-      subtract_aligned(divisor);
-      ++quotient;
-    } while (compare(*this, divisor) >= 0);
-    return quotient;
-  }
-};
-
-enum class round_direction { unknown, up, down };
-
-// Given the divisor (normally a power of 10), the remainder = v % divisor for
-// some number v and the error, returns whether v should be rounded up, down, or
-// whether the rounding direction can't be determined due to error.
-// error should be less than divisor / 2.
-inline round_direction get_round_direction(uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder,
-                                           uint64_t error) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");  // divisor - remainder won't overflow.
-  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor, "");      // divisor - error won't overflow.
-  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor - error, "");  // error * 2 won't overflow.
-  // Round down if (remainder + error) * 2 <= divisor.
-  if (remainder <= divisor - remainder && error * 2 <= divisor - remainder * 2)
-    return round_direction::down;
-  // Round up if (remainder - error) * 2 >= divisor.
-  if (remainder >= error &&
-      remainder - error >= divisor - (remainder - error)) {
-    return round_direction::up;
-  }
-  return round_direction::unknown;
-}
-
-namespace digits {
-enum result {
-  more,  // Generate more digits.
-  done,  // Done generating digits.
-  error  // Digit generation cancelled due to an error.
-};
-}
-
-inline uint64_t power_of_10_64(int exp) {
-  static constexpr const uint64_t data[] = {1, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1),
-                                            FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
-                                            10000000000000000000ULL};
-  return data[exp];
-}
-
-// Generates output using the Grisu digit-gen algorithm.
-// error: the size of the region (lower, upper) outside of which numbers
-// definitely do not round to value (Delta in Grisu3).
-template <typename Handler>
-FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE digits::result grisu_gen_digits(fp value, uint64_t error,
-                                                  int& exp, Handler& handler) {
-  const fp one(1ULL << -value.e, value.e);
-  // The integral part of scaled value (p1 in Grisu) = value / one. It cannot be
-  // zero because it contains a product of two 64-bit numbers with MSB set (due
-  // to normalization) - 1, shifted right by at most 60 bits.
-  auto integral = static_cast<uint32_t>(value.f >> -one.e);
-  FMT_ASSERT(integral != 0, "");
-  FMT_ASSERT(integral == value.f >> -one.e, "");
-  // The fractional part of scaled value (p2 in Grisu) c = value % one.
-  uint64_t fractional = value.f & (one.f - 1);
-  exp = count_digits(integral);  // kappa in Grisu.
-  // Divide by 10 to prevent overflow.
-  auto result = handler.on_start(power_of_10_64(exp - 1) << -one.e,
-                                 value.f / 10, error * 10, exp);
-  if (result != digits::more) return result;
-  // Generate digits for the integral part. This can produce up to 10 digits.
-  do {
-    uint32_t digit = 0;
-    auto divmod_integral = [&](uint32_t divisor) {
-      digit = integral / divisor;
-      integral %= divisor;
-    };
-    // This optimization by Milo Yip reduces the number of integer divisions by
-    // one per iteration.
-    switch (exp) {
-    case 10:
-      divmod_integral(1000000000);
-      break;
-    case 9:
-      divmod_integral(100000000);
-      break;
-    case 8:
-      divmod_integral(10000000);
-      break;
-    case 7:
-      divmod_integral(1000000);
-      break;
-    case 6:
-      divmod_integral(100000);
-      break;
-    case 5:
-      divmod_integral(10000);
-      break;
-    case 4:
-      divmod_integral(1000);
-      break;
-    case 3:
-      divmod_integral(100);
-      break;
-    case 2:
-      divmod_integral(10);
-      break;
-    case 1:
-      digit = integral;
-      integral = 0;
-      break;
-    default:
-      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid number of digits");
-    }
-    --exp;
-    auto remainder = (static_cast<uint64_t>(integral) << -one.e) + fractional;
-    result = handler.on_digit(static_cast<char>('0' + digit),
-                              power_of_10_64(exp) << -one.e, remainder, error,
-                              exp, true);
-    if (result != digits::more) return result;
-  } while (exp > 0);
-  // Generate digits for the fractional part.
-  for (;;) {
-    fractional *= 10;
-    error *= 10;
-    char digit = static_cast<char>('0' + (fractional >> -one.e));
-    fractional &= one.f - 1;
-    --exp;
-    result = handler.on_digit(digit, one.f, fractional, error, exp, false);
-    if (result != digits::more) return result;
-  }
-}
-
-// The fixed precision digit handler.
-struct fixed_handler {
-  char* buf;
-  int size;
-  int precision;
-  int exp10;
-  bool fixed;
-
-  digits::result on_start(uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder, uint64_t error,
-                          int& exp) {
-    // Non-fixed formats require at least one digit and no precision adjustment.
-    if (!fixed) return digits::more;
-    // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
-    // point.
-    precision += exp + exp10;
-    // Check if precision is satisfied just by leading zeros, e.g.
-    // format("{:.2f}", 0.001) gives "0.00" without generating any digits.
-    if (precision > 0) return digits::more;
-    if (precision < 0) return digits::done;
-    auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, remainder, error);
-    if (dir == round_direction::unknown) return digits::error;
-    buf[size++] = dir == round_direction::up ? '1' : '0';
-    return digits::done;
-  }
-
-  digits::result on_digit(char digit, uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder,
-                          uint64_t error, int, bool integral) {
-    FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");
-    buf[size++] = digit;
-    if (!integral && error >= remainder) return digits::error;
-    if (size < precision) return digits::more;
-    if (!integral) {
-      // Check if error * 2 < divisor with overflow prevention.
-      // The check is not needed for the integral part because error = 1
-      // and divisor > (1 << 32) there.
-      if (error >= divisor || error >= divisor - error) return digits::error;
-    } else {
-      FMT_ASSERT(error == 1 && divisor > 2, "");
-    }
-    auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, remainder, error);
-    if (dir != round_direction::up)
-      return dir == round_direction::down ? digits::done : digits::error;
-    ++buf[size - 1];
-    for (int i = size - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
-      buf[i] = '0';
-      ++buf[i - 1];
-    }
-    if (buf[0] > '9') {
-      buf[0] = '1';
-      if (fixed)
-        buf[size++] = '0';
-      else
-        ++exp10;
-    }
-    return digits::done;
-  }
-};
-
-// A 128-bit integer type used internally,
-struct uint128_wrapper {
-  uint128_wrapper() = default;
-
-#if FMT_USE_INT128
-  uint128_t internal_;
-
-  constexpr uint128_wrapper(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : internal_{static_cast<uint128_t>(low) |
-                  (static_cast<uint128_t>(high) << 64)} {}
-
-  constexpr uint128_wrapper(uint128_t u) : internal_{u} {}
-
-  constexpr uint64_t high() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return uint64_t(internal_ >> 64);
-  }
-  constexpr uint64_t low() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return uint64_t(internal_); }
-
-  uint128_wrapper& operator+=(uint64_t n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    internal_ += n;
-    return *this;
-  }
-#else
-  uint64_t high_;
-  uint64_t low_;
-
-  constexpr uint128_wrapper(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : high_{high},
-        low_{low} {}
-
-  constexpr uint64_t high() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return high_; }
-  constexpr uint64_t low() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return low_; }
-
-  uint128_wrapper& operator+=(uint64_t n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-#  if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-    unsigned char carry = _addcarry_u64(0, low_, n, &low_);
-    _addcarry_u64(carry, high_, 0, &high_);
-    return *this;
-#  else
-    uint64_t sum = low_ + n;
-    high_ += (sum < low_ ? 1 : 0);
-    low_ = sum;
-    return *this;
-#  endif
-  }
-#endif
-};
-
 // Implementation of Dragonbox algorithm: https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox.
 namespace dragonbox {
-// Computes 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
-inline uint128_wrapper umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-#if FMT_USE_INT128
-  return static_cast<uint128_t>(x) * static_cast<uint128_t>(y);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-  uint128_wrapper result;
-  result.low_ = _umul128(x, y, &result.high_);
-  return result;
-#else
-  const uint64_t mask = (uint64_t(1) << 32) - uint64_t(1);
-
-  uint64_t a = x >> 32;
-  uint64_t b = x & mask;
-  uint64_t c = y >> 32;
-  uint64_t d = y & mask;
-
-  uint64_t ac = a * c;
-  uint64_t bc = b * c;
-  uint64_t ad = a * d;
-  uint64_t bd = b * d;
-
-  uint64_t intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
-
-  return {ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
-          (intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask)};
-#endif
-}
-
-// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
-inline uint64_t umul128_upper64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-#if FMT_USE_INT128
-  auto p = static_cast<uint128_t>(x) * static_cast<uint128_t>(y);
-  return static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-  return __umulh(x, y);
-#else
-  return umul128(x, y).high();
-#endif
-}
-
-// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
-// 128-bit unsigned integer.
-inline uint64_t umul192_upper64(uint64_t x, uint128_wrapper y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  uint128_wrapper g0 = umul128(x, y.high());
-  g0 += umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
-  return g0.high();
-}
-
-// Computes upper 32 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
 // 64-bit unsigned integer.
-inline uint32_t umul96_upper32(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return static_cast<uint32_t>(umul128_upper64(x, y));
+inline auto umul96_upper64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  return umul128_upper64(static_cast<uint64_t>(x) << 32, y);
 }
 
-// Computes middle 64 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// Computes lower 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
 // 128-bit unsigned integer.
-inline uint64_t umul192_middle64(uint64_t x, uint128_wrapper y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  uint64_t g01 = x * y.high();
-  uint64_t g10 = umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
-  return g01 + g10;
+inline auto umul192_lower128(uint64_t x, uint128_fallback y) noexcept
+    -> uint128_fallback {
+  uint64_t high = x * y.high();
+  uint128_fallback high_low = umul128(x, y.low());
+  return {high + high_low.high(), high_low.low()};
 }
 
 // Computes lower 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
 // 64-bit unsigned integer.
-inline uint64_t umul96_lower64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+inline auto umul96_lower64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
   return x * y;
 }
 
-// Computes floor(log10(pow(2, e))) for e in [-1700, 1700] using the method from
-// https://fmt.dev/papers/Grisu-Exact.pdf#page=5, section 3.4.
-inline int floor_log10_pow2(int e) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1700 && e >= -1700, "too large exponent");
-  const int shift = 22;
-  return (e * static_cast<int>(data::log10_2_significand >> (64 - shift))) >>
-         shift;
-}
-
 // Various fast log computations.
-inline int floor_log2_pow10(int e) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1233 && e >= -1233, "too large exponent");
-  const uint64_t log2_10_integer_part = 3;
-  const uint64_t log2_10_fractional_digits = 0x5269e12f346e2bf9;
-  const int shift_amount = 19;
-  return (e * static_cast<int>(
-                  (log2_10_integer_part << shift_amount) |
-                  (log2_10_fractional_digits >> (64 - shift_amount)))) >>
-         shift_amount;
-}
-inline int floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(int e) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1700 && e >= -1700, "too large exponent");
-  const uint64_t log10_4_over_3_fractional_digits = 0x1ffbfc2bbc780375;
-  const int shift_amount = 22;
-  return (e * static_cast<int>(data::log10_2_significand >>
-                               (64 - shift_amount)) -
-          static_cast<int>(log10_4_over_3_fractional_digits >>
-                           (64 - shift_amount))) >>
-         shift_amount;
+inline auto floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2936 && e >= -2985, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 631305 - 261663) >> 21;
 }
 
-// Returns true iff x is divisible by pow(2, exp).
-inline bool divisible_by_power_of_2(uint32_t x, int exp) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 1, "");
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ
-  return FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(x) >= exp;
-#else
-  return exp < num_bits<uint32_t>() && x == ((x >> exp) << exp);
-#endif
-}
-inline bool divisible_by_power_of_2(uint64_t x, int exp) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 1, "");
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL
-  return FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(x) >= exp;
-#else
-  return exp < num_bits<uint64_t>() && x == ((x >> exp) << exp);
-#endif
-}
+FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr struct div_small_pow10_infos_struct {
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int shift_amount;
+} div_small_pow10_infos[] = {{10, 16}, {100, 16}};
 
-// Table entry type for divisibility test.
-template <typename T> struct divtest_table_entry {
-  T mod_inv;
-  T max_quotient;
-};
-
-// Returns true iff x is divisible by pow(5, exp).
-inline bool divisible_by_power_of_5(uint32_t x, int exp) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(exp <= 10, "too large exponent");
-  static constexpr const divtest_table_entry<uint32_t> divtest_table[] = {
-      {0x00000001, 0xffffffff}, {0xcccccccd, 0x33333333},
-      {0xc28f5c29, 0x0a3d70a3}, {0x26e978d5, 0x020c49ba},
-      {0x3afb7e91, 0x0068db8b}, {0x0bcbe61d, 0x0014f8b5},
-      {0x68c26139, 0x000431bd}, {0xae8d46a5, 0x0000d6bf},
-      {0x22e90e21, 0x00002af3}, {0x3a2e9c6d, 0x00000897},
-      {0x3ed61f49, 0x000001b7}};
-  return x * divtest_table[exp].mod_inv <= divtest_table[exp].max_quotient;
-}
-inline bool divisible_by_power_of_5(uint64_t x, int exp) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(exp <= 23, "too large exponent");
-  static constexpr const divtest_table_entry<uint64_t> divtest_table[] = {
-      {0x0000000000000001, 0xffffffffffffffff},
-      {0xcccccccccccccccd, 0x3333333333333333},
-      {0x8f5c28f5c28f5c29, 0x0a3d70a3d70a3d70},
-      {0x1cac083126e978d5, 0x020c49ba5e353f7c},
-      {0xd288ce703afb7e91, 0x0068db8bac710cb2},
-      {0x5d4e8fb00bcbe61d, 0x0014f8b588e368f0},
-      {0x790fb65668c26139, 0x000431bde82d7b63},
-      {0xe5032477ae8d46a5, 0x0000d6bf94d5e57a},
-      {0xc767074b22e90e21, 0x00002af31dc46118},
-      {0x8e47ce423a2e9c6d, 0x0000089705f4136b},
-      {0x4fa7f60d3ed61f49, 0x000001b7cdfd9d7b},
-      {0x0fee64690c913975, 0x00000057f5ff85e5},
-      {0x3662e0e1cf503eb1, 0x000000119799812d},
-      {0xa47a2cf9f6433fbd, 0x0000000384b84d09},
-      {0x54186f653140a659, 0x00000000b424dc35},
-      {0x7738164770402145, 0x0000000024075f3d},
-      {0xe4a4d1417cd9a041, 0x000000000734aca5},
-      {0xc75429d9e5c5200d, 0x000000000170ef54},
-      {0xc1773b91fac10669, 0x000000000049c977},
-      {0x26b172506559ce15, 0x00000000000ec1e4},
-      {0xd489e3a9addec2d1, 0x000000000002f394},
-      {0x90e860bb892c8d5d, 0x000000000000971d},
-      {0x502e79bf1b6f4f79, 0x0000000000001e39},
-      {0xdcd618596be30fe5, 0x000000000000060b}};
-  return x * divtest_table[exp].mod_inv <= divtest_table[exp].max_quotient;
-}
-
-// Replaces n by floor(n / pow(5, N)) returning true if and only if n is
-// divisible by pow(5, N).
-// Precondition: n <= 2 * pow(5, N + 1).
+// Replaces n by floor(n / pow(10, N)) returning true if and only if n is
+// divisible by pow(10, N).
+// Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
 template <int N>
-bool check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow5(uint32_t& n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  static constexpr struct {
-    uint32_t magic_number;
-    int bits_for_comparison;
-    uint32_t threshold;
-    int shift_amount;
-  } infos[] = {{0xcccd, 16, 0x3333, 18}, {0xa429, 8, 0x0a, 20}};
-  constexpr auto info = infos[N - 1];
-  n *= info.magic_number;
-  const uint32_t comparison_mask = (1u << info.bits_for_comparison) - 1;
-  bool result = (n & comparison_mask) <= info.threshold;
+auto check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10(uint32_t& n) noexcept -> bool {
+  // The numbers below are chosen such that:
+  //   1. floor(n/d) = floor(nm / 2^k) where d=10 or d=100,
+  //   2. nm mod 2^k < m if and only if n is divisible by d,
+  // where m is magic_number, k is shift_amount
+  // and d is divisor.
+  //
+  // Item 1 is a common technique of replacing division by a constant with
+  // multiplication, see e.g. "Division by Invariant Integers Using
+  // Multiplication" by Granlund and Montgomery (1994). magic_number (m) is set
+  // to ceil(2^k/d) for large enough k.
+  // The idea for item 2 originates from Schubfach.
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  n *= magic_number;
+  const uint32_t comparison_mask = (1u << info.shift_amount) - 1;
+  bool result = (n & comparison_mask) < magic_number;
   n >>= info.shift_amount;
   return result;
 }
 
 // Computes floor(n / pow(10, N)) for small n and N.
 // Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
-template <int N> uint32_t small_division_by_pow10(uint32_t n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  static constexpr struct {
-    uint32_t magic_number;
-    int shift_amount;
-    uint32_t divisor_times_10;
-  } infos[] = {{0xcccd, 19, 100}, {0xa3d8, 22, 1000}};
-  constexpr auto info = infos[N - 1];
-  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor_times_10, "n is too large");
-  return n * info.magic_number >> info.shift_amount;
+template <int N> auto small_division_by_pow10(uint32_t n) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  return (n * magic_number) >> info.shift_amount;
 }
 
 // Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (float)
-inline uint32_t divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint32_t n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return n / float_info<float>::big_divisor;
+inline auto divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint32_t n) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  // 1374389535 = ceil(2^37/100)
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(n) * 1374389535) >> 37);
 }
 // Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (double)
-inline uint64_t divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint64_t n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return umul128_upper64(n, 0x83126e978d4fdf3c) >> 9;
+inline auto divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint64_t n) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  // 2361183241434822607 = ceil(2^(64+7)/1000)
+  return umul128_upper64(n, 2361183241434822607ull) >> 7;
 }
 
 // Various subroutines using pow10 cache
-template <class T> struct cache_accessor;
+template <typename T> struct cache_accessor;
 
 template <> struct cache_accessor<float> {
   using carrier_uint = float_info<float>::carrier_uint;
   using cache_entry_type = uint64_t;
 
-  static uint64_t get_cached_power(int k) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint64_t {
     FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<float>::min_k && k <= float_info<float>::max_k,
                "k is out of range");
-    constexpr const uint64_t pow10_significands[] = {
+    static constexpr uint64_t pow10_significands[] = {
         0x81ceb32c4b43fcf5, 0xa2425ff75e14fc32, 0xcad2f7f5359a3b3f,
         0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0x9e74d1b791e07e49, 0xc612062576589ddb,
         0xf79687aed3eec552, 0x9abe14cd44753b53, 0xc16d9a0095928a28,
@@ -1065,54 +297,68 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<float> {
         0xb1a2bc2ec5000000, 0xde0b6b3a76400000, 0x8ac7230489e80000,
         0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0xd8d726b7177a8000, 0x878678326eac9000,
         0xa968163f0a57b400, 0xd3c21bcecceda100, 0x84595161401484a0,
-        0xa56fa5b99019a5c8, 0xcecb8f27f4200f3a, 0x813f3978f8940984,
-        0xa18f07d736b90be5, 0xc9f2c9cd04674ede, 0xfc6f7c4045812296,
-        0x9dc5ada82b70b59d, 0xc5371912364ce305, 0xf684df56c3e01bc6,
-        0x9a130b963a6c115c, 0xc097ce7bc90715b3, 0xf0bdc21abb48db20,
-        0x96769950b50d88f4, 0xbc143fa4e250eb31, 0xeb194f8e1ae525fd,
-        0x92efd1b8d0cf37be, 0xb7abc627050305ad, 0xe596b7b0c643c719,
-        0x8f7e32ce7bea5c6f, 0xb35dbf821ae4f38b, 0xe0352f62a19e306e};
+        0xa56fa5b99019a5c8, 0xcecb8f27f4200f3a, 0x813f3978f8940985,
+        0xa18f07d736b90be6, 0xc9f2c9cd04674edf, 0xfc6f7c4045812297,
+        0x9dc5ada82b70b59e, 0xc5371912364ce306, 0xf684df56c3e01bc7,
+        0x9a130b963a6c115d, 0xc097ce7bc90715b4, 0xf0bdc21abb48db21,
+        0x96769950b50d88f5, 0xbc143fa4e250eb32, 0xeb194f8e1ae525fe,
+        0x92efd1b8d0cf37bf, 0xb7abc627050305ae, 0xe596b7b0c643c71a,
+        0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xb35dbf821ae4f38c, 0xe0352f62a19e306f};
     return pow10_significands[k - float_info<float>::min_k];
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
-                                  const cache_entry_type& cache) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return umul96_upper32(u, cache);
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static auto compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
+                          const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_result {
+    auto r = umul96_upper64(u, cache);
+    return {static_cast<carrier_uint>(r >> 32),
+            static_cast<carrier_uint>(r) == 0};
   }
 
-  static uint32_t compute_delta(const cache_entry_type& cache,
-                                int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache >> (64 - 1 - beta_minus_1));
+  static auto compute_delta(const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept
+      -> uint32_t {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache >> (64 - 1 - beta));
   }
 
-  static bool compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
+  static auto compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
                                  const cache_entry_type& cache,
-                                 int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    FMT_ASSERT(beta_minus_1 >= 1, "");
-    FMT_ASSERT(beta_minus_1 < 64, "");
+                                 int beta) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_parity_result {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
 
-    return ((umul96_lower64(two_f, cache) >> (64 - beta_minus_1)) & 1) != 0;
+    auto r = umul96_lower64(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(r >> (32 - beta)) == 0};
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
     return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
-        (cache - (cache >> (float_info<float>::significand_bits + 2))) >>
-        (64 - float_info<float>::significand_bits - 1 - beta_minus_1));
+        (cache - (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 2))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
     return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
-        (cache + (cache >> (float_info<float>::significand_bits + 1))) >>
-        (64 - float_info<float>::significand_bits - 1 - beta_minus_1));
+        (cache + (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 1))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
     return (static_cast<carrier_uint>(
-                cache >>
-                (64 - float_info<float>::significand_bits - 2 - beta_minus_1)) +
+                cache >> (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 2 - beta)) +
             1) /
            2;
   }
@@ -1120,13 +366,13 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<float> {
 
 template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
   using carrier_uint = float_info<double>::carrier_uint;
-  using cache_entry_type = uint128_wrapper;
+  using cache_entry_type = uint128_fallback;
 
-  static uint128_wrapper get_cached_power(int k) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
     FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<double>::min_k && k <= float_info<double>::max_k,
                "k is out of range");
 
-    static constexpr const uint128_wrapper pow10_significands[] = {
+    static constexpr uint128_fallback pow10_significands[] = {
 #if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
       {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
       {0x9faacf3df73609b1, 0x77b191618c54e9ad},
@@ -1476,278 +722,292 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
       {0x85a36366eb71f041, 0x47a6da2b7f864750},
       {0xa70c3c40a64e6c51, 0x999090b65f67d924},
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+      {0x9a65406d44a5c903, 0x737f74f1dc043329},
+      {0xc0fe908895cf3b44, 0x505f522e53053ff3},
+      {0xf13e34aabb430a15, 0x647726b9e7c68ff0},
+      {0x96c6e0eab509e64d, 0x5eca783430dc19f6},
+      {0xbc789925624c5fe0, 0xb67d16413d132073},
+      {0xeb96bf6ebadf77d8, 0xe41c5bd18c57e890},
+      {0x933e37a534cbaae7, 0x8e91b962f7b6f15a},
+      {0xb80dc58e81fe95a1, 0x723627bbb5a4adb1},
+      {0xe61136f2227e3b09, 0xcec3b1aaa30dd91d},
+      {0x8fcac257558ee4e6, 0x213a4f0aa5e8a7b2},
+      {0xb3bd72ed2af29e1f, 0xa988e2cd4f62d19e},
+      {0xe0accfa875af45a7, 0x93eb1b80a33b8606},
+      {0x8c6c01c9498d8b88, 0xbc72f130660533c4},
+      {0xaf87023b9bf0ee6a, 0xeb8fad7c7f8680b5},
+      {0xdb68c2ca82ed2a05, 0xa67398db9f6820e2},
 #else
       {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
       {0xce5d73ff402d98e3, 0xfb0a3d212dc81290},
@@ -1762,24 +1022,24 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
       {0xf1c90080baf72cb1, 0x5324c68b12dd6339},
       {0xc350000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
       {0x9dc5ada82b70b59d, 0xf020000000000000},
-      {0xfee50b7025c36a08, 0x02f236d04753d5b4},
-      {0xcde6fd5e09abcf26, 0xed4c0226b55e6f86},
-      {0xa6539930bf6bff45, 0x84db8346b786151c},
-      {0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b2},
-      {0xd910f7ff28069da4, 0x1b2ba1518094da04},
-      {0xaf58416654a6babb, 0x387ac8d1970027b2},
-      {0x8da471a9de737e24, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d2},
-      {0xe4d5e82392a40515, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334a},
-      {0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936243},
-      { 0x95527a5202df0ccb,
-        0x0f37801e0c43ebc8 }
+      {0xfee50b7025c36a08, 0x02f236d04753d5b5},
+      {0xcde6fd5e09abcf26, 0xed4c0226b55e6f87},
+      {0xa6539930bf6bff45, 0x84db8346b786151d},
+      {0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b3},
+      {0xd910f7ff28069da4, 0x1b2ba1518094da05},
+      {0xaf58416654a6babb, 0x387ac8d1970027b3},
+      {0x8da471a9de737e24, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d3},
+      {0xe4d5e82392a40515, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334b},
+      {0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936244},
+      {0x95527a5202df0ccb, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc9},
+      {0xf13e34aabb430a15, 0x647726b9e7c68ff0}
 #endif
     };
 
 #if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
     return pow10_significands[k - float_info<double>::min_k];
 #else
-    static constexpr const uint64_t powers_of_5_64[] = {
+    static constexpr uint64_t powers_of_5_64[] = {
         0x0000000000000001, 0x0000000000000005, 0x0000000000000019,
         0x000000000000007d, 0x0000000000000271, 0x0000000000000c35,
         0x0000000000003d09, 0x000000000001312d, 0x000000000005f5e1,
@@ -1790,15 +1050,6 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
         0x0001b1ae4d6e2ef5, 0x000878678326eac9, 0x002a5a058fc295ed,
         0x00d3c21bcecceda1, 0x0422ca8b0a00a425, 0x14adf4b7320334b9};
 
-    static constexpr const uint32_t pow10_recovery_errors[] = {
-        0x50001400, 0x54044100, 0x54014555, 0x55954415, 0x54115555, 0x00000001,
-        0x50000000, 0x00104000, 0x54010004, 0x05004001, 0x55555544, 0x41545555,
-        0x54040551, 0x15445545, 0x51555514, 0x10000015, 0x00101100, 0x01100015,
-        0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x04450514, 0x45414110,
-        0x55555145, 0x50544050, 0x15040155, 0x11054140, 0x50111514, 0x11451454,
-        0x00400541, 0x00000000, 0x55555450, 0x10056551, 0x10054011, 0x55551014,
-        0x69514555, 0x05151109, 0x00155555};
-
     static const int compression_ratio = 27;
 
     // Compute base index.
@@ -1807,7 +1058,7 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
     int offset = k - kb;
 
     // Get base cache.
-    uint128_wrapper base_cache = pow10_significands[cache_index];
+    uint128_fallback base_cache = pow10_significands[cache_index];
     if (offset == 0) return base_cache;
 
     // Compute the required amount of bit-shift.
@@ -1816,9 +1067,8 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
 
     // Try to recover the real cache.
     uint64_t pow5 = powers_of_5_64[offset];
-    uint128_wrapper recovered_cache = umul128(base_cache.high(), pow5);
-    uint128_wrapper middle_low =
-        umul128(base_cache.low() - (kb < 0 ? 1u : 0u), pow5);
+    uint128_fallback recovered_cache = umul128(base_cache.high(), pow5);
+    uint128_fallback middle_low = umul128(base_cache.low(), pow5);
 
     recovered_cache += middle_low.high();
 
@@ -1826,228 +1076,153 @@ template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
     uint64_t middle_to_low = recovered_cache.low() << (64 - alpha);
 
     recovered_cache =
-        uint128_wrapper{(recovered_cache.low() >> alpha) | high_to_middle,
-                        ((middle_low.low() >> alpha) | middle_to_low)};
-
-    if (kb < 0) recovered_cache += 1;
-
-    // Get error.
-    int error_idx = (k - float_info<double>::min_k) / 16;
-    uint32_t error = (pow10_recovery_errors[error_idx] >>
-                      ((k - float_info<double>::min_k) % 16) * 2) &
-                     0x3;
-
-    // Add the error back.
-    FMT_ASSERT(recovered_cache.low() + error >= recovered_cache.low(), "");
-    return {recovered_cache.high(), recovered_cache.low() + error};
+        uint128_fallback{(recovered_cache.low() >> alpha) | high_to_middle,
+                         ((middle_low.low() >> alpha) | middle_to_low)};
+    FMT_ASSERT(recovered_cache.low() + 1 != 0, "");
+    return {recovered_cache.high(), recovered_cache.low() + 1};
 #endif
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
-                                  const cache_entry_type& cache) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return umul192_upper64(u, cache);
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static auto compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
+                          const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_result {
+    auto r = umul192_upper128(u, cache);
+    return {r.high(), r.low() == 0};
   }
 
-  static uint32_t compute_delta(cache_entry_type const& cache,
-                                int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache.high() >> (64 - 1 - beta_minus_1));
+  static auto compute_delta(const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept
+      -> uint32_t {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache.high() >> (64 - 1 - beta));
   }
 
-  static bool compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
+  static auto compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
                                  const cache_entry_type& cache,
-                                 int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    FMT_ASSERT(beta_minus_1 >= 1, "");
-    FMT_ASSERT(beta_minus_1 < 64, "");
+                                 int beta) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_parity_result {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
 
-    return ((umul192_middle64(two_f, cache) >> (64 - beta_minus_1)) & 1) != 0;
+    auto r = umul192_lower128(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r.high() >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            ((r.high() << beta) | (r.low() >> (64 - beta))) == 0};
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
     return (cache.high() -
-            (cache.high() >> (float_info<double>::significand_bits + 2))) >>
-           (64 - float_info<double>::significand_bits - 1 - beta_minus_1);
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 2))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static auto compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
     return (cache.high() +
-            (cache.high() >> (float_info<double>::significand_bits + 1))) >>
-           (64 - float_info<double>::significand_bits - 1 - beta_minus_1);
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 1))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
   }
 
-  static carrier_uint compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta_minus_1) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return ((cache.high() >>
-             (64 - float_info<double>::significand_bits - 2 - beta_minus_1)) +
+  static auto compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return ((cache.high() >> (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2 - beta)) +
             1) /
            2;
   }
 };
 
+FMT_FUNC auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+  return cache_accessor<double>::get_cached_power(k);
+}
+
 // Various integer checks
-template <class T>
-bool is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval(int exponent) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return exponent >=
-             float_info<
-                 T>::case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold &&
-         exponent <=
-             float_info<T>::case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold;
-}
-template <class T>
-bool is_endpoint_integer(typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint two_f,
-                         int exponent, int minus_k) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  if (exponent < float_info<T>::case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold) return false;
-  // For k >= 0.
-  if (exponent <= float_info<T>::case_fc_pm_half_upper_threshold) return true;
-  // For k < 0.
-  if (exponent > float_info<T>::divisibility_check_by_5_threshold) return false;
-  return divisible_by_power_of_5(two_f, minus_k);
+template <typename T>
+auto is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval(int exponent) noexcept -> bool {
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold = 2;
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold = 3;
+  return exponent >= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold &&
+         exponent <= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold;
 }
 
-template <class T>
-bool is_center_integer(typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint two_f, int exponent,
-                       int minus_k) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  // Exponent for 5 is negative.
-  if (exponent > float_info<T>::divisibility_check_by_5_threshold) return false;
-  if (exponent > float_info<T>::case_fc_upper_threshold)
-    return divisible_by_power_of_5(two_f, minus_k);
-  // Both exponents are nonnegative.
-  if (exponent >= float_info<T>::case_fc_lower_threshold) return true;
-  // Exponent for 2 is negative.
-  return divisible_by_power_of_2(two_f, minus_k - exponent + 1);
-}
+// Remove trailing zeros from n and return the number of zeros removed (float).
+FMT_INLINE auto remove_trailing_zeros(uint32_t& n, int s = 0) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
+  // Modular inverse of 5 (mod 2^32): (mod_inv_5 * 5) mod 2^32 = 1.
+  constexpr uint32_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccd;
+  constexpr uint32_t mod_inv_25 = 0xc28f5c29;  // = mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5
 
-// Remove trailing zeros from n and return the number of zeros removed (float)
-FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint32_t& n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ
-  int t = FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n);
-#else
-  int t = ctz(n);
-#endif
-  if (t > float_info<float>::max_trailing_zeros)
-    t = float_info<float>::max_trailing_zeros;
-
-  const uint32_t mod_inv1 = 0xcccccccd;
-  const uint32_t max_quotient1 = 0x33333333;
-  const uint32_t mod_inv2 = 0xc28f5c29;
-  const uint32_t max_quotient2 = 0x0a3d70a3;
-
-  int s = 0;
-  for (; s < t - 1; s += 2) {
-    if (n * mod_inv2 > max_quotient2) break;
-    n *= mod_inv2;
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint32_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
   }
-  if (s < t && n * mod_inv1 <= max_quotient1) {
-    n *= mod_inv1;
-    ++s;
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint32_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
   }
-  n >>= s;
   return s;
 }
 
-// Removes trailing zeros and returns the number of zeros removed (double)
-FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint64_t& n) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL
-  int t = FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n);
-#else
-  int t = ctzll(n);
-#endif
-  if (t > float_info<double>::max_trailing_zeros)
-    t = float_info<double>::max_trailing_zeros;
-  // Divide by 10^8 and reduce to 32-bits
-  // Since ret_value.significand <= (2^64 - 1) / 1000 < 10^17,
-  // both of the quotient and the r should fit in 32-bits
+// Removes trailing zeros and returns the number of zeros removed (double).
+FMT_INLINE auto remove_trailing_zeros(uint64_t& n) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
 
-  const uint32_t mod_inv1 = 0xcccccccd;
-  const uint32_t max_quotient1 = 0x33333333;
-  const uint64_t mod_inv8 = 0xc767074b22e90e21;
-  const uint64_t max_quotient8 = 0x00002af31dc46118;
-
-  // If the number is divisible by 1'0000'0000, work with the quotient
-  if (t >= 8) {
-    auto quotient_candidate = n * mod_inv8;
-
-    if (quotient_candidate <= max_quotient8) {
-      auto quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(quotient_candidate >> 8);
-
-      int s = 8;
-      for (; s < t; ++s) {
-        if (quotient * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) break;
-        quotient *= mod_inv1;
-      }
-      quotient >>= (s - 8);
-      n = quotient;
-      return s;
-    }
+  // Is n is divisible by 10^8?
+  constexpr uint32_t ten_pow_8 = 100000000u;
+  if ((n % ten_pow_8) == 0) {
+    // If yes, work with the quotient...
+    auto n32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(n / ten_pow_8);
+    // ... and use the 32 bit variant of the function
+    int num_zeros = remove_trailing_zeros(n32, 8);
+    n = n32;
+    return num_zeros;
   }
 
-  // Otherwise, work with the remainder
-  auto quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(n / 100000000);
-  auto remainder = static_cast<uint32_t>(n - 100000000 * quotient);
+  // If n is not divisible by 10^8, work with n itself.
+  constexpr uint64_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccccccccccd;
+  constexpr uint64_t mod_inv_25 = 0x8f5c28f5c28f5c29;  // mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5
 
-  if (t == 0 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    return 0;
+  int s = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint64_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
   }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  if (t == 1 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 1) + quotient * 10000000ull;
-    return 1;
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint64_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
   }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
 
-  if (t == 2 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 2) + quotient * 1000000ull;
-    return 2;
-  }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  if (t == 3 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 3) + quotient * 100000ull;
-    return 3;
-  }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  if (t == 4 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 4) + quotient * 10000ull;
-    return 4;
-  }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  if (t == 5 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 5) + quotient * 1000ull;
-    return 5;
-  }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  if (t == 6 || remainder * mod_inv1 > max_quotient1) {
-    n = (remainder >> 6) + quotient * 100ull;
-    return 6;
-  }
-  remainder *= mod_inv1;
-
-  n = (remainder >> 7) + quotient * 10ull;
-  return 7;
+  return s;
 }
 
 // The main algorithm for shorter interval case
-template <class T>
-FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE decimal_fp<T> shorter_interval_case(int exponent)
-    FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+template <typename T>
+FMT_INLINE auto shorter_interval_case(int exponent) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T> {
   decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
   // Compute k and beta
   const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(exponent);
-  const int beta_minus_1 = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
 
   // Compute xi and zi
   using cache_entry_type = typename cache_accessor<T>::cache_entry_type;
   const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
 
   auto xi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      cache, beta_minus_1);
+      cache, beta);
   auto zi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
-      cache, beta_minus_1);
+      cache, beta);
 
   // If the left endpoint is not an integer, increase it
   if (!is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval<T>(exponent)) ++xi;
@@ -2064,8 +1239,8 @@ FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE decimal_fp<T> shorter_interval_case(int exponent)
 
   // Otherwise, compute the round-up of y
   ret_value.significand =
-      cache_accessor<T>::compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
-          cache, beta_minus_1);
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(cache,
+                                                                    beta);
   ret_value.exponent = minus_k;
 
   // When tie occurs, choose one of them according to the rule
@@ -2080,7 +1255,7 @@ FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE decimal_fp<T> shorter_interval_case(int exponent)
   return ret_value;
 }
 
-template <typename T> decimal_fp<T> to_decimal(T x) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+template <typename T> auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T> {
   // Step 1: integer promotion & Schubfach multiplier calculation.
 
   using carrier_uint = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
@@ -2089,23 +1264,25 @@ template <typename T> decimal_fp<T> to_decimal(T x) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
 
   // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
   const carrier_uint significand_mask =
-      (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << float_info<T>::significand_bits) - 1;
+      (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>()) - 1;
   carrier_uint significand = (br & significand_mask);
-  int exponent = static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<T>()) >>
-                                  float_info<T>::significand_bits);
+  int exponent =
+      static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<T>()) >> num_significand_bits<T>());
 
   if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
-    exponent += float_info<T>::exponent_bias - float_info<T>::significand_bits;
+    exponent -= exponent_bias<T>() + num_significand_bits<T>();
 
     // Shorter interval case; proceed like Schubfach.
+    // In fact, when exponent == 1 and significand == 0, the interval is
+    // regular. However, it can be shown that the end-results are anyway same.
     if (significand == 0) return shorter_interval_case<T>(exponent);
 
-    significand |=
-        (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << float_info<T>::significand_bits);
+    significand |= (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>());
   } else {
     // Subnormal case; the interval is always regular.
     if (significand == 0) return {0, 0};
-    exponent = float_info<T>::min_exponent - float_info<T>::significand_bits;
+    exponent =
+        std::numeric_limits<T>::min_exponent - num_significand_bits<T>() - 1;
   }
 
   const bool include_left_endpoint = (significand % 2 == 0);
@@ -2114,423 +1291,125 @@ template <typename T> decimal_fp<T> to_decimal(T x) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   // Compute k and beta.
   const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2(exponent) - float_info<T>::kappa;
   const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
-  const int beta_minus_1 = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
 
-  // Compute zi and deltai
+  // Compute zi and deltai.
   // 10^kappa <= deltai < 10^(kappa + 1)
-  const uint32_t deltai = cache_accessor<T>::compute_delta(cache, beta_minus_1);
+  const uint32_t deltai = cache_accessor<T>::compute_delta(cache, beta);
   const carrier_uint two_fc = significand << 1;
-  const carrier_uint two_fr = two_fc | 1;
-  const carrier_uint zi =
-      cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul(two_fr << beta_minus_1, cache);
 
-  // Step 2: Try larger divisor; remove trailing zeros if necessary
+  // For the case of binary32, the result of integer check is not correct for
+  // 29711844 * 2^-82
+  // = 6.1442653300000000008655037797566933477355632930994033813476... * 10^-18
+  // and 29711844 * 2^-81
+  // = 1.2288530660000000001731007559513386695471126586198806762695... * 10^-17,
+  // and they are the unique counterexamples. However, since 29711844 is even,
+  // this does not cause any problem for the endpoints calculations; it can only
+  // cause a problem when we need to perform integer check for the center.
+  // Fortunately, with these inputs, that branch is never executed, so we are
+  // fine.
+  const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_result z_mul =
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul((two_fc | 1) << beta, cache);
+
+  // Step 2: Try larger divisor; remove trailing zeros if necessary.
 
   // Using an upper bound on zi, we might be able to optimize the division
-  // better than the compiler; we are computing zi / big_divisor here
+  // better than the compiler; we are computing zi / big_divisor here.
   decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
-  ret_value.significand = divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(zi);
-  uint32_t r = static_cast<uint32_t>(zi - float_info<T>::big_divisor *
-                                              ret_value.significand);
+  ret_value.significand = divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(z_mul.result);
+  uint32_t r = static_cast<uint32_t>(z_mul.result - float_info<T>::big_divisor *
+                                                        ret_value.significand);
 
-  if (r > deltai) {
-    goto small_divisor_case_label;
-  } else if (r < deltai) {
-    // Exclude the right endpoint if necessary
-    if (r == 0 && !include_right_endpoint &&
-        is_endpoint_integer<T>(two_fr, exponent, minus_k)) {
+  if (r < deltai) {
+    // Exclude the right endpoint if necessary.
+    if (r == 0 && (z_mul.is_integer & !include_right_endpoint)) {
       --ret_value.significand;
       r = float_info<T>::big_divisor;
       goto small_divisor_case_label;
     }
+  } else if (r > deltai) {
+    goto small_divisor_case_label;
   } else {
-    // r == deltai; compare fractional parts
-    // Check conditions in the order different from the paper
-    // to take advantage of short-circuiting
-    const carrier_uint two_fl = two_fc - 1;
-    if ((!include_left_endpoint ||
-         !is_endpoint_integer<T>(two_fl, exponent, minus_k)) &&
-        !cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fl, cache, beta_minus_1)) {
+    // r == deltai; compare fractional parts.
+    const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity_result x_mul =
+        cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc - 1, cache, beta);
+
+    if (!(x_mul.parity | (x_mul.is_integer & include_left_endpoint)))
       goto small_divisor_case_label;
-    }
   }
   ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa + 1;
 
-  // We may need to remove trailing zeros
+  // We may need to remove trailing zeros.
   ret_value.exponent += remove_trailing_zeros(ret_value.significand);
   return ret_value;
 
-  // Step 3: Find the significand with the smaller divisor
+  // Step 3: Find the significand with the smaller divisor.
 
 small_divisor_case_label:
   ret_value.significand *= 10;
   ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa;
 
-  const uint32_t mask = (1u << float_info<T>::kappa) - 1;
-  auto dist = r - (deltai / 2) + (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2);
+  uint32_t dist = r - (deltai / 2) + (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2);
+  const bool approx_y_parity =
+      ((dist ^ (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2)) & 1) != 0;
 
-  // Is dist divisible by 2^kappa?
-  if ((dist & mask) == 0) {
-    const bool approx_y_parity =
-        ((dist ^ (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2)) & 1) != 0;
-    dist >>= float_info<T>::kappa;
+  // Is dist divisible by 10^kappa?
+  const bool divisible_by_small_divisor =
+      check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10<float_info<T>::kappa>(dist);
 
-    // Is dist divisible by 5^kappa?
-    if (check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow5<float_info<T>::kappa>(dist)) {
-      ret_value.significand += dist;
+  // Add dist / 10^kappa to the significand.
+  ret_value.significand += dist;
 
-      // Check z^(f) >= epsilon^(f)
-      // We have either yi == zi - epsiloni or yi == (zi - epsiloni) - 1,
-      // where yi == zi - epsiloni if and only if z^(f) >= epsilon^(f)
-      // Since there are only 2 possibilities, we only need to care about the
-      // parity. Also, zi and r should have the same parity since the divisor
-      // is an even number
-      if (cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc, cache, beta_minus_1) !=
-          approx_y_parity) {
-        --ret_value.significand;
-      } else {
-        // If z^(f) >= epsilon^(f), we might have a tie
-        // when z^(f) == epsilon^(f), or equivalently, when y is an integer
-        if (is_center_integer<T>(two_fc, exponent, minus_k)) {
-          ret_value.significand = ret_value.significand % 2 == 0
-                                      ? ret_value.significand
-                                      : ret_value.significand - 1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    // Is dist not divisible by 5^kappa?
-    else {
-      ret_value.significand += dist;
-    }
-  }
-  // Is dist not divisible by 2^kappa?
-  else {
-    // Since we know dist is small, we might be able to optimize the division
-    // better than the compiler; we are computing dist / small_divisor here
-    ret_value.significand +=
-        small_division_by_pow10<float_info<T>::kappa>(dist);
-  }
+  if (!divisible_by_small_divisor) return ret_value;
+
+  // Check z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // We have either yi == zi - epsiloni or yi == (zi - epsiloni) - 1,
+  // where yi == zi - epsiloni if and only if z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // Since there are only 2 possibilities, we only need to care about the
+  // parity. Also, zi and r should have the same parity since the divisor
+  // is an even number.
+  const auto y_mul = cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc, cache, beta);
+
+  // If z^(f) >= epsilon^(f), we might have a tie when z^(f) == epsilon^(f),
+  // or equivalently, when y is an integer.
+  if (y_mul.parity != approx_y_parity)
+    --ret_value.significand;
+  else if (y_mul.is_integer & (ret_value.significand % 2 != 0))
+    --ret_value.significand;
   return ret_value;
 }
 }  // namespace dragonbox
-
-// Formats value using a variation of the Fixed-Precision Positive
-// Floating-Point Printout ((FPP)^2) algorithm by Steele & White:
-// https://fmt.dev/papers/p372-steele.pdf.
-template <typename Double>
-void fallback_format(Double d, int num_digits, bool binary32, buffer<char>& buf,
-                     int& exp10) {
-  bigint numerator;    // 2 * R in (FPP)^2.
-  bigint denominator;  // 2 * S in (FPP)^2.
-  // lower and upper are differences between value and corresponding boundaries.
-  bigint lower;             // (M^- in (FPP)^2).
-  bigint upper_store;       // upper's value if different from lower.
-  bigint* upper = nullptr;  // (M^+ in (FPP)^2).
-  fp value;
-  // Shift numerator and denominator by an extra bit or two (if lower boundary
-  // is closer) to make lower and upper integers. This eliminates multiplication
-  // by 2 during later computations.
-  const bool is_predecessor_closer =
-      binary32 ? value.assign(static_cast<float>(d)) : value.assign(d);
-  int shift = is_predecessor_closer ? 2 : 1;
-  uint64_t significand = value.f << shift;
-  if (value.e >= 0) {
-    numerator.assign(significand);
-    numerator <<= value.e;
-    lower.assign(1);
-    lower <<= value.e;
-    if (shift != 1) {
-      upper_store.assign(1);
-      upper_store <<= value.e + 1;
-      upper = &upper_store;
-    }
-    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
-    denominator <<= shift;
-  } else if (exp10 < 0) {
-    numerator.assign_pow10(-exp10);
-    lower.assign(numerator);
-    if (shift != 1) {
-      upper_store.assign(numerator);
-      upper_store <<= 1;
-      upper = &upper_store;
-    }
-    numerator *= significand;
-    denominator.assign(1);
-    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
-  } else {
-    numerator.assign(significand);
-    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
-    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
-    lower.assign(1);
-    if (shift != 1) {
-      upper_store.assign(1ULL << 1);
-      upper = &upper_store;
-    }
-  }
-  // Invariant: value == (numerator / denominator) * pow(10, exp10).
-  if (num_digits < 0) {
-    // Generate the shortest representation.
-    if (!upper) upper = &lower;
-    bool even = (value.f & 1) == 0;
-    num_digits = 0;
-    char* data = buf.data();
-    for (;;) {
-      int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
-      bool low = compare(numerator, lower) - even < 0;  // numerator <[=] lower.
-      // numerator + upper >[=] pow10:
-      bool high = add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even > 0;
-      data[num_digits++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
-      if (low || high) {
-        if (!low) {
-          ++data[num_digits - 1];
-        } else if (high) {
-          int result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
-          // Round half to even.
-          if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0))
-            ++data[num_digits - 1];
-        }
-        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
-        exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
-        return;
-      }
-      numerator *= 10;
-      lower *= 10;
-      if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
-    }
-  }
-  // Generate the given number of digits.
-  exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
-  if (num_digits == 0) {
-    buf.try_resize(1);
-    denominator *= 10;
-    buf[0] = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator) > 0 ? '1' : '0';
-    return;
-  }
-  buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_digits - 1; ++i) {
-    int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
-    buf[i] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
-    numerator *= 10;
-  }
-  int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
-  auto result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
-  if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0)) {
-    if (digit == 9) {
-      const auto overflow = '0' + 10;
-      buf[num_digits - 1] = overflow;
-      // Propagate the carry.
-      for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] == overflow; --i) {
-        buf[i] = '0';
-        ++buf[i - 1];
-      }
-      if (buf[0] == overflow) {
-        buf[0] = '1';
-        ++exp10;
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-    ++digit;
-  }
-  buf[num_digits - 1] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-int format_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf) {
-  static_assert(!std::is_same<T, float>::value, "");
-  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "value is negative");
-
-  const bool fixed = specs.format == float_format::fixed;
-  if (value <= 0) {  // <= instead of == to silence a warning.
-    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
-      buf.push_back('0');
-      return 0;
-    }
-    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
-    std::uninitialized_fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
-    return -precision;
-  }
-
-  if (!specs.use_grisu) return snprintf_float(value, precision, specs, buf);
-
-  if (precision < 0) {
-    // Use Dragonbox for the shortest format.
-    if (specs.binary32) {
-      auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<float>(value));
-      write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
-      return dec.exponent;
-    }
-    auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<double>(value));
-    write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
-    return dec.exponent;
-  }
-
-  // Use Grisu + Dragon4 for the given precision:
-  // https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf.
-  int exp = 0;
-  const int min_exp = -60;  // alpha in Grisu.
-  int cached_exp10 = 0;     // K in Grisu.
-  fp normalized = normalize(fp(value));
-  const auto cached_pow = get_cached_power(
-      min_exp - (normalized.e + fp::significand_size), cached_exp10);
-  normalized = normalized * cached_pow;
-  // Limit precision to the maximum possible number of significant digits in an
-  // IEEE754 double because we don't need to generate zeros.
-  const int max_double_digits = 767;
-  if (precision > max_double_digits) precision = max_double_digits;
-  fixed_handler handler{buf.data(), 0, precision, -cached_exp10, fixed};
-  if (grisu_gen_digits(normalized, 1, exp, handler) == digits::error) {
-    exp += handler.size - cached_exp10 - 1;
-    fallback_format(value, handler.precision, specs.binary32, buf, exp);
-  } else {
-    exp += handler.exp10;
-    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(handler.size));
-  }
-  if (!fixed && !specs.showpoint) {
-    // Remove trailing zeros.
-    auto num_digits = buf.size();
-    while (num_digits > 0 && buf[num_digits - 1] == '0') {
-      --num_digits;
-      ++exp;
-    }
-    buf.try_resize(num_digits);
-  }
-  return exp;
-}  // namespace detail
-
-template <typename T>
-int snprintf_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs,
-                   buffer<char>& buf) {
-  // Buffer capacity must be non-zero, otherwise MSVC's vsnprintf_s will fail.
-  FMT_ASSERT(buf.capacity() > buf.size(), "empty buffer");
-  static_assert(!std::is_same<T, float>::value, "");
-
-  // Subtract 1 to account for the difference in precision since we use %e for
-  // both general and exponent format.
-  if (specs.format == float_format::general ||
-      specs.format == float_format::exp)
-    precision = (precision >= 0 ? precision : 6) - 1;
-
-  // Build the format string.
-  enum { max_format_size = 7 };  // The longest format is "%#.*Le".
-  char format[max_format_size];
-  char* format_ptr = format;
-  *format_ptr++ = '%';
-  if (specs.showpoint && specs.format == float_format::hex) *format_ptr++ = '#';
-  if (precision >= 0) {
-    *format_ptr++ = '.';
-    *format_ptr++ = '*';
-  }
-  if (std::is_same<T, long double>()) *format_ptr++ = 'L';
-  *format_ptr++ = specs.format != float_format::hex
-                      ? (specs.format == float_format::fixed ? 'f' : 'e')
-                      : (specs.upper ? 'A' : 'a');
-  *format_ptr = '\0';
-
-  // Format using snprintf.
-  auto offset = buf.size();
-  for (;;) {
-    auto begin = buf.data() + offset;
-    auto capacity = buf.capacity() - offset;
-#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
-    if (precision > 100000)
-      throw std::runtime_error(
-          "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
-#endif
-    // Suppress the warning about a nonliteral format string.
-    // Cannot use auto because of a bug in MinGW (#1532).
-    int (*snprintf_ptr)(char*, size_t, const char*, ...) = FMT_SNPRINTF;
-    int result = precision >= 0
-                     ? snprintf_ptr(begin, capacity, format, precision, value)
-                     : snprintf_ptr(begin, capacity, format, value);
-    if (result < 0) {
-      // The buffer will grow exponentially.
-      buf.try_reserve(buf.capacity() + 1);
-      continue;
-    }
-    auto size = to_unsigned(result);
-    // Size equal to capacity means that the last character was truncated.
-    if (size >= capacity) {
-      buf.try_reserve(size + offset + 1);  // Add 1 for the terminating '\0'.
-      continue;
-    }
-    auto is_digit = [](char c) { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; };
-    if (specs.format == float_format::fixed) {
-      if (precision == 0) {
-        buf.try_resize(size);
-        return 0;
-      }
-      // Find and remove the decimal point.
-      auto end = begin + size, p = end;
-      do {
-        --p;
-      } while (is_digit(*p));
-      int fraction_size = static_cast<int>(end - p - 1);
-      std::memmove(p, p + 1, to_unsigned(fraction_size));
-      buf.try_resize(size - 1);
-      return -fraction_size;
-    }
-    if (specs.format == float_format::hex) {
-      buf.try_resize(size + offset);
-      return 0;
-    }
-    // Find and parse the exponent.
-    auto end = begin + size, exp_pos = end;
-    do {
-      --exp_pos;
-    } while (*exp_pos != 'e');
-    char sign = exp_pos[1];
-    FMT_ASSERT(sign == '+' || sign == '-', "");
-    int exp = 0;
-    auto p = exp_pos + 2;  // Skip 'e' and sign.
-    do {
-      FMT_ASSERT(is_digit(*p), "");
-      exp = exp * 10 + (*p++ - '0');
-    } while (p != end);
-    if (sign == '-') exp = -exp;
-    int fraction_size = 0;
-    if (exp_pos != begin + 1) {
-      // Remove trailing zeros.
-      auto fraction_end = exp_pos - 1;
-      while (*fraction_end == '0') --fraction_end;
-      // Move the fractional part left to get rid of the decimal point.
-      fraction_size = static_cast<int>(fraction_end - begin - 1);
-      std::memmove(begin + 1, begin + 2, to_unsigned(fraction_size));
-    }
-    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(fraction_size) + offset + 1);
-    return exp - fraction_size;
-  }
-}
 }  // namespace detail
 
 template <> struct formatter<detail::bigint> {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_parse_context::iterator parse(
-      format_parse_context& ctx) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx)
+      -> format_parse_context::iterator {
     return ctx.begin();
   }
 
-  format_context::iterator format(const detail::bigint& n,
-                                  format_context& ctx) {
+  auto format(const detail::bigint& n, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> format_context::iterator {
     auto out = ctx.out();
     bool first = true;
     for (auto i = n.bigits_.size(); i > 0; --i) {
       auto value = n.bigits_[i - 1u];
       if (first) {
-        out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:x}"), value);
+        out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:x}"), value);
         first = false;
         continue;
       }
-      out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:08x}"), value);
+      out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:08x}"), value);
     }
     if (n.exp_ > 0)
-      out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("p{}"),
-                      n.exp_ * detail::bigint::bigit_bits);
+      out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("p{}"),
+                           n.exp_ * detail::bigint::bigit_bits);
     return out;
   }
 };
 
 FMT_FUNC detail::utf8_to_utf16::utf8_to_utf16(string_view s) {
-  for_each_codepoint(s, [this](uint32_t cp, int error) {
-    if (error != 0) FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("invalid utf8"));
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [this](uint32_t cp, string_view) {
+    if (cp == invalid_code_point) FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("invalid utf8"));
     if (cp <= 0xFFFF) {
       buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(cp));
     } else {
@@ -2538,31 +1417,28 @@ FMT_FUNC detail::utf8_to_utf16::utf8_to_utf16(string_view s) {
       buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xD800 + (cp >> 10)));
       buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xDC00 + (cp & 0x3FF)));
     }
+    return true;
   });
   buffer_.push_back(0);
 }
 
 FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
   FMT_TRY {
     auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
-    write(std::back_inserter(out), std::system_error(ec, message).what());
+    detail::write(appender(out), std::system_error(ec, message).what());
     return;
   }
   FMT_CATCH(...) {}
   format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void detail::error_handler::on_error(const char* message) {
-  FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
-}
-
 FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(int error_code,
-                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  do_report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC std::string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+FMT_FUNC auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string {
   // Don't optimize the "{}" case to keep the binary size small and because it
   // can be better optimized in fmt::format anyway.
   auto buffer = memory_buffer();
@@ -2570,54 +1446,502 @@ FMT_FUNC std::string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
   return to_string(buffer);
 }
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
 namespace detail {
+
+FMT_FUNC void vformat_to(buffer<char>& buf, string_view fmt, format_args args,
+                         locale_ref loc) {
+  auto out = appender(buf);
+  if (fmt.size() == 2 && equal2(fmt.data(), "{}"))
+    return args.get(0).visit(default_arg_formatter<char>{out});
+  parse_format_string(fmt,
+                      format_handler<>{parse_context<>(fmt), {out, args, loc}});
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct span {
+  T* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename F> auto flockfile(F* f) -> decltype(_lock_file(f)) {
+  _lock_file(f);
+}
+template <typename F> auto funlockfile(F* f) -> decltype(_unlock_file(f)) {
+  _unlock_file(f);
+}
+
+#ifndef getc_unlocked
+template <typename F> auto getc_unlocked(F* f) -> decltype(_fgetc_nolock(f)) {
+  return _fgetc_nolock(f);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename F = FILE, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_flockfile : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename F>
+struct has_flockfile<F, void_t<decltype(flockfile(&std::declval<F&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// A FILE wrapper. F is FILE defined as a template parameter to make system API
+// detection work.
+template <typename F> class file_base {
+ public:
+  F* file_;
+
+ public:
+  file_base(F* file) : file_(file) {}
+  operator F*() const { return file_; }
+
+  // Reads a code unit from the stream.
+  auto get() -> int {
+    int result = getc_unlocked(file_);
+    if (result == EOF && ferror(file_) != 0)
+      FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("getc failed")));
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Puts the code unit back into the stream buffer.
+  void unget(char c) {
+    if (ungetc(c, file_) == EOF)
+      FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("ungetc failed")));
+  }
+
+  void flush() { fflush(this->file_); }
+};
+
+// A FILE wrapper for glibc.
+template <typename F> class glibc_file : public file_base<F> {
+ private:
+  enum {
+    line_buffered = 0x200,  // _IO_LINE_BUF
+    unbuffered = 2          // _IO_UNBUFFERED
+  };
+
+ public:
+  using file_base<F>::file_base;
+
+  auto is_buffered() const -> bool {
+    return (this->file_->_flags & unbuffered) == 0;
+  }
+
+  void init_buffer() {
+    if (this->file_->_IO_write_ptr < this->file_->_IO_write_end) return;
+    // Force buffer initialization by placing and removing a char in a buffer.
+    putc_unlocked(0, this->file_);
+    --this->file_->_IO_write_ptr;
+  }
+
+  // Returns the file's read buffer.
+  auto get_read_buffer() const -> span<const char> {
+    auto ptr = this->file_->_IO_read_ptr;
+    return {ptr, to_unsigned(this->file_->_IO_read_end - ptr)};
+  }
+
+  // Returns the file's write buffer.
+  auto get_write_buffer() const -> span<char> {
+    auto ptr = this->file_->_IO_write_ptr;
+    return {ptr, to_unsigned(this->file_->_IO_buf_end - ptr)};
+  }
+
+  void advance_write_buffer(size_t size) { this->file_->_IO_write_ptr += size; }
+
+  auto needs_flush() const -> bool {
+    if ((this->file_->_flags & line_buffered) == 0) return false;
+    char* end = this->file_->_IO_write_end;
+    auto size = max_of<ptrdiff_t>(this->file_->_IO_write_ptr - end, 0);
+    return memchr(end, '\n', static_cast<size_t>(size));
+  }
+
+  void flush() { fflush_unlocked(this->file_); }
+};
+
+// A FILE wrapper for Apple's libc.
+template <typename F> class apple_file : public file_base<F> {
+ private:
+  enum {
+    line_buffered = 1,  // __SNBF
+    unbuffered = 2      // __SLBF
+  };
+
+ public:
+  using file_base<F>::file_base;
+
+  auto is_buffered() const -> bool {
+    return (this->file_->_flags & unbuffered) == 0;
+  }
+
+  void init_buffer() {
+    if (this->file_->_p) return;
+    // Force buffer initialization by placing and removing a char in a buffer.
+    if (!FMT_CLANG_ANALYZER) putc_unlocked(0, this->file_);
+    --this->file_->_p;
+    ++this->file_->_w;
+  }
+
+  auto get_read_buffer() const -> span<const char> {
+    return {reinterpret_cast<char*>(this->file_->_p),
+            to_unsigned(this->file_->_r)};
+  }
+
+  auto get_write_buffer() const -> span<char> {
+    return {reinterpret_cast<char*>(this->file_->_p),
+            to_unsigned(this->file_->_bf._base + this->file_->_bf._size -
+                        this->file_->_p)};
+  }
+
+  void advance_write_buffer(size_t size) {
+    this->file_->_p += size;
+    this->file_->_w -= size;
+  }
+
+  auto needs_flush() const -> bool {
+    if ((this->file_->_flags & line_buffered) == 0) return false;
+    return memchr(this->file_->_p + this->file_->_w, '\n',
+                  to_unsigned(-this->file_->_w));
+  }
+};
+
+// A fallback FILE wrapper.
+template <typename F> class fallback_file : public file_base<F> {
+ private:
+  char next_;  // The next unconsumed character in the buffer.
+  bool has_next_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  using file_base<F>::file_base;
+
+  auto is_buffered() const -> bool { return false; }
+  auto needs_flush() const -> bool { return false; }
+  void init_buffer() {}
+
+  auto get_read_buffer() const -> span<const char> {
+    return {&next_, has_next_ ? 1u : 0u};
+  }
+
+  auto get_write_buffer() const -> span<char> { return {nullptr, 0}; }
+
+  void advance_write_buffer(size_t) {}
+
+  auto get() -> int {
+    has_next_ = false;
+    return file_base<F>::get();
+  }
+
+  void unget(char c) {
+    file_base<F>::unget(c);
+    next_ = c;
+    has_next_ = true;
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FALLBACK_FILE
+#  define FMT_USE_FALLBACK_FILE 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename F,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(F::_p) != 0 && !FMT_USE_FALLBACK_FILE)>
+auto get_file(F* f, int) -> apple_file<F> {
+  return f;
+}
+template <typename F,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(F::_IO_read_ptr) != 0 && !FMT_USE_FALLBACK_FILE)>
+inline auto get_file(F* f, int) -> glibc_file<F> {
+  return f;
+}
+
+inline auto get_file(FILE* f, ...) -> fallback_file<FILE> { return f; }
+
+using file_ref = decltype(get_file(static_cast<FILE*>(nullptr), 0));
+
+template <typename F = FILE, typename Enable = void>
+class file_print_buffer : public buffer<char> {
+ public:
+  explicit file_print_buffer(F*) : buffer(nullptr, size_t()) {}
+};
+
+template <typename F>
+class file_print_buffer<F, enable_if_t<has_flockfile<F>::value>>
+    : public buffer<char> {
+ private:
+  file_ref file_;
+
+  static void grow(buffer<char>& base, size_t) {
+    auto& self = static_cast<file_print_buffer&>(base);
+    self.file_.advance_write_buffer(self.size());
+    if (self.file_.get_write_buffer().size == 0) self.file_.flush();
+    auto buf = self.file_.get_write_buffer();
+    FMT_ASSERT(buf.size > 0, "");
+    self.set(buf.data, buf.size);
+    self.clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit file_print_buffer(F* f) : buffer(grow, size_t()), file_(f) {
+    flockfile(f);
+    file_.init_buffer();
+    auto buf = file_.get_write_buffer();
+    set(buf.data, buf.size);
+  }
+  ~file_print_buffer() {
+    file_.advance_write_buffer(size());
+    bool flush = file_.needs_flush();
+    F* f = file_;    // Make funlockfile depend on the template parameter F
+    funlockfile(f);  // for the system API detection to work.
+    if (flush) fflush(file_);
+  }
+};
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(FMT_USE_WRITE_CONSOLE)
+FMT_FUNC auto write_console(int, string_view) -> bool { return false; }
+#else
 using dword = conditional_t<sizeof(long) == 4, unsigned long, unsigned>;
 extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall WriteConsoleW(  //
     void*, const void*, dword, dword*, void*);
-}  // namespace detail
-#endif
 
-namespace detail {
-FMT_FUNC void print(std::FILE* f, string_view text) {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-  auto fd = _fileno(f);
-  if (_isatty(fd)) {
-    detail::utf8_to_utf16 u16(string_view(text.data(), text.size()));
-    auto written = detail::dword();
-    if (detail::WriteConsoleW(reinterpret_cast<void*>(_get_osfhandle(fd)),
-                              u16.c_str(), static_cast<uint32_t>(u16.size()),
-                              &written, nullptr)) {
-      return;
-    }
-    // Fallback to fwrite on failure. It can happen if the output has been
-    // redirected to NUL.
-  }
+FMT_FUNC bool write_console(int fd, string_view text) {
+  auto u16 = utf8_to_utf16(text);
+  return WriteConsoleW(reinterpret_cast<void*>(_get_osfhandle(fd)), u16.c_str(),
+                       static_cast<dword>(u16.size()), nullptr, nullptr) != 0;
+}
 #endif
-  detail::fwrite_fully(text.data(), 1, text.size(), f);
-}
-}  // namespace detail
-
-FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
-  memory_buffer buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
-  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
-}
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 // Print assuming legacy (non-Unicode) encoding.
-FMT_FUNC void detail::vprint_mojibake(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str,
-                                      format_args args) {
-  memory_buffer buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str,
-                     basic_format_args<buffer_context<char>>(args));
-  fwrite_fully(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), f);
+FMT_FUNC void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args,
+                              bool newline) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  if (newline) buffer.push_back('\n');
+  fwrite_all(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), f);
 }
 #endif
 
-FMT_FUNC void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
-  vprint(stdout, format_str, args);
+FMT_FUNC void print(std::FILE* f, string_view text) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(FMT_USE_WRITE_CONSOLE)
+  int fd = _fileno(f);
+  if (_isatty(fd)) {
+    std::fflush(f);
+    if (write_console(fd, text)) return;
+  }
+#endif
+  fwrite_all(text.data(), text.size(), f);
 }
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint_buffered(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  if (!detail::file_ref(f).is_buffered() || !detail::has_flockfile<>())
+    return vprint_buffered(f, fmt, args);
+  auto&& buffer = detail::file_print_buffer<>(f);
+  return detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprintln(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  buffer.push_back('\n');
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct singleton {
+  unsigned char upper;
+  unsigned char lower_count;
+};
+
+inline auto is_printable(uint16_t x, const singleton* singletons,
+                         size_t singletons_size,
+                         const unsigned char* singleton_lowers,
+                         const unsigned char* normal, size_t normal_size)
+    -> bool {
+  auto upper = x >> 8;
+  auto lower_start = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < singletons_size; ++i) {
+    auto s = singletons[i];
+    auto lower_end = lower_start + s.lower_count;
+    if (upper < s.upper) break;
+    if (upper == s.upper) {
+      for (auto j = lower_start; j < lower_end; ++j) {
+        if (singleton_lowers[j] == (x & 0xff)) return false;
+      }
+    }
+    lower_start = lower_end;
+  }
+
+  auto xsigned = static_cast<int>(x);
+  auto current = true;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < normal_size; ++i) {
+    auto v = static_cast<int>(normal[i]);
+    auto len = (v & 0x80) != 0 ? (v & 0x7f) << 8 | normal[++i] : v;
+    xsigned -= len;
+    if (xsigned < 0) break;
+    current = !current;
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+// This code is generated by support/printable.py.
+FMT_FUNC auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  static constexpr singleton singletons0[] = {
+      {0x00, 1},  {0x03, 5},  {0x05, 6},  {0x06, 3},  {0x07, 6},  {0x08, 8},
+      {0x09, 17}, {0x0a, 28}, {0x0b, 25}, {0x0c, 20}, {0x0d, 16}, {0x0e, 13},
+      {0x0f, 4},  {0x10, 3},  {0x12, 18}, {0x13, 9},  {0x16, 1},  {0x17, 5},
+      {0x18, 2},  {0x19, 3},  {0x1a, 7},  {0x1c, 2},  {0x1d, 1},  {0x1f, 22},
+      {0x20, 3},  {0x2b, 3},  {0x2c, 2},  {0x2d, 11}, {0x2e, 1},  {0x30, 3},
+      {0x31, 2},  {0x32, 1},  {0xa7, 2},  {0xa9, 2},  {0xaa, 4},  {0xab, 8},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 5},  {0xfd, 4},  {0xfe, 3},  {0xff, 9},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons0_lower[] = {
+      0xad, 0x78, 0x79, 0x8b, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x30, 0x57, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x90,
+      0x1c, 0x1d, 0xdd, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0x3f,
+      0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5f, 0xb5, 0xe2, 0x84, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x91, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1,
+      0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xde, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xff, 0x00, 0x04,
+      0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x37, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3d, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5d,
+      0x84, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc6, 0xca, 0xce, 0xcf,
+      0xe4, 0xe5, 0x00, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x3b, 0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x84, 0x91, 0x9b, 0x9d,
+      0xc9, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x0d, 0x11, 0x29, 0x45, 0x49, 0x57, 0x64, 0x65, 0x8d,
+      0x91, 0xa9, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc9, 0xdf, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xf0, 0x0d,
+      0x11, 0x45, 0x49, 0x64, 0x65, 0x80, 0x84, 0xb2, 0xbc, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xd5,
+      0xd7, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0x83, 0x85, 0x8b, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xc5, 0xc7,
+      0xce, 0xcf, 0xda, 0xdb, 0x48, 0x98, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xc6, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x49,
+      0x4e, 0x4f, 0x57, 0x59, 0x5e, 0x5f, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x8f, 0xb1, 0xb6, 0xb7,
+      0xbf, 0xc1, 0xc6, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x11, 0x16, 0x17, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0xf7,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x80, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0x71, 0xde, 0xdf, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x6e,
+      0x6f, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x5f, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xfa, 0x16,
+      0x17, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x46, 0x47, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x7e,
+      0x7f, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x73, 0x8f,
+      0x74, 0x75, 0x96, 0x2f, 0x5f, 0x26, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb7, 0xbf,
+      0xc7, 0xcf, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0x9a, 0x40, 0x97, 0x98, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x1f, 0xc0,
+      0xc1, 0xce, 0xff, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x27,
+      0x2f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x37, 0x3d, 0x3f, 0x42, 0x45, 0x90, 0x91,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x53, 0x67, 0x75, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0xe7,
+      0xfe, 0xff,
+  };
+  static constexpr singleton singletons1[] = {
+      {0x00, 6},  {0x01, 1}, {0x03, 1},  {0x04, 2}, {0x08, 8},  {0x09, 2},
+      {0x0a, 5},  {0x0b, 2}, {0x0e, 4},  {0x10, 1}, {0x11, 2},  {0x12, 5},
+      {0x13, 17}, {0x14, 1}, {0x15, 2},  {0x17, 2}, {0x19, 13}, {0x1c, 5},
+      {0x1d, 8},  {0x24, 1}, {0x6a, 3},  {0x6b, 2}, {0xbc, 2},  {0xd1, 2},
+      {0xd4, 12}, {0xd5, 9}, {0xd6, 2},  {0xd7, 2}, {0xda, 1},  {0xe0, 5},
+      {0xe1, 2},  {0xe8, 2}, {0xee, 32}, {0xf0, 4}, {0xf8, 2},  {0xf9, 2},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 1},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons1_lower[] = {
+      0x0c, 0x27, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x9e, 0x9f, 0x06, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x36, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x56, 0xf3, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0x04, 0x14, 0x18, 0x36,
+      0x37, 0x56, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xaa, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x35, 0xe0, 0x12, 0x87,
+      0x89, 0x8e, 0x9e, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x5c, 0xb6, 0xb7, 0x1b,
+      0x1c, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x17, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3a, 0xa8, 0xa9,
+      0xd8, 0xd9, 0x09, 0x37, 0x90, 0x91, 0xa8, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x66,
+      0x69, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x5f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x5a, 0x62, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x27,
+      0x28, 0x55, 0x9d, 0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xa8, 0xad, 0xba, 0xbc,
+      0xc4, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x3a, 0x3f, 0x45, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xa7,
+      0xcc, 0xcd, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x22, 0x25, 0x3e, 0x3f, 0xc5, 0xc6,
+      0x04, 0x20, 0x23, 0x25, 0x26, 0x28, 0x33, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x48, 0x4a, 0x4c,
+      0x50, 0x53, 0x55, 0x56, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x60, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66,
+      0x6b, 0x73, 0x78, 0x7d, 0x7f, 0x8a, 0xa4, 0xaa, 0xaf, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0,
+      0xae, 0xaf, 0x79, 0xcc, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x93,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal0[] = {
+      0x00, 0x20, 0x5f, 0x22, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x04, 0x82, 0x44, 0x08, 0x1b, 0x04,
+      0x06, 0x11, 0x81, 0xac, 0x0e, 0x80, 0xab, 0x35, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x80, 0xe0,
+      0x03, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01, 0x04, 0x2f, 0x04, 0x34, 0x04, 0x07, 0x03, 0x01,
+      0x07, 0x06, 0x07, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x0f, 0x12, 0x07, 0x55, 0x07, 0x03,
+      0x04, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x03, 0x08, 0x03, 0x07, 0x03, 0x02, 0x03, 0x03,
+      0x03, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x05, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x0e, 0x15, 0x05, 0x3a,
+      0x03, 0x11, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x10, 0x07, 0x57, 0x07, 0x02, 0x07, 0x15,
+      0x0d, 0x50, 0x04, 0x43, 0x03, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x01, 0x04, 0x11, 0x06, 0x0f,
+      0x0c, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x1d, 0x25, 0x5f, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x04, 0x6a, 0x25, 0x80,
+      0xc8, 0x05, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x82, 0xfd, 0x03, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x15, 0x0b, 0x17, 0x09, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x0a, 0x06,
+      0x1a, 0x06, 0x59, 0x07, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x04,
+      0x01, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x03, 0x80, 0xac,
+      0x06, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x21, 0x3f, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x08, 0x3c,
+      0x03, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x3c, 0x07, 0x38, 0x08, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x82, 0xff, 0x11,
+      0x18, 0x08, 0x2f, 0x11, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x20, 0x10, 0x21, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x8c,
+      0x04, 0x82, 0x97, 0x19, 0x0b, 0x15, 0x88, 0x94, 0x05, 0x2f, 0x05, 0x3b,
+      0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x09, 0x80, 0xb3, 0x2d, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x80, 0xd6,
+      0x1a, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x80, 0xff, 0x05, 0x80, 0xdf, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0d, 0x03,
+      0x84, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x37, 0x09, 0x81, 0x5c, 0x14, 0x80, 0xb8, 0x08, 0x80,
+      0xcb, 0x2a, 0x38, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x38, 0x08, 0x46, 0x08, 0x0c, 0x06,
+      0x74, 0x0b, 0x1e, 0x03, 0x5a, 0x04, 0x59, 0x09, 0x80, 0x83, 0x18, 0x1c,
+      0x0a, 0x16, 0x09, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80, 0x8a, 0x06, 0xab, 0xa4, 0x0c, 0x17,
+      0x04, 0x31, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x81, 0xda, 0x26, 0x07, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x05, 0x80,
+      0xa5, 0x11, 0x81, 0x6d, 0x10, 0x78, 0x28, 0x2a, 0x06, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80,
+      0x8d, 0x04, 0x80, 0xbe, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x0d,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal1[] = {
+      0x5e, 0x22, 0x7b, 0x05, 0x03, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x66, 0x03, 0x01, 0x2f,
+      0x2e, 0x80, 0x82, 0x1d, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0f, 0x1c, 0x04, 0x24, 0x09, 0x1e,
+      0x05, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x44, 0x04, 0x0e, 0x2a, 0x80, 0xaa, 0x06, 0x24, 0x04,
+      0x24, 0x04, 0x28, 0x08, 0x34, 0x0b, 0x01, 0x80, 0x90, 0x81, 0x37, 0x09,
+      0x16, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x80, 0x98, 0x39, 0x03, 0x63, 0x08, 0x09, 0x30, 0x16,
+      0x05, 0x21, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x05, 0x01, 0x40, 0x38, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x2f,
+      0x04, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x09, 0x07, 0x40, 0x20, 0x27, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x09, 0x36,
+      0x03, 0x3a, 0x05, 0x1a, 0x07, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x07, 0x50, 0x49, 0x37, 0x33,
+      0x0d, 0x33, 0x07, 0x2e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x81, 0x26, 0x52, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x08,
+      0x2a, 0x56, 0x1c, 0x14, 0x17, 0x09, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x43, 0x0e,
+      0x19, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x48, 0x08, 0x27, 0x09, 0x75, 0x0b, 0x3f, 0x41,
+      0x2a, 0x06, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x51, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x10, 0x03,
+      0x05, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x62, 0x1e, 0x48, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x80, 0xa6, 0x5e, 0x22,
+      0x45, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0d, 0x13, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x04,
+      0x10, 0x80, 0xc0, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x53, 0x0c, 0x48, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x45,
+      0x1b, 0x48, 0x08, 0x53, 0x1d, 0x39, 0x81, 0x07, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x1d, 0x03,
+      0x47, 0x49, 0x37, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x81,
+      0x36, 0x19, 0x80, 0xb7, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x32, 0x0d, 0x83, 0x9b, 0x66, 0x75,
+      0x0b, 0x80, 0xc4, 0x8a, 0xbc, 0x84, 0x2f, 0x8f, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x47, 0xa1,
+      0xb9, 0x82, 0x39, 0x07, 0x2a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x60, 0x26, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x0a,
+      0x28, 0x05, 0x13, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x5b, 0x65, 0x4b, 0x04, 0x39, 0x07, 0x11,
+      0x40, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x97, 0xf8, 0x08, 0x84, 0xd6, 0x2a, 0x09,
+      0xa2, 0xf7, 0x81, 0x1f, 0x31, 0x03, 0x11, 0x04, 0x08, 0x81, 0x8c, 0x89,
+      0x04, 0x6b, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x09, 0x07, 0x10, 0x93, 0x60, 0x80, 0xf6,
+      0x0a, 0x73, 0x08, 0x6e, 0x17, 0x46, 0x80, 0x9a, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x09,
+      0x19, 0x80, 0x87, 0x81, 0x47, 0x03, 0x85, 0x42, 0x0f, 0x15, 0x85, 0x50,
+      0x2b, 0x80, 0xd5, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x81, 0x70, 0x3a, 0x05,
+      0x01, 0x85, 0x00, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x29, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x83,
+      0x11, 0x44, 0x4c, 0x3d, 0x80, 0xc2, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x55, 0x05,
+      0x1b, 0x34, 0x02, 0x81, 0x0e, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x64, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x80,
+      0xae, 0x38, 0x1d, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x09, 0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x80,
+      0x9a, 0x83, 0xd8, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x38, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x28, 0x08, 0x22, 0x4e,
+      0x81, 0x54, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x03, 0x03, 0x05, 0x07, 0x09, 0x19, 0x07, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x29, 0x80, 0xcb, 0x25, 0x0a, 0x84, 0x06,
+  };
+  auto lower = static_cast<uint16_t>(cp);
+  if (cp < 0x10000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons0,
+                        sizeof(singletons0) / sizeof(*singletons0),
+                        singletons0_lower, normal0, sizeof(normal0));
+  }
+  if (cp < 0x20000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons1,
+                        sizeof(singletons1) / sizeof(*singletons1),
+                        singletons1_lower, normal1, sizeof(normal1));
+  }
+  if (0x2a6de <= cp && cp < 0x2a700) return false;
+  if (0x2b735 <= cp && cp < 0x2b740) return false;
+  if (0x2b81e <= cp && cp < 0x2b820) return false;
+  if (0x2cea2 <= cp && cp < 0x2ceb0) return false;
+  if (0x2ebe1 <= cp && cp < 0x2f800) return false;
+  if (0x2fa1e <= cp && cp < 0x30000) return false;
+  if (0x3134b <= cp && cp < 0xe0100) return false;
+  if (0xe01f0 <= cp && cp < 0x110000) return false;
+  return cp < 0x110000;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
 
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
index 3f6ab35..4a65300 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -1,66 +1,119 @@
 /*
- Formatting library for C++
+  Formatting library for C++
 
- Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+  Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
 
- Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
- a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
- "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
- without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
- distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
- permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
- the following conditions:
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+  the following conditions:
 
- The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
- included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
- THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
- EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
- NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
- LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
- OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
- WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
- --- Optional exception to the license ---
+  --- Optional exception to the license ---
 
- As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
- of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
- source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
- without including the above copyright and permission notices.
+  As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+  of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+  source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+  without including the above copyright and permission notices.
  */
 
 #ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
 #define FMT_FORMAT_H_
 
-#include <cmath>         // std::signbit
-#include <cstdint>       // uint32_t
-#include <limits>        // std::numeric_limits
-#include <memory>        // std::uninitialized_copy
-#include <stdexcept>     // std::runtime_error
-#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
-#include <utility>       // std::swap
-
-#include "core.h"
-
-#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
-#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
-#elif defined(__ICL)
-#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
-#else
-#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
+#  define _LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
+#  define FMT_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __NVCC__
-#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ * 100 + __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__)
-#else
-#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION 0
+#include "base.h"
+
+// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && \
+    (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __has_builtin
-#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <stdlib.h>  // malloc, free
+
+#  include <cmath>    // std::signbit
+#  include <cstddef>  // std::byte
+#  include <cstdint>  // uint32_t
+#  include <cstring>  // std::memcpy
+#  include <limits>   // std::numeric_limits
+#  include <new>      // std::bad_alloc
+#  if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI)
+// Workaround for pre gcc 5 libstdc++.
+#    include <memory>  // std::allocator_traits
+#  endif
+#  include <stdexcept>     // std::runtime_error
+#  include <string>        // std::string
+#  include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+// Check FMT_CPLUSPLUS to avoid a warning in MSVC.
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<bit>) && FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 201703L
+#    include <bit>  // std::bit_cast
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+#    include <string_view>
+#  endif
+
+#  if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#    include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse[64], _umul128
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_MODULE
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS)
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#  define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 0
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 903 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L
+#  define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
+#elif defined(__cpp_nontype_template_args) && \
+    __cpp_nontype_template_args >= 201911L
+#  define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
+#elif FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1200 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L
+#  define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
 #else
-#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#  define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined __cpp_inline_variables && __cpp_inline_variables >= 201606L
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE inline
+#else
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE
+#endif
+
+// Check if RTTI is disabled.
+#ifdef FMT_USE_RTTI
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__GXX_RTTI) || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_rtti) || defined(_CPPRTTI) || \
+    defined(__INTEL_RTTI__) || defined(__RTTI)
+// __RTTI is for EDG compilers. _CPPRTTI is for MSVC.
+#  define FMT_USE_RTTI 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_RTTI 0
+#endif
+
+// Visibility when compiled as a shared library/object.
+#if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value) FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value)
 #endif
 
 #if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
@@ -69,75 +122,65 @@
 #  define FMT_NOINLINE
 #endif
 
-#if FMT_MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_MSC_DEFAULT = default
+#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated)
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
 #else
-#  define FMT_MSC_DEFAULT
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
 #endif
 
-#ifndef FMT_THROW
-#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-#    if FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_NVCC
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-namespace detail {
-template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
-  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
-  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
-  volatile bool b = true;
-  if (b) throw x;
-}
-}  // namespace detail
-FMT_END_NAMESPACE
-#      define FMT_THROW(x) detail::do_throw(x)
+// Detect constexpr std::string.
+#if !FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 0
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_constexpr_string) && \
+    __cpp_lib_constexpr_string >= 201907L
+#  if FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE
+// clang + libstdc++ are able to work only starting with gcc13.3
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=113294
+#    if FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 13
+#      define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 0
+#    elif FMT_GLIBCXX_RELEASE == 13 && __GLIBCXX__ < 20240521
+#      define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 0
 #    else
-#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#      define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 1
 #    endif
 #  else
-#    define FMT_THROW(x)               \
-      do {                             \
-        FMT_ASSERT(false, (x).what()); \
-      } while (false)
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 1
 #  endif
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-#  define FMT_TRY try
-#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
 #else
-#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
-#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING 0
 #endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
-#  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
-#  else
-#    if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__LCC__)) || defined(__clang__)
-#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
-#    elif FMT_MSC_VER
-#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
-#    else
-#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
-#    endif
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-// Workaround broken [[deprecated]] in the Intel, PGI and NVCC compilers.
-#if FMT_ICC_VERSION || defined(__PGI) || FMT_NVCC
-#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR_STRING
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING constexpr
 #else
-#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING
 #endif
 
-#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
-// EDG based compilers (Intel, NVIDIA, Elbrus, etc), GCC and MSVC support UDLs.
-#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 || \
-       FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900) &&                                         \
-      (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= /* UDL feature */ 480)
-#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
-#  else
-#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
-#  endif
+// GCC 4.9 doesn't support qualified names in specializations.
+namespace std {
+template <typename T> struct iterator_traits<fmt::basic_appender<T>> {
+  using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using difference_type =
+      decltype(static_cast<int*>(nullptr) - static_cast<int*>(nullptr));
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+};
+}  // namespace std
+
+#ifdef FMT_THROW
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_USE_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#else
+#  define FMT_THROW(x) ::fmt::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (x).what())
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang_analyzer__
+#  define FMT_CLANG_ANALYZER 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_ANALYZER 0
 #endif
 
 // Defining FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS to 1, will reduce the number of
@@ -148,224 +191,326 @@ FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 #  define FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS 0
 #endif
 
-// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
-// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519
-#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
-#endif
-#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
-#endif
-#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctz))
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) __builtin_ctz(n)
-#endif
-#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctzll))
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) __builtin_ctzll(n)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Allocator>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft codegen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#  endif
 #endif
 
-#if FMT_MSC_VER
-#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse[64], _BitScanForward[64], _umul128
-#endif
-
-// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC but otherwise support
 // __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
 // MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
-#if FMT_MSC_VER && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL)
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-namespace detail {
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL)
 // Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
-#  if !defined(__clang__)
-#    pragma managed(push, off)
-#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#  ifndef __clang__
 #    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
-#    if defined(_WIN64)
-#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward64)
+#    ifdef _WIN64
 #      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
 #    endif
 #  endif
 
-inline int clz(uint32_t x) {
+inline auto clz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
   unsigned long r = 0;
   _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
-  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
-  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
-  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)
   return 31 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
 }
 #  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) detail::clz(n)
 
-inline int clzll(uint64_t x) {
+inline auto clzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
   unsigned long r = 0;
 #  ifdef _WIN64
   _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
 #  else
   // Scan the high 32 bits.
-  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32))) return 63 ^ (r + 32);
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32)))
+    return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r + 32);
   // Scan the low 32 bits.
   _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
 #  endif
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
   return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
 }
 #  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) detail::clzll(n)
+#endif  // FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL)
 
-inline int ctz(uint32_t x) {
-  unsigned long r = 0;
-  _BitScanForward(&r, x);
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
-  return static_cast<int>(r);
-}
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) detail::ctz(n)
-
-inline int ctzll(uint64_t x) {
-  unsigned long r = 0;
-  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
-  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
-#  ifdef _WIN64
-  _BitScanForward64(&r, x);
-#  else
-  // Scan the low 32 bits.
-  if (_BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x))) return static_cast<int>(r);
-  // Scan the high 32 bits.
-  _BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32));
-  r += 32;
-#  endif
-  return static_cast<int>(r);
-}
-#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) detail::ctzll(n)
-#  if !defined(__clang__)
-#    pragma managed(pop)
-#  endif
-}  // namespace detail
-FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void abort_fuzzing_if(bool condition) {
+  ignore_unused(condition);
+#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
+  if (condition) throw std::runtime_error("fuzzing limit reached");
 #endif
+}
 
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-namespace detail {
-
-#if __cplusplus >= 202002L || \
-    (__cplusplus >= 201709L && FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1002)
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
 #else
-#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+template <typename Char> struct std_string_view {
+  operator basic_string_view<Char>() const;
+};
 #endif
 
-// An equivalent of `*reinterpret_cast<Dest*>(&source)` that doesn't have
-// undefined behavior (e.g. due to type aliasing).
-// Example: uint64_t d = bit_cast<uint64_t>(2.718);
-template <typename Dest, typename Source>
-inline Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) {
-  static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
-  Dest dest;
-  std::memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
-  return dest;
-}
-
-inline bool is_big_endian() {
-  const auto u = 1u;
-  struct bytes {
-    char data[sizeof(u)];
-  };
-  return bit_cast<bytes>(u).data[0] == 0;
-}
-
-// A fallback implementation of uintptr_t for systems that lack it.
-struct fallback_uintptr {
-  unsigned char value[sizeof(void*)];
-
-  fallback_uintptr() = default;
-  explicit fallback_uintptr(const void* p) {
-    *this = bit_cast<fallback_uintptr>(p);
-    if (is_big_endian()) {
-      for (size_t i = 0, j = sizeof(void*) - 1; i < j; ++i, --j)
-        std::swap(value[i], value[j]);
-    }
+template <typename Char, Char... C> struct string_literal {
+  static constexpr Char value[sizeof...(C)] = {C...};
+  constexpr operator basic_string_view<Char>() const {
+    return {value, sizeof...(C)};
   }
 };
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename Char, Char... C>
+constexpr Char string_literal<Char, C...>::value[sizeof...(C)];
+#endif
+
+// Implementation of std::bit_cast for pre-C++20.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) == sizeof(From))>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return std::bit_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+  auto to = To();
+  // The cast suppresses a bogus -Wclass-memaccess on GCC.
+  std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(&to), &from, sizeof(to));
+  return to;
+}
+
+inline auto is_big_endian() -> bool {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  return false;
+#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return true;
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__;
+#else
+  struct bytes {
+    char data[sizeof(int)];
+  };
+  return bit_cast<bytes>(1).data[0] == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+class uint128_fallback {
+ private:
+  uint64_t lo_, hi_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t hi, uint64_t lo) : lo_(lo), hi_(hi) {}
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t value = 0) : lo_(value), hi_(0) {}
+
+  constexpr auto high() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return hi_; }
+  constexpr auto low() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return lo_; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  constexpr explicit operator T() const {
+    return static_cast<T>(lo_);
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr auto operator==(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ == rhs.hi_ && lhs.lo_ == rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator!=(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator>(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ != rhs.hi_ ? lhs.hi_ > rhs.hi_ : lhs.lo_ > rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator|(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ | rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ | rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator&(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ & rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ & rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator~(const uint128_fallback& n)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {~n.hi_, ~n.lo_};
+  }
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator+(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                      const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    auto result = uint128_fallback(lhs);
+    result += rhs;
+    return result;
+  }
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator*(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint32_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    FMT_ASSERT(lhs.hi_ == 0, "");
+    uint64_t hi = (lhs.lo_ >> 32) * rhs;
+    uint64_t lo = (lhs.lo_ & ~uint32_t()) * rhs;
+    uint64_t new_lo = (hi << 32) + lo;
+    return {(hi >> 32) + (new_lo < lo ? 1 : 0), new_lo};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator-(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint64_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ - (lhs.lo_ < rhs ? 1 : 0), lhs.lo_ - rhs};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {0, hi_};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(0, hi_) >> (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ >> shift, (hi_ << (64 - shift)) | (lo_ >> shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator<<(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {lo_, 0};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(lo_, 0) << (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ << shift | (lo_ >> (64 - shift)), (lo_ << shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>=(int shift) -> uint128_fallback& {
+    return *this = *this >> shift;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator+=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    uint64_t new_lo = lo_ + n.lo_;
+    uint64_t new_hi = hi_ + n.hi_ + (new_lo < lo_ ? 1 : 0);
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_hi >= hi_, "");
+    lo_ = new_lo;
+    hi_ = new_hi;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator&=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    lo_ &= n.lo_;
+    hi_ &= n.hi_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator+=(uint64_t n) noexcept -> uint128_fallback& {
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      lo_ += n;
+      hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+      return *this;
+    }
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_addcll) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long carry;
+    lo_ = __builtin_addcll(lo_, n, 0, &carry);
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long result;
+    auto carry = __builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64(0, lo_, n, &result);
+    lo_ = result;
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+    auto carry = _addcarry_u64(0, lo_, n, &lo_);
+    _addcarry_u64(carry, hi_, 0, &hi_);
+#else
+    lo_ += n;
+    hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+using uint128_t = conditional_t<FMT_USE_INT128, uint128_opt, uint128_fallback>;
+
 #ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
 using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
-inline uintptr_t to_uintptr(const void* p) { return bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p); }
 #else
-using uintptr_t = fallback_uintptr;
-inline fallback_uintptr to_uintptr(const void* p) {
-  return fallback_uintptr(p);
-}
+using uintptr_t = uint128_t;
 #endif
 
 // Returns the largest possible value for type T. Same as
 // std::numeric_limits<T>::max() but shorter and not affected by the max macro.
-template <typename T> constexpr T max_value() {
+template <typename T> constexpr auto max_value() -> T {
   return (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
 }
-template <typename T> constexpr int num_bits() {
+template <typename T> constexpr auto num_bits() -> int {
   return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
 }
 // std::numeric_limits<T>::digits may return 0 for 128-bit ints.
-template <> constexpr int num_bits<int128_t>() { return 128; }
-template <> constexpr int num_bits<uint128_t>() { return 128; }
-template <> constexpr int num_bits<fallback_uintptr>() {
-  return static_cast<int>(sizeof(void*) *
-                          std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits);
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<int128_opt>() -> int { return 128; }
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<uint128_opt>() -> int { return 128; }
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<uint128_fallback>() -> int { return 128; }
+
+// A heterogeneous bit_cast used for converting 96-bit long double to uint128_t
+// and 128-bit pointers to uint128_fallback.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) > sizeof(From))>
+inline auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+  constexpr auto size = static_cast<int>(sizeof(From) / sizeof(unsigned short));
+  struct data_t {
+    unsigned short value[static_cast<unsigned>(size)];
+  } data = bit_cast<data_t>(from);
+  auto result = To();
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned short>()) | data.value[i];
+  } else {
+    for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned short>()) | data.value[i];
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero_fallback(UInt n) -> int {
+  int lz = 0;
+  constexpr UInt msb_mask = static_cast<UInt>(1) << (num_bits<UInt>() - 1);
+  for (; (n & msb_mask) == 0; n <<= 1) lz++;
+  return lz;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
 }
 
 FMT_INLINE void assume(bool condition) {
   (void)condition;
-#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume) && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
   __builtin_assume(condition);
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION
+  if (!condition) __builtin_unreachable();
 #endif
 }
 
-// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
-template <typename T>
-using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
-template <typename T> using sentinel_t = decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()));
-
-// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
-template <typename Char> inline Char* get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) {
-  return &s[0];
-}
-template <typename Container>
-inline typename Container::value_type* get_data(Container& c) {
-  return c.data();
-}
-
-#if defined(_SECURE_SCL) && _SECURE_SCL
-// Make a checked iterator to avoid MSVC warnings.
-template <typename T> using checked_ptr = stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*>;
-template <typename T> checked_ptr<T> make_checked(T* p, size_t size) {
-  return {p, size};
-}
-#else
-template <typename T> using checked_ptr = T*;
-template <typename T> inline T* make_checked(T* p, size_t) { return p; }
-#endif
-
 // Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
 // Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to it.
-template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value&&
+                            is_contiguous<typename OutputIt::container>::value)>
 #if FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 307 && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
 __attribute__((no_sanitize("undefined")))
 #endif
-inline checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type>
-reserve(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it, size_t n) {
-  Container& c = get_container(it);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto
+reserve(OutputIt it, size_t n) -> typename OutputIt::value_type* {
+  auto& c = get_container(it);
   size_t size = c.size();
   c.resize(size + n);
-  return make_checked(get_data(c) + size, n);
+  return &c[size];
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-inline buffer_appender<T> reserve(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto reserve(basic_appender<T> it, size_t n)
+    -> basic_appender<T> {
   buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
   buf.try_reserve(buf.size() + n);
   return it;
 }
 
-template <typename Iterator> constexpr Iterator& reserve(Iterator& it, size_t) {
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto reserve(Iterator& it, size_t) -> Iterator& {
   return it;
 }
 
@@ -374,94 +519,59 @@ using reserve_iterator =
     remove_reference_t<decltype(reserve(std::declval<OutputIt&>(), 0))>;
 
 template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
-constexpr T* to_pointer(OutputIt, size_t) {
+constexpr auto to_pointer(OutputIt, size_t) -> T* {
   return nullptr;
 }
-template <typename T> T* to_pointer(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) {
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_pointer(T*& ptr, size_t n) -> T* {
+  T* begin = ptr;
+  ptr += n;
+  return begin;
+}
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto to_pointer(basic_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> T* {
   buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  buf.try_reserve(buf.size() + n);
   auto size = buf.size();
   if (buf.capacity() < size + n) return nullptr;
   buf.try_resize(size + n);
   return buf.data() + size;
 }
 
-template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
-inline std::back_insert_iterator<Container> base_iterator(
-    std::back_insert_iterator<Container>& it,
-    checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type>) {
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value&&
+                            is_contiguous<typename OutputIt::container>::value)>
+inline auto base_iterator(OutputIt it,
+                          typename OutputIt::container_type::value_type*)
+    -> OutputIt {
   return it;
 }
 
 template <typename Iterator>
-constexpr Iterator base_iterator(Iterator, Iterator it) {
+constexpr auto base_iterator(Iterator, Iterator it) -> Iterator {
   return it;
 }
 
 // <algorithm> is spectacularly slow to compile in C++20 so use a simple fill_n
 // instead (#1998).
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Size, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt fill_n(OutputIt out, Size count, const T& value) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill_n(OutputIt out, Size count, const T& value)
+    -> OutputIt {
   for (Size i = 0; i < count; ++i) *out++ = value;
   return out;
 }
 template <typename T, typename Size>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR20 T* fill_n(T* out, Size count, char value) {
-  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
-    return fill_n<T*, Size, T>(out, count, value);
-  }
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto fill_n(T* out, Size count, char value) -> T* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return fill_n<T*, Size, T>(out, count, value);
+  static_assert(sizeof(T) == 1,
+                "sizeof(T) must be 1 to use char for initialization");
   std::memset(out, value, to_unsigned(count));
   return out + count;
 }
 
-#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
-using char8_type = char8_t;
-#else
-enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
-#endif
-
-template <typename InputIt, typename OutChar>
-using needs_conversion = bool_constant<
-    std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type,
-                 char>::value &&
-    std::is_same<OutChar, char8_type>::value>;
-
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out) {
-  while (begin != end) *out++ = *begin++;
-  return out;
-}
-
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR20 OutChar* copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutChar* out) {
-  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
-    return copy_str<OutChar, InputIt, OutChar*>(begin, end, out);
-  }
-  auto size = to_unsigned(end - begin);
-  std::uninitialized_copy(begin, end, make_checked(out, size));
-  return out + size;
-}
-
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
-OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out) {
-  while (begin != end) *out++ = static_cast<char8_type>(*begin++);
-  return out;
-}
-
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
-appender copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, appender out) {
-  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
-  return out;
-}
-
 template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE OutputIt copy_str_noinline(InputIt begin,
-                                                      InputIt end,
-                                                      OutputIt out) {
-  return copy_str<OutChar>(begin, end, out);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto copy_noinline(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                              OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy<OutChar>(begin, end, out);
 }
 
 // A public domain branchless UTF-8 decoder by Christopher Wellons:
@@ -481,26 +591,31 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE OutputIt copy_str_noinline(InputIt begin,
  * occurs, this pointer will be a guess that depends on the particular
  * error, but it will always advance at least one byte.
  */
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c,
-                                             int* e) {
-  constexpr const int masks[] = {0x00, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x07};
-  constexpr const uint32_t mins[] = {4194304, 0, 128, 2048, 65536};
-  constexpr const int shiftc[] = {0, 18, 12, 6, 0};
-  constexpr const int shifte[] = {0, 6, 4, 2, 0};
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c, int* e)
+    -> const char* {
+  constexpr int masks[] = {0x00, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x07};
+  constexpr uint32_t mins[] = {4194304, 0, 128, 2048, 65536};
+  constexpr int shiftc[] = {0, 18, 12, 6, 0};
+  constexpr int shifte[] = {0, 6, 4, 2, 0};
 
-  int len = code_point_length(s);
-  const char* next = s + len;
+  int len = "\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\2\2\2\3\3\4"
+      [static_cast<unsigned char>(*s) >> 3];
+  // Compute the pointer to the next character early so that the next
+  // iteration can start working on the next character. Neither Clang
+  // nor GCC figure out this reordering on their own.
+  const char* next = s + len + !len;
+
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
 
   // Assume a four-byte character and load four bytes. Unused bits are
   // shifted out.
-  *c = uint32_t(s[0] & masks[len]) << 18;
-  *c |= uint32_t(s[1] & 0x3f) << 12;
-  *c |= uint32_t(s[2] & 0x3f) << 6;
-  *c |= uint32_t(s[3] & 0x3f) << 0;
+  *c = uint32_t(uchar(s[0]) & masks[len]) << 18;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[1]) & 0x3f) << 12;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[2]) & 0x3f) << 6;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[3]) & 0x3f) << 0;
   *c >>= shiftc[len];
 
   // Accumulate the various error conditions.
-  using uchar = unsigned char;
   *e = (*c < mins[len]) << 6;       // non-canonical encoding
   *e |= ((*c >> 11) == 0x1b) << 7;  // surrogate half?
   *e |= (*c > 0x10FFFF) << 8;       // out of range?
@@ -513,49 +628,52 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c,
   return next;
 }
 
+constexpr FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE uint32_t invalid_code_point = ~uint32_t();
+
+// Invokes f(cp, sv) for every code point cp in s with sv being the string view
+// corresponding to the code point. cp is invalid_code_point on error.
 template <typename F>
 FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each_codepoint(string_view s, F f) {
-  auto decode = [f](const char* p) {
+  auto decode = [f](const char* buf_ptr, const char* ptr) {
     auto cp = uint32_t();
     auto error = 0;
-    p = utf8_decode(p, &cp, &error);
-    f(cp, error);
-    return p;
+    auto end = utf8_decode(buf_ptr, &cp, &error);
+    bool result = f(error ? invalid_code_point : cp,
+                    string_view(ptr, error ? 1 : to_unsigned(end - buf_ptr)));
+    return result ? (error ? buf_ptr + 1 : end) : nullptr;
   };
+
   auto p = s.data();
   const size_t block_size = 4;  // utf8_decode always reads blocks of 4 chars.
   if (s.size() >= block_size) {
-    for (auto end = p + s.size() - block_size + 1; p < end;) p = decode(p);
-  }
-  if (auto num_chars_left = s.data() + s.size() - p) {
-    char buf[2 * block_size - 1] = {};
-    copy_str<char>(p, p + num_chars_left, buf);
-    p = buf;
-    do {
-      p = decode(p);
-    } while (p - buf < num_chars_left);
+    for (auto end = p + s.size() - block_size + 1; p < end;) {
+      p = decode(p, p);
+      if (!p) return;
+    }
   }
+  auto num_chars_left = to_unsigned(s.data() + s.size() - p);
+  if (num_chars_left == 0) return;
+
+  // Suppress bogus -Wstringop-overflow.
+  if (FMT_GCC_VERSION) num_chars_left &= 3;
+  char buf[2 * block_size - 1] = {};
+  copy<char>(p, p + num_chars_left, buf);
+  const char* buf_ptr = buf;
+  do {
+    auto end = decode(buf_ptr, p);
+    if (!end) return;
+    p += end - buf_ptr;
+    buf_ptr = end;
+  } while (buf_ptr < buf + num_chars_left);
 }
 
-template <typename Char>
-inline size_t compute_width(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
-  return s.size();
-}
-
-// Computes approximate display width of a UTF-8 string.
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline size_t compute_width(string_view s) {
-  size_t num_code_points = 0;
-  // It is not a lambda for compatibility with C++14.
-  struct count_code_points {
-    size_t* count;
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(uint32_t cp, int error) const {
-      *count += detail::to_unsigned(
-          1 +
-          (error == 0 && cp >= 0x1100 &&
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto display_width_of(uint32_t cp) noexcept -> size_t {
+  return to_unsigned(
+      1 + (cp >= 0x1100 &&
            (cp <= 0x115f ||  // Hangul Jamo init. consonants
-            cp == 0x2329 ||  // LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET〈
-            cp == 0x232a ||  // RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET 〉
-            // CJK ... Yi except Unicode Character “〿”:
+            cp == 0x2329 ||  // LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            cp == 0x232a ||  // RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            // CJK ... Yi except IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE:
             (cp >= 0x2e80 && cp <= 0xa4cf && cp != 0x303f) ||
             (cp >= 0xac00 && cp <= 0xd7a3) ||    // Hangul Syllables
             (cp >= 0xf900 && cp <= 0xfaff) ||    // CJK Compatibility Ideographs
@@ -569,162 +687,212 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR inline size_t compute_width(string_view s) {
             (cp >= 0x1f300 && cp <= 0x1f64f) ||
             // Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs:
             (cp >= 0x1f900 && cp <= 0x1f9ff))));
-    }
-  };
-  for_each_codepoint(s, count_code_points{&num_code_points});
-  return num_code_points;
 }
 
-inline size_t compute_width(basic_string_view<char8_type> s) {
-  return compute_width(basic_string_view<char>(
-      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()));
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-inline size_t code_point_index(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t n) {
-  size_t size = s.size();
-  return n < size ? n : size;
-}
-
-// Calculates the index of the nth code point in a UTF-8 string.
-inline size_t code_point_index(basic_string_view<char8_type> s, size_t n) {
-  const char8_type* data = s.data();
-  size_t num_code_points = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
-    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80 && ++num_code_points > n) return i;
-  }
-  return s.size();
-}
+template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
+template <> struct is_integral<int128_opt> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename T>
-using is_fast_float = bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 &&
-                                    sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double)>;
+using is_signed =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, int128_opt>::value>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_FLOAT128)
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 309 && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<quadmath.h>)
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION && defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_FLOAT128) && \
+    !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+using float128 = __float128;
+#else
+struct float128 {};
+#endif
+
+template <typename T> using is_float128 = std::is_same<T, float128>;
+
+template <typename T> struct is_floating_point : std::is_floating_point<T> {};
+template <> struct is_floating_point<float128> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, bool = is_floating_point<T>::value>
+struct is_fast_float : bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 &&
+                                     sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double)> {};
+template <typename T> struct is_fast_float<T, false> : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using fast_float_t = conditional_t<sizeof(T) == sizeof(double), double, float>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_double_double = bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 106>;
 
 #ifndef FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
 #  define FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX 0
 #endif
 
-template <typename T>
-template <typename U>
-void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
-  while (begin != end) {
-    auto count = to_unsigned(end - begin);
-    try_reserve(size_ + count);
-    auto free_cap = capacity_ - size_;
-    if (free_cap < count) count = free_cap;
-    std::uninitialized_copy_n(begin, count, make_checked(ptr_ + size_, count));
-    size_ += count;
-    begin += count;
+// An allocator that uses malloc/free to allow removing dependency on the C++
+// standard libary runtime. std::decay is used for back_inserter to be found by
+// ADL when applied to memory_buffer.
+template <typename T> struct allocator : private std::decay<void> {
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  auto allocate(size_t n) -> T* {
+    FMT_ASSERT(n <= max_value<size_t>() / sizeof(T), "");
+    T* p = static_cast<T*>(malloc(n * sizeof(T)));
+    if (!p) FMT_THROW(std::bad_alloc());
+    return p;
   }
-}
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits>
-void iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T, Traits>::flush() {
-  auto size = this->size();
-  this->clear();
-  out_ = copy_str<T>(data_, data_ + this->limit(size), out_);
-}
+  void deallocate(T* p, size_t) { free(p); }
+
+  constexpr friend auto operator==(allocator, allocator) noexcept -> bool {
+    return true;  // All instances of this allocator are equivalent.
+  }
+  constexpr friend auto operator!=(allocator, allocator) noexcept -> bool {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter& f, bool set)
+    -> decltype(f.set_debug_format(set)) {
+  f.set_debug_format(set);
+}
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter&, ...) {}
 
-template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
-struct is_locale : std::false_type {};
-template <typename T>
-struct is_locale<T, void_t<decltype(T::classic())>> : std::true_type {};
 }  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
-template <> struct is_char<detail::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
-template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
-template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 // The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
 // to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
 enum { inline_buffer_size = 500 };
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
-  with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
-
-  You can use the ```memory_buffer`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-     fmt::memory_buffer out;
-     format_to(out, "The answer is {}.", 42);
-
-  This will append the following output to the ``out`` object:
-
-  .. code-block:: none
-
-     The answer is 42.
-
-  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``to_string(out)``.
-  \endrst
+ * A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible
+ * types with the first `SIZE` elements stored in the object itself. Most
+ * commonly used via the `memory_buffer` alias for `char`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto out = fmt::memory_buffer();
+ *     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "The answer is {}.", 42);
+ *
+ * This will append "The answer is 42." to `out`. The buffer content can be
+ * converted to `std::string` with `to_string(out)`.
  */
 template <typename T, size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
-          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
-class basic_memory_buffer final : public detail::buffer<T> {
+          typename Allocator = detail::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer : public detail::buffer<T> {
  private:
   T store_[SIZE];
 
-  // Don't inherit from Allocator avoid generating type_info for it.
-  Allocator alloc_;
+  // Don't inherit from Allocator to avoid generating type_info for it.
+  FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS Allocator alloc_;
 
   // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
-  void deallocate() {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void deallocate() {
     T* data = this->data();
     if (data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(data, this->capacity());
   }
 
- protected:
-  void grow(size_t size) final FMT_OVERRIDE;
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(detail::buffer<T>& buf, size_t size) {
+    detail::abort_fuzzing_if(size > 5000);
+    auto& self = static_cast<basic_memory_buffer&>(buf);
+    const size_t max_size =
+        std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::max_size(self.alloc_);
+    size_t old_capacity = buf.capacity();
+    size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
+    if (size > new_capacity)
+      new_capacity = size;
+    else if (new_capacity > max_size)
+      new_capacity = max_of(size, max_size);
+    T* old_data = buf.data();
+    T* new_data = self.alloc_.allocate(new_capacity);
+    // Suppress a bogus -Wstringop-overflow in gcc 13.1 (#3481).
+    detail::assume(buf.size() <= new_capacity);
+    // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+    memcpy(new_data, old_data, buf.size() * sizeof(T));
+    self.set(new_data, new_capacity);
+    // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
+    // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
+    // destructor.
+    if (old_data != self.store_) self.alloc_.deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+  }
 
  public:
   using value_type = T;
   using const_reference = const T&;
 
-  explicit basic_memory_buffer(const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
-      : alloc_(alloc) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit basic_memory_buffer(
+      const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
+      : detail::buffer<T>(grow), alloc_(alloc) {
     this->set(store_, SIZE);
+    if (detail::is_constant_evaluated()) detail::fill_n(store_, SIZE, T());
   }
-  ~basic_memory_buffer() { deallocate(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~basic_memory_buffer() { deallocate(); }
 
  private:
-  // Move data from other to this buffer.
-  void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
+  template <typename Alloc = Allocator,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::allocator_traits<Alloc>::
+                              propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto move_alloc(basic_memory_buffer& other) -> bool {
     alloc_ = std::move(other.alloc_);
+    return true;
+  }
+  // If the allocator does not propagate then copy the data from other.
+  template <typename Alloc = Allocator,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::allocator_traits<Alloc>::
+                              propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto move_alloc(basic_memory_buffer& other) -> bool {
+    T* data = other.data();
+    if (alloc_ == other.alloc_ || data == other.store_) return true;
+    size_t size = other.size();
+    // Perform copy operation, allocators are different.
+    this->resize(size);
+    detail::copy<T>(data, data + size, this->data());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Move data from other to this buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
     T* data = other.data();
     size_t size = other.size(), capacity = other.capacity();
+    if (!move_alloc(other)) return;
     if (data == other.store_) {
       this->set(store_, capacity);
-      std::uninitialized_copy(other.store_, other.store_ + size,
-                              detail::make_checked(store_, capacity));
+      detail::copy<T>(other.store_, other.store_ + size, store_);
     } else {
       this->set(data, capacity);
       // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
       // when deallocating.
       other.set(other.store_, 0);
+      other.clear();
     }
     this->resize(size);
   }
 
  public:
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Constructs a :class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content
-    of the other object to it.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT { move(other); }
+  /// Constructs a `basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content of the other
+  /// object to it.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept
+      : detail::buffer<T>(grow) {
+    move(other);
+  }
 
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  basic_memory_buffer& operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  /// Moves the content of the other `basic_memory_buffer` object to this one.
+  auto operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept -> basic_memory_buffer& {
     FMT_ASSERT(this != &other, "");
     deallocate();
     move(other);
@@ -732,128 +900,122 @@ class basic_memory_buffer final : public detail::buffer<T> {
   }
 
   // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
-  Allocator get_allocator() const { return alloc_; }
+  auto get_allocator() const -> Allocator { return alloc_; }
 
-  /**
-    Resizes the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type new
-    elements may not be initialized.
-   */
-  void resize(size_t count) { this->try_resize(count); }
+  /// Resizes the buffer to contain `count` elements. If T is a POD type new
+  /// elements may not be initialized.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void resize(size_t count) { this->try_resize(count); }
 
-  /** Increases the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. */
+  /// Increases the buffer capacity to `new_capacity`.
   void reserve(size_t new_capacity) { this->try_reserve(new_capacity); }
 
-  // Directly append data into the buffer
   using detail::buffer<T>::append;
   template <typename ContiguousRange>
-  void append(const ContiguousRange& range) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void append(const ContiguousRange& range) {
     append(range.data(), range.data() + range.size());
   }
 };
 
-template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
-void basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(size_t size) {
-#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
-  if (size > 5000) throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - won't grow that much");
-#endif
-  const size_t max_size = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::max_size(alloc_);
-  size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
-  size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
-  if (size > new_capacity)
-    new_capacity = size;
-  else if (new_capacity > max_size)
-    new_capacity = size > max_size ? size : max_size;
-  T* old_data = this->data();
-  T* new_data =
-      std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(alloc_, new_capacity);
-  // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
-  std::uninitialized_copy(old_data, old_data + this->size(),
-                          detail::make_checked(new_data, new_capacity));
-  this->set(new_data, new_capacity);
-  // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
-  // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
-  // destructor.
-  if (old_data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+
+template <size_t SIZE>
+FMT_NODISCARD auto to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<char, SIZE>& buf)
+    -> std::string {
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  detail::assume(size < std::string().max_size());
+  return {buf.data(), size};
 }
 
-using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+// A writer to a buffered stream. It doesn't own the underlying stream.
+class writer {
+ private:
+  detail::buffer<char>* buf_;
+
+  // We cannot create a file buffer in advance because any write to a FILE may
+  // invalidate it.
+  FILE* file_;
+
+ public:
+  inline writer(FILE* f) : buf_(nullptr), file_(f) {}
+  inline writer(detail::buffer<char>& buf) : buf_(&buf) {}
+
+  /// Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the
+  /// output to the file.
+  template <typename... T> void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+    if (buf_)
+      fmt::format_to(appender(*buf_), fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+    else
+      fmt::print(file_, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+class string_buffer {
+ private:
+  std::string str_;
+  detail::container_buffer<std::string> buf_;
+
+ public:
+  inline string_buffer() : buf_(str_) {}
+
+  inline operator writer() { return buf_; }
+  inline auto str() -> std::string& { return str_; }
+};
 
 template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
 struct is_contiguous<basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>> : std::true_type {
 };
 
-namespace detail {
-FMT_API void print(std::FILE*, string_view);
-}
+// Suppress a misleading warning in older versions of clang.
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables")
 
-/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
-FMT_CLASS_API
-class FMT_API format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+/// An error reported from a formatting function.
+class FMT_SO_VISIBILITY("default") format_error : public std::runtime_error {
  public:
-  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
-  explicit format_error(const std::string& message)
-      : std::runtime_error(message) {}
-  format_error(const format_error&) = default;
-  format_error& operator=(const format_error&) = default;
-  format_error(format_error&&) = default;
-  format_error& operator=(format_error&&) = default;
-  ~format_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE FMT_MSC_DEFAULT;
+  using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
 };
 
-/**
-  \rst
-  Constructs a `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references
-  to arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`.
-  If ``fmt`` is a compile-time string then `make_args_checked` checks
-  its validity at compile time.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename... Args, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-FMT_INLINE auto make_args_checked(const S& fmt,
-                                  const remove_reference_t<Args>&... args)
-    -> format_arg_store<buffer_context<Char>, remove_reference_t<Args>...> {
-  static_assert(
-      detail::count<(
-              std::is_base_of<detail::view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
-              std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
-      "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
-  detail::check_format_string<Args...>(fmt);
-  return {args...};
+class loc_value;
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+namespace detail {
+FMT_API auto write_console(int fd, string_view text) -> bool;
+FMT_API void print(FILE*, string_view);
+}  // namespace detail
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Char, size_t N> struct fixed_string {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 fixed_string(const Char (&s)[N]) {
+    detail::copy<Char, const Char*, Char*>(static_cast<const Char*>(s), s + N,
+                                           data);
+  }
+  Char data[N] = {};
+};
+
+// Converts a compile-time string to basic_string_view.
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Char, size_t N>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(const Char (&s)[N])
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  // Remove trailing NUL character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
+  // with a raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
+  return {s, N - (std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0 ? 1 : 0)};
 }
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-inline void throw_format_error(const char* message) {
-  FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
 }
 
-template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
-template <> struct is_integral<int128_t> : std::true_type {};
-template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename T>
-using is_signed =
-    std::integral_constant<bool, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ||
-                                     std::is_same<T, int128_t>::value>;
-
 // Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
 // Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
 template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_signed<T>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T value) {
+constexpr auto is_negative(T value) -> bool {
   return value < 0;
 }
 template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_signed<T>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T) {
+constexpr auto is_negative(T) -> bool {
   return false;
 }
 
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_supported_floating_point(T) {
-  return (std::is_same<T, float>::value && FMT_USE_FLOAT) ||
-         (std::is_same<T, double>::value && FMT_USE_DOUBLE) ||
-         (std::is_same<T, long double>::value && FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE);
-}
-
 // Smallest of uint32_t, uint64_t, uint128_t that is large enough to
 // represent all values of an integral type T.
 template <typename T>
@@ -864,64 +1026,31 @@ using uint32_or_64_or_128_t =
 template <typename T>
 using uint64_or_128_t = conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>;
 
-#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                             \
-  factor * 10, (factor)*100, (factor)*1000, (factor)*10000, (factor)*100000, \
-      (factor)*1000000, (factor)*10000000, (factor)*100000000,               \
-      (factor)*1000000000
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                  \
+  factor * 10, (factor) * 100, (factor) * 1000, (factor) * 10000, \
+      (factor) * 100000, (factor) * 1000000, (factor) * 10000000, \
+      (factor) * 100000000, (factor) * 1000000000
 
-// Static data is placed in this class template for the header-only config.
-template <typename T = void> struct basic_data {
-  // log10(2) = 0x0.4d104d427de7fbcc...
-  static const uint64_t log10_2_significand = 0x4d104d427de7fbcc;
-
-  // GCC generates slightly better code for pairs than chars.
-  FMT_API static constexpr const char digits[][2] = {
-      {'0', '0'}, {'0', '1'}, {'0', '2'}, {'0', '3'}, {'0', '4'}, {'0', '5'},
-      {'0', '6'}, {'0', '7'}, {'0', '8'}, {'0', '9'}, {'1', '0'}, {'1', '1'},
-      {'1', '2'}, {'1', '3'}, {'1', '4'}, {'1', '5'}, {'1', '6'}, {'1', '7'},
-      {'1', '8'}, {'1', '9'}, {'2', '0'}, {'2', '1'}, {'2', '2'}, {'2', '3'},
-      {'2', '4'}, {'2', '5'}, {'2', '6'}, {'2', '7'}, {'2', '8'}, {'2', '9'},
-      {'3', '0'}, {'3', '1'}, {'3', '2'}, {'3', '3'}, {'3', '4'}, {'3', '5'},
-      {'3', '6'}, {'3', '7'}, {'3', '8'}, {'3', '9'}, {'4', '0'}, {'4', '1'},
-      {'4', '2'}, {'4', '3'}, {'4', '4'}, {'4', '5'}, {'4', '6'}, {'4', '7'},
-      {'4', '8'}, {'4', '9'}, {'5', '0'}, {'5', '1'}, {'5', '2'}, {'5', '3'},
-      {'5', '4'}, {'5', '5'}, {'5', '6'}, {'5', '7'}, {'5', '8'}, {'5', '9'},
-      {'6', '0'}, {'6', '1'}, {'6', '2'}, {'6', '3'}, {'6', '4'}, {'6', '5'},
-      {'6', '6'}, {'6', '7'}, {'6', '8'}, {'6', '9'}, {'7', '0'}, {'7', '1'},
-      {'7', '2'}, {'7', '3'}, {'7', '4'}, {'7', '5'}, {'7', '6'}, {'7', '7'},
-      {'7', '8'}, {'7', '9'}, {'8', '0'}, {'8', '1'}, {'8', '2'}, {'8', '3'},
-      {'8', '4'}, {'8', '5'}, {'8', '6'}, {'8', '7'}, {'8', '8'}, {'8', '9'},
-      {'9', '0'}, {'9', '1'}, {'9', '2'}, {'9', '3'}, {'9', '4'}, {'9', '5'},
-      {'9', '6'}, {'9', '7'}, {'9', '8'}, {'9', '9'}};
-
-  FMT_API static constexpr const char hex_digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-  FMT_API static constexpr const char signs[] = {0, '-', '+', ' '};
-  FMT_API static constexpr const unsigned prefixes[4] = {0, 0, 0x1000000u | '+',
-                                                         0x1000000u | ' '};
-  FMT_API static constexpr const char left_padding_shifts[] = {31, 31, 0, 1, 0};
-  FMT_API static constexpr const char right_padding_shifts[] = {0, 31, 0, 1, 0};
-};
-
-#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-// Required for -flto, -fivisibility=hidden and -shared to work
-extern template struct basic_data<void>;
-#endif
-
-// This is a struct rather than an alias to avoid shadowing warnings in gcc.
-struct data : basic_data<> {};
-
-// Maps bsr(n) to ceil(log10(pow(2, bsr(n) + 1) - 1)).
-// This is a function instead of an array to workaround a bug in GCC10 (#1810).
-FMT_INLINE uint16_t bsr2log10(int bsr) {
-  static constexpr uint16_t data[] = {
-      1,  1,  1,  2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,
-      6,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  8,  8,  9,  9,  9,  10, 10, 10,
-      10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
-      15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20};
-  return data[bsr];
+// Converts value in the range [0, 100) to a string.
+// GCC generates slightly better code when value is pointer-size.
+inline auto digits2(size_t value) -> const char* {
+  // Align data since unaligned access may be slower when crossing a
+  // hardware-specific boundary.
+  alignas(2) static const char data[] =
+      "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+      "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+      "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+      "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+      "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+  return &data[value * 2];
 }
 
-template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR int count_digits_fallback(T n) {
+template <typename Char> constexpr auto getsign(sign s) -> Char {
+  return static_cast<char>(((' ' << 24) | ('+' << 16) | ('-' << 8)) >>
+                           (static_cast<int>(s) * 8));
+}
+
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits_fallback(T n) -> int {
   int count = 1;
   for (;;) {
     // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
@@ -936,207 +1065,235 @@ template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR int count_digits_fallback(T n) {
   }
 }
 #if FMT_USE_INT128
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline int count_digits(uint128_t n) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto count_digits(uint128_opt n) -> int {
   return count_digits_fallback(n);
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+inline auto do_count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+  // This has comparable performance to the version by Kendall Willets
+  // (https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/digits10)
+  // but uses smaller tables.
+  // Maps bsr(n) to ceil(log10(pow(2, bsr(n) + 1) - 1)).
+  static constexpr uint8_t bsr2log10[] = {
+      1,  1,  1,  2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,
+      6,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  8,  8,  9,  9,  9,  10, 10, 10,
+      10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
+      15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20};
+  auto t = bsr2log10[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1) ^ 63];
+  static constexpr uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {
+      0, 0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
+      10000000000000000000ULL};
+  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
+}
+#endif
+
 // Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
 // except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
-FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline int count_digits(uint64_t n) {
-  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
-    return count_digits_fallback(n);
-  }
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
 #ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
-  // https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/digits10
-  auto t = bsr2log10(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1) ^ 63);
-  constexpr const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {
-      0, 0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
-      10000000000000000000ULL};
-  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
-#else
-  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && !FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE) return do_count_digits(n);
 #endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
 }
 
 // Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
-template <int BITS, typename UInt> FMT_CONSTEXPR int count_digits(UInt n) {
+template <int BITS, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits(UInt n) -> int {
 #ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
-  if (num_bits<UInt>() == 32)
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && num_bits<UInt>() == 32)
     return (FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(static_cast<uint32_t>(n) | 1) ^ 31) / BITS + 1;
 #endif
-  int num_digits = 0;
-  do {
-    ++num_digits;
-  } while ((n >>= BITS) != 0);
-  return num_digits;
+  // Lambda avoids unreachable code warnings from NVHPC.
+  return [](UInt m) {
+    int num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((m >>= BITS) != 0);
+    return num_digits;
+  }(n);
 }
 
-template <> int count_digits<4>(detail::fallback_uintptr n);
-
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
-#elif FMT_MSC_VER
-#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE __forceinline
-#else
-#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
-#endif
-
 #ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
-// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
-FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline int count_digits(uint32_t n) {
-  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
-    return count_digits_fallback(n);
-  }
-  auto t = bsr2log10(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1) ^ 31);
-  constexpr const uint32_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {0, 0,
-                                                     FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U)};
-  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+FMT_INLINE auto do_count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+// An optimization by Kendall Willets from https://bit.ly/3uOIQrB.
+// This increments the upper 32 bits (log10(T) - 1) when >= T is added.
+#  define FMT_INC(T) (((sizeof(#T) - 1ull) << 32) - T)
+  static constexpr uint64_t table[] = {
+      FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),           // 8
+      FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),          // 64
+      FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),         // 512
+      FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),        // 4096
+      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),       // 32k
+      FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),      // 256k
+      FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),     // 2048k
+      FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),    // 16M
+      FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),   // 128M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000),  // 1024M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000)                        // 4B
+  };
+  auto inc = table[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1) ^ 31];
+  return static_cast<int>((n + inc) >> 32);
 }
 #endif
 
-template <typename Int> constexpr int digits10() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && !FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE) return do_count_digits(n);
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+template <typename Int> constexpr auto digits10() noexcept -> int {
   return std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits10;
 }
-template <> constexpr int digits10<int128_t>() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return 38; }
-template <> constexpr int digits10<uint128_t>() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<int128_opt>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<uint128_t>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
 
-// DEPRECATED! grouping will be merged into thousands_sep.
-template <typename Char> FMT_API std::string grouping_impl(locale_ref loc);
-template <typename Char> inline std::string grouping(locale_ref loc) {
-  return grouping_impl<char>(loc);
-}
-template <> inline std::string grouping<wchar_t>(locale_ref loc) {
-  return grouping_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
-}
+template <typename Char> struct thousands_sep_result {
+  std::string grouping;
+  Char thousands_sep;
+};
 
-template <typename Char> FMT_API Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc);
-template <typename Char> inline Char thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
-  return Char(thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc));
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char>;
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto result = thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc);
+  return {result.grouping, Char(result.thousands_sep)};
 }
-template <> inline wchar_t thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
+template <>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t> {
   return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
 }
 
-template <typename Char> FMT_API Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc);
-template <typename Char> inline Char decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char;
+template <typename Char> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
   return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
 }
-template <> inline wchar_t decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+template <> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> wchar_t {
   return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
 }
 
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<char>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
 // Compares two characters for equality.
-template <typename Char> bool equal2(const Char* lhs, const char* rhs) {
-  return lhs[0] == rhs[0] && lhs[1] == rhs[1];
+template <typename Char> auto equal2(const Char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return lhs[0] == Char(rhs[0]) && lhs[1] == Char(rhs[1]);
 }
-inline bool equal2(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) {
+inline auto equal2(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
   return memcmp(lhs, rhs, 2) == 0;
 }
 
-// Copies two characters from src to dst.
-template <typename Char> void copy2(Char* dst, const char* src) {
-  *dst++ = static_cast<Char>(*src++);
-  *dst = static_cast<Char>(*src);
-}
-FMT_INLINE void copy2(char* dst, const char* src) { memcpy(dst, src, 2); }
-
-template <typename Iterator> struct format_decimal_result {
-  Iterator begin;
-  Iterator end;
-};
-
-// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into out pointing to a
-// buffer of specified size. The caller must ensure that the buffer is large
-// enough.
-template <typename Char, typename UInt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR20 format_decimal_result<Char*> format_decimal(Char* out,
-                                                            UInt value,
-                                                            int size) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(size >= count_digits(value), "invalid digit count");
-  out += size;
-  Char* end = out;
-  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
-    while (value >= 10) {
-      *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10);
-      value /= 10;
-    }
-    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
-    return {out, end};
+// Writes a two-digit value to out.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE void write2digits(Char* out, size_t value) {
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+      !FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE) {
+    memcpy(out, digits2(value), 2);
+    return;
   }
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10);
+  *out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10);
+}
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing to out pointing to a buffer
+// of specified size. The caller must ensure that the buffer is large enough.
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto do_format_decimal(Char* out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(size >= count_digits(value), "invalid digit count");
+  unsigned n = to_unsigned(size);
   while (value >= 100) {
     // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
     // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
     // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
-    out -= 2;
-    copy2(out, data::digits[value % 100]);
+    n -= 2;
+    write2digits(out + n, static_cast<unsigned>(value % 100));
     value /= 100;
   }
-  if (value < 10) {
-    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
-    return {out, end};
+  if (value >= 10) {
+    n -= 2;
+    write2digits(out + n, static_cast<unsigned>(value));
+  } else {
+    out[--n] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
   }
-  out -= 2;
-  copy2(out, data::digits[value]);
-  return {out, end};
+  return out + n;
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<Iterator>>::value)>
-inline format_decimal_result<Iterator> format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value,
-                                                      int size) {
-  // Buffer is large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1).
-  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 1];
-  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, size).end;
-  return {out, detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out)};
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto format_decimal(Char* out, UInt value,
+                                             int num_digits) -> Char* {
+  do_format_decimal(out, value, num_digits);
+  return out + num_digits;
 }
 
-template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
-                                bool upper = false) {
-  buffer += num_digits;
-  Char* end = buffer;
-  do {
-    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : data::hex_digits;
-    unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
-    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
-                                                : digits[digit]);
-  } while ((value >>= BASE_BITS) != 0);
-  return end;
-}
-
-template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char>
-Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, detail::fallback_uintptr n, int num_digits,
-                  bool = false) {
-  auto char_digits = std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits / 4;
-  int start = (num_digits + char_digits - 1) / char_digits - 1;
-  if (int start_digits = num_digits % char_digits) {
-    unsigned value = n.value[start--];
-    buffer = format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, start_digits);
-  }
-  for (; start >= 0; --start) {
-    unsigned value = n.value[start];
-    buffer += char_digits;
-    auto p = buffer;
-    for (int i = 0; i < char_digits; ++i) {
-      unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
-      *--p = static_cast<Char>(data::hex_digits[digit]);
-      value >>= BASE_BITS;
-    }
-  }
-  return buffer;
-}
-
-template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
-inline It format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits, bool upper = false) {
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_decimal(OutputIt out, UInt value, int num_digits)
+    -> OutputIt {
   if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, to_unsigned(num_digits))) {
-    format_uint<BASE_BITS>(ptr, value, num_digits, upper);
+    do_format_decimal(ptr, value, num_digits);
     return out;
   }
-  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
-  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>() / BASE_BITS + 1];
-  format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
-  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1).
+  char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 1];
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) fill_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), '\0');
+  do_format_decimal(buffer, value, num_digits);
+  return copy_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_format_base2e(int base_bits, Char* out, UInt value,
+                                    int size, bool upper = false) -> Char* {
+  out += size;
+  do {
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
+    unsigned digit = static_cast<unsigned>(value & ((1u << base_bits) - 1));
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>(base_bits < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
+                                             : digits[digit]);
+  } while ((value >>= base_bits) != 0);
+  return out;
+}
+
+// Formats an unsigned integer in the power of two base (binary, octal, hex).
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_base2e(int base_bits, Char* out, UInt value,
+                                 int num_digits, bool upper = false) -> Char* {
+  do_format_base2e(base_bits, out, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return out + num_digits;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UInt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto format_base2e(int base_bits, OutputIt out, UInt value,
+                                        int num_digits, bool upper = false)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, to_unsigned(num_digits))) {
+    format_base2e(base_bits, ptr, value, num_digits, upper);
+    return out;
+  }
+  // Make buffer large enough for any base.
+  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>()];
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) fill_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), '\0');
+  format_base2e(base_bits, buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return detail::copy_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
 }
 
 // A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
@@ -1146,67 +1303,191 @@ class utf8_to_utf16 {
 
  public:
   FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
-  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
-  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
-  const wchar_t* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
-  std::wstring str() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+  inline operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const {
+    return {&buffer_[0], size()};
+  }
+  inline auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  inline auto c_str() const -> const wchar_t* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  inline auto str() const -> std::wstring { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
 };
 
+enum class to_utf8_error_policy { abort, replace };
+
+// A converter from UTF-16/UTF-32 (host endian) to UTF-8.
+template <typename WChar, typename Buffer = memory_buffer> class to_utf8 {
+ private:
+  Buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  to_utf8() {}
+  explicit to_utf8(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                   to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort) {
+    static_assert(sizeof(WChar) == 2 || sizeof(WChar) == 4,
+                  "expected utf16 or utf32");
+    if (!convert(s, policy)) {
+      FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error(sizeof(WChar) == 2 ? "invalid utf16"
+                                                      : "invalid utf32"));
+    }
+  }
+  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a bool instead of throwing exception on
+  // conversion error. This method may still throw in case of memory allocation
+  // error.
+  auto convert(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+               to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    if (!convert(buffer_, s, policy)) return false;
+    buffer_.push_back(0);
+    return true;
+  }
+  static auto convert(Buffer& buf, basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                      to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    for (auto p = s.begin(); p != s.end(); ++p) {
+      uint32_t c = static_cast<uint32_t>(*p);
+      if (sizeof(WChar) == 2 && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) {
+        // Handle a surrogate pair.
+        ++p;
+        if (p == s.end() || (c & 0xfc00) != 0xd800 || (*p & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00) {
+          if (policy == to_utf8_error_policy::abort) return false;
+          buf.append(string_view("\xEF\xBF\xBD"));
+          --p;
+          continue;
+        }
+        c = (c << 10) + static_cast<uint32_t>(*p) - 0x35fdc00;
+      }
+      if (c < 0x80) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+      } else if (c < 0x800) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if ((c >= 0x800 && c <= 0xd7ff) || (c >= 0xe000 && c <= 0xffff)) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xe0 | (c >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if (c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0x10ffff) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xf0 | (c >> 18)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0x3ffff) >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Computes 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+FMT_INLINE auto umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return {static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64), static_cast<uint64_t>(p)};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  auto hi = uint64_t();
+  auto lo = _umul128(x, y, &hi);
+  return {hi, lo};
+#else
+  const uint64_t mask = static_cast<uint64_t>(max_value<uint32_t>());
+
+  uint64_t a = x >> 32;
+  uint64_t b = x & mask;
+  uint64_t c = y >> 32;
+  uint64_t d = y & mask;
+
+  uint64_t ac = a * c;
+  uint64_t bc = b * c;
+  uint64_t ad = a * d;
+  uint64_t bd = b * d;
+
+  uint64_t intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
+
+  return {ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
+          (intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask)};
+#endif
+}
+
 namespace dragonbox {
+// Computes floor(log10(pow(2, e))) for e in [-2620, 2620] using the method from
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/Dragonbox.pdf#page=28, section 6.1.
+inline auto floor_log10_pow2(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2620 && e >= -2620, "too large exponent");
+  static_assert((-1 >> 1) == -1, "right shift is not arithmetic");
+  return (e * 315653) >> 20;
+}
+
+inline auto floor_log2_pow10(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1233 && e >= -1233, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 1741647) >> 19;
+}
+
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline auto umul128_upper64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64);
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  return __umulh(x, y);
+#else
+  return umul128(x, y).high();
+#endif
+}
+
+// Computes upper 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul192_upper128(uint64_t x, uint128_fallback y) noexcept
+    -> uint128_fallback {
+  uint128_fallback r = umul128(x, y.high());
+  r += umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
+  return r;
+}
+
+FMT_API auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback;
 
 // Type-specific information that Dragonbox uses.
-template <class T> struct float_info;
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct float_info;
 
 template <> struct float_info<float> {
   using carrier_uint = uint32_t;
-  static const int significand_bits = 23;
   static const int exponent_bits = 8;
-  static const int min_exponent = -126;
-  static const int max_exponent = 127;
-  static const int exponent_bias = -127;
-  static const int decimal_digits = 9;
   static const int kappa = 1;
   static const int big_divisor = 100;
   static const int small_divisor = 10;
   static const int min_k = -31;
   static const int max_k = 46;
-  static const int cache_bits = 64;
-  static const int divisibility_check_by_5_threshold = 39;
-  static const int case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold = -1;
-  static const int case_fc_pm_half_upper_threshold = 6;
-  static const int case_fc_lower_threshold = -2;
-  static const int case_fc_upper_threshold = 6;
-  static const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold = 2;
-  static const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold = 3;
   static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -35;
   static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -35;
-  static const int max_trailing_zeros = 7;
 };
 
 template <> struct float_info<double> {
   using carrier_uint = uint64_t;
-  static const int significand_bits = 52;
   static const int exponent_bits = 11;
-  static const int min_exponent = -1022;
-  static const int max_exponent = 1023;
-  static const int exponent_bias = -1023;
-  static const int decimal_digits = 17;
   static const int kappa = 2;
   static const int big_divisor = 1000;
   static const int small_divisor = 100;
   static const int min_k = -292;
-  static const int max_k = 326;
-  static const int cache_bits = 128;
-  static const int divisibility_check_by_5_threshold = 86;
-  static const int case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold = -2;
-  static const int case_fc_pm_half_upper_threshold = 9;
-  static const int case_fc_lower_threshold = -4;
-  static const int case_fc_upper_threshold = 9;
-  static const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold = 2;
-  static const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold = 3;
+  static const int max_k = 341;
   static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -77;
   static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -77;
-  static const int max_trailing_zeros = 16;
+};
+
+// An 80- or 128-bit floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 64 ||
+                                 std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 113 ||
+                                 is_float128<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 15;
+};
+
+// A double-double floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<is_double_double<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
 };
 
 template <typename T> struct decimal_fp {
@@ -1215,140 +1496,556 @@ template <typename T> struct decimal_fp {
   int exponent;
 };
 
-template <typename T> FMT_API decimal_fp<T> to_decimal(T x) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+template <typename T> FMT_API auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T>;
 }  // namespace dragonbox
 
-template <typename T>
-constexpr typename dragonbox::float_info<T>::carrier_uint exponent_mask() {
-  using uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
-  return ((uint(1) << dragonbox::float_info<T>::exponent_bits) - 1)
-         << dragonbox::float_info<T>::significand_bits;
+// Returns true iff Float has the implicit bit which is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto has_implicit_bit() -> bool {
+  // An 80-bit FP number has a 64-bit significand an no implicit bit.
+  return std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits != 64;
+}
+
+// Returns the number of significand bits stored in Float. The implicit bit is
+// not counted since it is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto num_significand_bits() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 112
+                              : (std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits -
+                                 (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0));
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+constexpr auto exponent_mask() ->
+    typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint {
+  using float_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+  return ((float_uint(1) << dragonbox::float_info<Float>::exponent_bits) - 1)
+         << num_significand_bits<Float>();
+}
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto exponent_bias() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 16383
+                              : std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent - 1;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto compute_exp_size(int exp) -> int {
+  auto prefix_size = 2;  // sign + 'e'
+  auto abs_exp = exp >= 0 ? exp : -exp;
+  if (abs_exp < 100) return prefix_size + 2;
+  return prefix_size + (abs_exp >= 1000 ? 4 : 3);
 }
 
 // Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
-template <typename Char, typename It> It write_exponent(int exp, It it) {
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_exponent(int exp, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
   FMT_ASSERT(-10000 < exp && exp < 10000, "exponent out of range");
   if (exp < 0) {
-    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
     exp = -exp;
   } else {
-    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
   }
-  if (exp >= 100) {
-    const char* top = data::digits[exp / 100];
-    if (exp >= 1000) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
-    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
-    exp %= 100;
+  auto uexp = static_cast<uint32_t>(exp);
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    if (uexp < 10) *out++ = '0';
+    return format_decimal<Char>(out, uexp, count_digits(uexp));
   }
-  const char* d = data::digits[exp];
-  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
-  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
-  return it;
+  if (uexp >= 100u) {
+    const char* top = digits2(uexp / 100);
+    if (uexp >= 1000u) *out++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
+    uexp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = digits2(uexp);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return out;
 }
 
+// A floating-point number f * pow(2, e) where F is an unsigned type.
+template <typename F> struct basic_fp {
+  F f;
+  int e;
+
+  static constexpr int num_significand_bits =
+      static_cast<int>(sizeof(F) * num_bits<unsigned char>());
+
+  constexpr basic_fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
+  constexpr basic_fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
+
+  // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 floating-point number.
+  template <typename Float> FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_fp(Float n) { assign(n); }
+
+  // Assigns n to this and return true iff predecessor is closer than successor.
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits <= 113, "unsupported FP");
+    // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+    using carrier_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+    const auto num_float_significand_bits =
+        detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+    const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+    const auto significand_mask = implicit_bit - 1;
+    auto u = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(n);
+    f = static_cast<F>(u & significand_mask);
+    auto biased_e = static_cast<int>((u & exponent_mask<Float>()) >>
+                                     num_float_significand_bits);
+    // The predecessor is closer if n is a normalized power of 2 (f == 0)
+    // other than the smallest normalized number (biased_e > 1).
+    auto is_predecessor_closer = f == 0 && biased_e > 1;
+    if (biased_e == 0)
+      biased_e = 1;  // Subnormals use biased exponent 1 (min exponent).
+    else if (has_implicit_bit<Float>())
+      f += static_cast<F>(implicit_bit);
+    e = biased_e - exponent_bias<Float>() - num_float_significand_bits;
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) ++e;
+    return is_predecessor_closer;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559, "unsupported FP");
+    return assign(static_cast<double>(n));
+  }
+};
+
+using fp = basic_fp<unsigned long long>;
+
+// Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
+template <int SHIFT = 0, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto normalize(basic_fp<F> value) -> basic_fp<F> {
+  // Handle subnormals.
+  const auto implicit_bit = F(1) << num_significand_bits<double>();
+  const auto shifted_implicit_bit = implicit_bit << SHIFT;
+  while ((value.f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
+    value.f <<= 1;
+    --value.e;
+  }
+  // Subtract 1 to account for hidden bit.
+  const auto offset = basic_fp<F>::num_significand_bits -
+                      num_significand_bits<double>() - SHIFT - 1;
+  value.f <<= offset;
+  value.e -= offset;
+  return value;
+}
+
+// Computes lhs * rhs / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest with half-up tie breaking.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto multiply(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs) -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(lhs) * rhs;
+  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0 ? f + 1 : f;
+#else
+  // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
+  uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
+  uint64_t a = lhs >> 32, b = lhs & mask;
+  uint64_t c = rhs >> 32, d = rhs & mask;
+  uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
+  // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
+  uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
+  return ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto operator*(fp x, fp y) -> fp {
+  return {multiply(x.f, y.f), x.e + y.e + 64};
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool doublish = num_bits<T>() == num_bits<double>()>
+using convert_float_result =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<T, float>::value || doublish, double, T>;
+
 template <typename T>
-int format_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf);
+constexpr auto convert_float(T value) -> convert_float_result<T> {
+  return static_cast<convert_float_result<T>>(value);
+}
 
-// Formats a floating-point number with snprintf.
-template <typename T>
-int snprintf_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs,
-                   buffer<char>& buf);
+template <bool C, typename T, typename F, FMT_ENABLE_IF(C)>
+auto select(T true_value, F) -> T {
+  return true_value;
+}
+template <bool C, typename T, typename F, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!C)>
+auto select(T, F false_value) -> F {
+  return false_value;
+}
 
-template <typename T> T promote_float(T value) { return value; }
-inline double promote_float(float value) { return static_cast<double>(value); }
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt fill(OutputIt it, size_t n,
-                                         const fill_t<Char>& fill) {
-  auto fill_size = fill.size();
-  if (fill_size == 1) return detail::fill_n(it, n, fill[0]);
-  auto data = fill.data();
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
-    it = copy_str<Char>(data, data + fill_size, it);
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto fill(OutputIt it, size_t n,
+                                     const basic_specs& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto fill_size = specs.fill_size();
+  if (fill_size == 1) return detail::fill_n(it, n, specs.fill_unit<Char>());
+  if (const Char* data = specs.fill<Char>()) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) it = copy<Char>(data, data + fill_size, it);
+  }
   return it;
 }
 
 // Writes the output of f, padded according to format specifications in specs.
 // size: output size in code units.
 // width: output display width in (terminal) column positions.
-template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+template <typename Char, align default_align = align::left, typename OutputIt,
           typename F>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write_padded(OutputIt out,
-                                    const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                    size_t size, size_t width, F&& f) {
-  static_assert(align == align::left || align == align::right, "");
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs& specs,
+                                size_t size, size_t width, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(default_align == align::left || default_align == align::right,
+                "");
   unsigned spec_width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
   size_t padding = spec_width > width ? spec_width - width : 0;
-  auto* shifts = align == align::left ? data::left_padding_shifts
-                                      : data::right_padding_shifts;
-  size_t left_padding = padding >> shifts[specs.align];
+  // Shifts are encoded as string literals because static constexpr is not
+  // supported in constexpr functions.
+  auto* shifts =
+      default_align == align::left ? "\x1f\x1f\x00\x01" : "\x00\x1f\x00\x01";
+  size_t left_padding = padding >> shifts[static_cast<int>(specs.align())];
   size_t right_padding = padding - left_padding;
-  auto it = reserve(out, size + padding * specs.fill.size());
-  if (left_padding != 0) it = fill(it, left_padding, specs.fill);
+  auto it = reserve(out, size + padding * specs.fill_size());
+  if (left_padding != 0) it = fill<Char>(it, left_padding, specs);
   it = f(it);
-  if (right_padding != 0) it = fill(it, right_padding, specs.fill);
+  if (right_padding != 0) it = fill<Char>(it, right_padding, specs);
   return base_iterator(out, it);
 }
 
-template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+template <typename Char, align default_align = align::left, typename OutputIt,
           typename F>
-constexpr OutputIt write_padded(OutputIt out,
-                                const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                size_t size, F&& f) {
-  return write_padded<align>(out, specs, size, size, f);
+constexpr auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs& specs,
+                            size_t size, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<Char, default_align>(out, specs, size, size, f);
 }
 
-template <align::type align = align::left, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write_bytes(OutputIt out, string_view bytes,
-                                   const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs) {
-  return write_padded<align>(
+template <typename Char, align default_align = align::left, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_bytes(OutputIt out, string_view bytes,
+                               const format_specs& specs = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<Char, default_align>(
       out, specs, bytes.size(), [bytes](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
         const char* data = bytes.data();
-        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + bytes.size(), it);
+        return copy<Char>(data, data + bytes.size(), it);
       });
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UIntPtr>
-OutputIt write_ptr(OutputIt out, UIntPtr value,
-                   const basic_format_specs<Char>* specs) {
+auto write_ptr(OutputIt out, UIntPtr value, const format_specs* specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
   int num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
   auto size = to_unsigned(num_digits) + size_t(2);
   auto write = [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
     *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
     *it++ = static_cast<Char>('x');
-    return format_uint<4, Char>(it, value, num_digits);
+    return format_base2e<Char>(4, it, value, num_digits);
   };
-  return specs ? write_padded<align::right>(out, *specs, size, write)
+  return specs ? write_padded<Char, align::right>(out, *specs, size, write)
                : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
 }
 
+// Returns true iff the code point cp is printable.
+FMT_API auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool;
+
+inline auto needs_escape(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  if (cp < 0x20 || cp == 0x7f || cp == '"' || cp == '\\') return true;
+  if (const_check(FMT_OPTIMIZE_SIZE > 1)) return false;
+  return !is_printable(cp);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct find_escape_result {
+  const Char* begin;
+  const Char* end;
+  uint32_t cp;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+auto find_escape(const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<Char> {
+  for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+    uint32_t cp = static_cast<unsigned_char<Char>>(*begin);
+    if (const_check(sizeof(Char) == 1) && cp >= 0x80) continue;
+    if (needs_escape(cp)) return {begin, begin + 1, cp};
+  }
+  return {begin, nullptr, 0};
+}
+
+inline auto find_escape(const char* begin, const char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<char> {
+  if (const_check(!use_utf8)) return find_escape<char>(begin, end);
+  auto result = find_escape_result<char>{end, nullptr, 0};
+  for_each_codepoint(string_view(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin)),
+                     [&](uint32_t cp, string_view sv) {
+                       if (needs_escape(cp)) {
+                         result = {sv.begin(), sv.end(), cp};
+                         return false;
+                       }
+                       return true;
+                     });
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <size_t width, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_codepoint(OutputIt out, char prefix, uint32_t cp) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
+  Char buf[width];
+  fill_n(buf, width, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  format_base2e(4, buf, cp, width);
+  return copy<Char>(buf, buf + width, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+auto write_escaped_cp(OutputIt out, const find_escape_result<Char>& escape)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto c = static_cast<Char>(escape.cp);
+  switch (escape.cp) {
+  case '\n':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('n');
+    break;
+  case '\r':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('r');
+    break;
+  case '\t':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('t');
+    break;
+  case '"':  FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\'': FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\\': *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\'); break;
+  default:
+    if (escape.cp < 0x100) return write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x', escape.cp);
+    if (escape.cp < 0x10000)
+      return write_codepoint<4, Char>(out, 'u', escape.cp);
+    if (escape.cp < 0x110000)
+      return write_codepoint<8, Char>(out, 'U', escape.cp);
+    for (Char escape_char : basic_string_view<Char>(
+             escape.begin, to_unsigned(escape.end - escape.begin))) {
+      out = write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x',
+                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(escape_char) & 0xFF);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  *out++ = c;
+  return out;
+}
+
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write_char(OutputIt out, Char value,
-                                  const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs) {
-  return write_padded(out, specs, 1, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+auto write_escaped_string(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> str)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  auto begin = str.begin(), end = str.end();
+  do {
+    auto escape = find_escape(begin, end);
+    out = copy<Char>(begin, escape.begin, out);
+    begin = escape.end;
+    if (!begin) break;
+    out = write_escaped_cp<OutputIt, Char>(out, escape);
+  } while (begin != end);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_char(OutputIt out, Char v) -> OutputIt {
+  Char v_array[1] = {v};
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  if ((needs_escape(static_cast<uint32_t>(v)) && v != static_cast<Char>('"')) ||
+      v == static_cast<Char>('\'')) {
+    out = write_escaped_cp(out,
+                           find_escape_result<Char>{v_array, v_array + 1,
+                                                    static_cast<uint32_t>(v)});
+  } else {
+    *out++ = v;
+  }
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_char(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                              const format_specs& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  bool is_debug = specs.type() == presentation_type::debug;
+  return write_padded<Char>(out, specs, 1, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (is_debug) return write_escaped_char(it, value);
     *it++ = value;
     return it;
   });
 }
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, Char value,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                             locale_ref loc = {}) {
-  return check_char_specs(specs)
-             ? write_char(out, value, specs)
-             : write(out, static_cast<int>(value), specs, loc);
+
+template <typename Char> class digit_grouping {
+ private:
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::basic_string<Char> thousands_sep_;
+
+  struct next_state {
+    std::string::const_iterator group;
+    int pos;
+  };
+  auto initial_state() const -> next_state { return {grouping_.begin(), 0}; }
+
+  // Returns the next digit group separator position.
+  auto next(next_state& state) const -> int {
+    if (thousands_sep_.empty()) return max_value<int>();
+    if (state.group == grouping_.end()) return state.pos += grouping_.back();
+    if (*state.group <= 0 || *state.group == max_value<char>())
+      return max_value<int>();
+    state.pos += *state.group++;
+    return state.pos;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit digit_grouping(locale_ref loc, bool localized = true) {
+    if (!localized) return;
+    auto sep = thousands_sep<Char>(loc);
+    grouping_ = sep.grouping;
+    if (sep.thousands_sep) thousands_sep_.assign(1, sep.thousands_sep);
+  }
+  digit_grouping(std::string grouping, std::basic_string<Char> sep)
+      : grouping_(std::move(grouping)), thousands_sep_(std::move(sep)) {}
+
+  auto has_separator() const -> bool { return !thousands_sep_.empty(); }
+
+  auto count_separators(int num_digits) const -> int {
+    int count = 0;
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (num_digits > next(state)) ++count;
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  // Applies grouping to digits and writes the output to out.
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C> digits) const -> Out {
+    auto num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits.size());
+    auto separators = basic_memory_buffer<int>();
+    separators.push_back(0);
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (int i = next(state)) {
+      if (i >= num_digits) break;
+      separators.push_back(i);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0, sep_index = static_cast<int>(separators.size() - 1);
+         i < num_digits; ++i) {
+      if (num_digits - i == separators[sep_index]) {
+        out = copy<Char>(thousands_sep_.data(),
+                         thousands_sep_.data() + thousands_sep_.size(), out);
+        --sep_index;
+      }
+      *out++ = static_cast<Char>(digits[to_unsigned(i)]);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void prefix_append(unsigned& prefix, unsigned value) {
+  prefix |= prefix != 0 ? value << 8 : value;
+  prefix += (1u + (value > 0xff ? 1 : 0)) << 24;
 }
 
-// Data for write_int that doesn't depend on output iterator type. It is used to
-// avoid template code bloat.
-template <typename Char> struct write_int_data {
-  size_t size;
-  size_t padding;
+// Writes a decimal integer with digit grouping.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
+auto write_int(OutputIt out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
+               const format_specs& specs, const digit_grouping<Char>& grouping)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<uint64_or_128_t<UInt>, UInt>::value, "");
+  int num_digits = 0;
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  switch (specs.type()) {
+  default: FMT_ASSERT(false, ""); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec:
+    num_digits = count_digits(value);
+    format_decimal<char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::hex:
+    if (specs.alt())
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(specs.upper() ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+    format_base2e<char>(4, appender(buffer), value, num_digits, specs.upper());
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::oct:
+    num_digits = count_digits<3>(value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt() && specs.precision <= num_digits && value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    format_base2e<char>(3, appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::bin:
+    if (specs.alt())
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(specs.upper() ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<1>(value);
+    format_base2e<char>(1, appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char<Char>(out, static_cast<Char>(value), specs);
+  }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR write_int_data(int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
-                               const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+  unsigned size = (prefix != 0 ? prefix >> 24 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_digits) +
+                  to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(num_digits));
+  return write_padded<Char, align::right>(
+      out, specs, size, size, [&](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        return grouping.apply(it, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+      });
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+// Writes a localized value.
+FMT_API auto write_loc(appender out, loc_value value, const format_specs& specs,
+                       locale_ref loc) -> bool;
+auto write_loc(basic_appender<wchar_t> out, loc_value value,
+               const format_specs& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool;
+#endif
+template <typename OutputIt>
+inline auto write_loc(OutputIt, const loc_value&, const format_specs&,
+                      locale_ref) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt> struct write_int_arg {
+  UInt abs_value;
+  unsigned prefix;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_write_int_arg(T value, sign s)
+    -> write_int_arg<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>> {
+  auto prefix = 0u;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  if (is_negative(value)) {
+    prefix = 0x01000000 | '-';
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  } else {
+    constexpr unsigned prefixes[4] = {0, 0, 0x1000000u | '+', 0x1000000u | ' '};
+    prefix = prefixes[static_cast<int>(s)];
+  }
+  return {abs_value, prefix};
+}
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct loc_writer {
+  basic_appender<Char> out;
+  const format_specs& specs;
+  std::basic_string<Char> sep;
+  std::string grouping;
+  std::basic_string<Char> decimal_point;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> bool {
+    auto arg = make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign());
+    write_int(out, static_cast<uint64_or_128_t<T>>(arg.abs_value), arg.prefix,
+              specs, digit_grouping<Char>(grouping, sep));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> bool {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+// Size and padding computation separate from write_int to avoid template bloat.
+struct size_padding {
+  unsigned size;
+  unsigned padding;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR size_padding(int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
+                             const format_specs& specs)
       : size((prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(num_digits)), padding(0) {
-    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+    if (specs.align() == align::numeric) {
       auto width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
       if (width > size) {
         padding = width - size;
@@ -1361,238 +2058,309 @@ template <typename Char> struct write_int_data {
   }
 };
 
-// Writes an integer in the format
-//   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
-// where <digits> are written by write_digits(it).
-// prefix contains chars in three lower bytes and the size in the fourth byte.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename W>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE OutputIt
-write_int(OutputIt out, int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
-          const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, W write_digits) {
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg,
+                                        const format_specs& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<T, uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>::value, "");
+
+  constexpr size_t buffer_size = num_bits<T>();
+  char buffer[buffer_size];
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) fill_n(buffer, buffer_size, '\0');
+  const char* begin = nullptr;
+  const char* end = buffer + buffer_size;
+
+  auto abs_value = arg.abs_value;
+  auto prefix = arg.prefix;
+  switch (specs.type()) {
+  default: FMT_ASSERT(false, ""); FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec:
+    begin = do_format_decimal(buffer, abs_value, buffer_size);
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::hex:
+    begin = do_format_base2e(4, buffer, abs_value, buffer_size, specs.upper());
+    if (specs.alt())
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(specs.upper() ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    begin = do_format_base2e(3, buffer, abs_value, buffer_size);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    auto num_digits = end - begin;
+    if (specs.alt() && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin:
+    begin = do_format_base2e(1, buffer, abs_value, buffer_size);
+    if (specs.alt())
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(specs.upper() ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char<Char>(out, static_cast<Char>(abs_value), specs);
+  }
+
+  // Write an integer in the format
+  //   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+  // prefix contains chars in three lower bytes and the size in the fourth byte.
+  int num_digits = static_cast<int>(end - begin);
   // Slightly faster check for specs.width == 0 && specs.precision == -1.
   if ((specs.width | (specs.precision + 1)) == 0) {
     auto it = reserve(out, to_unsigned(num_digits) + (prefix >> 24));
-    if (prefix != 0) {
-      for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
-        *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
-    }
-    return base_iterator(out, write_digits(it));
+    for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+    return base_iterator(out, copy<Char>(begin, end, it));
   }
-  auto data = write_int_data<Char>(num_digits, prefix, specs);
-  return write_padded<align::right>(
-      out, specs, data.size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+  auto sp = size_padding(num_digits, prefix, specs);
+  unsigned padding = sp.padding;
+  return write_padded<Char, align::right>(
+      out, specs, sp.size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
         for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
           *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
-        it = detail::fill_n(it, data.padding, static_cast<Char>('0'));
-        return write_digits(it);
+        it = detail::fill_n(it, padding, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+        return copy<Char>(begin, end, it);
       });
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
-bool write_int_localized(OutputIt& out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
-                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                         locale_ref loc) {
-  static_assert(std::is_same<uint64_or_128_t<UInt>, UInt>::value, "");
-  const auto sep_size = 1;
-  std::string groups = grouping<Char>(loc);
-  if (groups.empty()) return false;
-  auto sep = thousands_sep<Char>(loc);
-  if (!sep) return false;
-  int num_digits = count_digits(value);
-  int size = num_digits, n = num_digits;
-  std::string::const_iterator group = groups.cbegin();
-  while (group != groups.cend() && n > *group && *group > 0 &&
-         *group != max_value<char>()) {
-    size += sep_size;
-    n -= *group;
-    ++group;
-  }
-  if (group == groups.cend()) size += sep_size * ((n - 1) / groups.back());
-  char digits[40];
-  format_decimal(digits, value, num_digits);
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  if (prefix != 0) ++size;
-  const auto usize = to_unsigned(size);
-  buffer.resize(usize);
-  basic_string_view<Char> s(&sep, sep_size);
-  // Index of a decimal digit with the least significant digit having index 0.
-  int digit_index = 0;
-  group = groups.cbegin();
-  auto p = buffer.data() + size - 1;
-  for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0; --i) {
-    *p-- = static_cast<Char>(digits[i]);
-    if (*group <= 0 || ++digit_index % *group != 0 ||
-        *group == max_value<char>())
-      continue;
-    if (group + 1 != groups.cend()) {
-      digit_index = 0;
-      ++group;
-    }
-    std::uninitialized_copy(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(),
-                            make_checked(p, s.size()));
-    p -= s.size();
-  }
-  *p-- = static_cast<Char>(*digits);
-  if (prefix != 0) *p = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
-  auto data = buffer.data();
-  out = write_padded<align::right>(
-      out, specs, usize, usize, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + size, it);
-      });
-  return true;
-}
-
-FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void prefix_append(unsigned& prefix, unsigned value) {
-  prefix |= prefix != 0 ? value << 8 : value;
-  prefix += (1u + (value > 0xff ? 1 : 0)) << 24;
-}
-
-template <typename UInt> struct write_int_arg {
-  UInt abs_value;
-  unsigned prefix;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_write_int_arg(T value, sign_t sign)
-    -> write_int_arg<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>> {
-  auto prefix = 0u;
-  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
-  if (is_negative(value)) {
-    prefix = 0x01000000 | '-';
-    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
-  } else {
-    prefix = data::prefixes[sign];
-  }
-  return {abs_value, prefix};
-}
-
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg,
-                                        const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                        locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
-  static_assert(std::is_same<T, uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>::value, "");
-  auto abs_value = arg.abs_value;
-  auto prefix = arg.prefix;
-  auto utype = static_cast<unsigned>(specs.type);
-  switch (specs.type) {
-  case 0:
-  case 'd': {
-    if (specs.localized &&
-        write_int_localized(out, static_cast<uint64_or_128_t<T>>(abs_value),
-                            prefix, specs, loc)) {
-      return out;
-    }
-    auto num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
-    return write_int(
-        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-          return format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
-        });
-  }
-  case 'x':
-  case 'X': {
-    if (specs.alt) prefix_append(prefix, (utype << 8) | '0');
-    bool upper = specs.type != 'x';
-    int num_digits = count_digits<4>(abs_value);
-    return write_int(
-        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-          return format_uint<4, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits, upper);
-        });
-  }
-  case 'b':
-  case 'B': {
-    if (specs.alt) prefix_append(prefix, (utype << 8) | '0');
-    int num_digits = count_digits<1>(abs_value);
-    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
-                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-                       return format_uint<1, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
-                     });
-  }
-  case 'o': {
-    int num_digits = count_digits<3>(abs_value);
-    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0) {
-      // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
-      // is not greater than the number of digits.
-      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
-    }
-    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
-                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-                       return format_uint<3, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
-                     });
-  }
-  case 'c':
-    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(abs_value), specs);
-  default:
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid type specifier"));
-  }
-  return out;
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto write_int_noinline(OutputIt out,
+                                                   write_int_arg<T> arg,
+                                                   const format_specs& specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int<Char>(out, arg, specs);
 }
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+
+template <typename Char, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
                         !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
-                        std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                             locale_ref loc) {
-  return write_int(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs, loc);
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(basic_appender<Char> out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs& specs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> basic_appender<Char> {
+  if (specs.localized() && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int_noinline<Char>(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign()),
+                                  specs);
 }
+
 // An inlined version of write used in format string compilation.
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
                         !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value,
-                                        const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                                        locale_ref loc) {
-  return write_int(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs, loc);
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<OutputIt, basic_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs& specs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized() && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int<Char>(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign()), specs);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value, const format_specs& specs,
+                         locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  // char is formatted as unsigned char for consistency across platforms.
+  using unsigned_type =
+      conditional_t<std::is_same<Char, char>::value, unsigned char, unsigned>;
+  return check_char_specs(specs)
+             ? write_char<Char>(out, value, specs)
+             : write<Char>(out, static_cast<unsigned_type>(value), specs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const format_specs& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  bool is_debug = specs.type() == presentation_type::debug;
+  if (specs.precision < 0 && specs.width == 0) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(out, s.size());
+    return is_debug ? write_escaped_string(it, s) : copy<char>(s, it);
+  }
+
+  size_t display_width_limit =
+      specs.precision < 0 ? SIZE_MAX : to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+  size_t display_width =
+      !is_debug || specs.precision == 0 ? 0 : 1;  // Account for opening '"'.
+  size_t size = !is_debug || specs.precision == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [&](uint32_t cp, string_view sv) {
+    if (is_debug && needs_escape(cp)) {
+      counting_buffer<char> buf;
+      write_escaped_cp(basic_appender<char>(buf),
+                       find_escape_result<char>{sv.begin(), sv.end(), cp});
+      // We're reinterpreting bytes as display width. That's okay
+      // because write_escaped_cp() only writes ASCII characters.
+      size_t cp_width = buf.count();
+      if (display_width + cp_width <= display_width_limit) {
+        display_width += cp_width;
+        size += cp_width;
+        // If this is the end of the string, account for closing '"'.
+        if (display_width < display_width_limit && sv.end() == s.end()) {
+          ++display_width;
+          ++size;
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      size += display_width_limit - display_width;
+      display_width = display_width_limit;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t cp_width = display_width_of(cp);
+    if (cp_width + display_width <= display_width_limit) {
+      display_width += cp_width;
+      size += sv.size();
+      // If this is the end of the string, account for closing '"'.
+      if (is_debug && display_width < display_width_limit &&
+          sv.end() == s.end()) {
+        ++display_width;
+        ++size;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  });
+
+  struct bounded_output_iterator {
+    reserve_iterator<OutputIt> underlying_iterator;
+    size_t bound;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator*() -> bounded_output_iterator& { return *this; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++() -> bounded_output_iterator& {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++(int) -> bounded_output_iterator& {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(char c) -> bounded_output_iterator& {
+      if (bound > 0) {
+        *underlying_iterator++ = c;
+        --bound;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+  };
+
+  return write_padded<char>(
+      out, specs, size, display_width, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        return is_debug
+                   ? write_escaped_string(bounded_output_iterator{it, size}, s)
+                         .underlying_iterator
+                   : copy<char>(s.data(), s.data() + size, it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const format_specs& specs) -> OutputIt {
   auto data = s.data();
   auto size = s.size();
   if (specs.precision >= 0 && to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
-    size = code_point_index(s, to_unsigned(specs.precision));
-  auto width =
-      specs.width != 0 ? compute_width(basic_string_view<Char>(data, size)) : 0;
-  return write_padded(out, specs, size, width,
-                      [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-                        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + size, it);
-                      });
-}
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out,
-                             basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> s,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                             locale_ref) {
-  return write(out, s, specs);
-}
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, const Char* s,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                             locale_ref) {
-  return check_cstring_type_spec(specs.type)
-             ? write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs, {})
-             : write_ptr<Char>(out, to_uintptr(s), &specs);
+    size = to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+
+  bool is_debug = specs.type() == presentation_type::debug;
+  if (is_debug) {
+    auto buf = counting_buffer<Char>();
+    write_escaped_string(basic_appender<Char>(buf), s);
+    size = buf.count();
+  }
+
+  return write_padded<Char>(
+      out, specs, size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        return is_debug ? write_escaped_string(it, s)
+                        : copy<Char>(data, data + size, it);
+      });
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-OutputIt write_nonfinite(OutputIt out, bool isinf,
-                         basic_format_specs<Char> specs,
-                         const float_specs& fspecs) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const format_specs& specs, locale_ref) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, s, specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* s, const format_specs& specs,
+                         locale_ref) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.type() == presentation_type::pointer)
+    return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(s), &specs);
+  if (!s) report_error("string pointer is null");
+  return write<Char>(out, basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  bool negative = is_negative(value);
+  // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
+  if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
+  int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+  auto size = (negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits);
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, size)) {
+    if (negative) *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    format_decimal<Char>(ptr, abs_value, num_digits);
+    return out;
+  }
+  if (negative) *out++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, abs_value, num_digits);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               format_specs& specs) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto alignment = align::none;
+  auto p = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+  if (end - p <= 0) p = begin;
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (to_ascii(*p)) {
+    case '<': alignment = align::left; break;
+    case '>': alignment = align::right; break;
+    case '^': alignment = align::center; break;
+    }
+    if (alignment != align::none) {
+      if (p != begin) {
+        auto c = *begin;
+        if (c == '}') return begin;
+        if (c == '{') {
+          report_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+          return begin;
+        }
+        specs.set_fill(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)));
+        begin = p + 1;
+      } else {
+        ++begin;
+      }
+      break;
+    } else if (p == begin) {
+      break;
+    }
+    p = begin;
+  }
+  specs.set_align(alignment);
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_nonfinite(OutputIt out, bool isnan,
+                                     format_specs specs, sign s) -> OutputIt {
   auto str =
-      isinf ? (fspecs.upper ? "INF" : "inf") : (fspecs.upper ? "NAN" : "nan");
+      isnan ? (specs.upper() ? "NAN" : "nan") : (specs.upper() ? "INF" : "inf");
   constexpr size_t str_size = 3;
-  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
-  auto size = str_size + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  auto size = str_size + (s != sign::none ? 1 : 0);
   // Replace '0'-padding with space for non-finite values.
   const bool is_zero_fill =
-      specs.fill.size() == 1 && *specs.fill.data() == static_cast<Char>('0');
-  if (is_zero_fill) specs.fill[0] = static_cast<Char>(' ');
-  return write_padded(out, specs, size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
-    if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
-    return copy_str<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
-  });
+      specs.fill_size() == 1 && specs.fill_unit<Char>() == '0';
+  if (is_zero_fill) specs.set_fill(' ');
+  return write_padded<Char>(out, specs, size,
+                            [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                              if (s != sign::none)
+                                *it++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+                              return copy<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
+                            });
 }
 
 // A decimal floating-point number significand * pow(10, exp).
@@ -1602,686 +2370,1798 @@ struct big_decimal_fp {
   int exponent;
 };
 
-inline int get_significand_size(const big_decimal_fp& fp) {
-  return fp.significand_size;
+constexpr auto get_significand_size(const big_decimal_fp& f) -> int {
+  return f.significand_size;
 }
 template <typename T>
-inline int get_significand_size(const dragonbox::decimal_fp<T>& fp) {
-  return count_digits(fp.significand);
+inline auto get_significand_size(const dragonbox::decimal_fp<T>& f) -> int {
+  return count_digits(f.significand);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-inline OutputIt write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
-                                  int& significand_size) {
-  return copy_str<Char>(significand, significand + significand_size, out);
+constexpr auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                 int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy<Char>(significand, significand + significand_size, out);
 }
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UInt>
-inline OutputIt write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
-                                  int significand_size) {
-  return format_decimal<Char>(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, significand, significand_size);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int exponent,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    out = write_significand<Char>(out, significand, significand_size);
+    return detail::fill_n(out, exponent, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  }
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  write_significand<char>(appender(buffer), significand, significand_size);
+  detail::fill_n(appender(buffer), exponent, '0');
+  return grouping.apply(out, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename UInt,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<UInt>::value)>
-inline Char* write_significand(Char* out, UInt significand,
-                               int significand_size, int integral_size,
-                               Char decimal_point) {
-  if (!decimal_point)
-    return format_decimal(out, significand, significand_size).end;
-  auto end = format_decimal(out + 1, significand, significand_size).end;
-  if (integral_size == 1) {
-    out[0] = out[1];
-  } else {
-    std::uninitialized_copy_n(out + 1, integral_size,
-                              make_checked(out, to_unsigned(integral_size)));
+inline auto write_significand(Char* out, UInt significand, int significand_size,
+                              int integral_size, Char decimal_point) -> Char* {
+  if (!decimal_point) return format_decimal(out, significand, significand_size);
+  out += significand_size + 1;
+  Char* end = out;
+  int floating_size = significand_size - integral_size;
+  for (int i = floating_size / 2; i > 0; --i) {
+    out -= 2;
+    write2digits(out, static_cast<size_t>(significand % 100));
+    significand /= 100;
   }
-  out[integral_size] = decimal_point;
+  if (floating_size % 2 != 0) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + significand % 10);
+    significand /= 10;
+  }
+  *--out = decimal_point;
+  format_decimal(out - integral_size, significand, integral_size);
   return end;
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>>::value)>
-inline OutputIt write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
-                                  int significand_size, int integral_size,
-                                  Char decimal_point) {
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                              Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
   // Buffer is large enough to hold digits (digits10 + 1) and a decimal point.
   Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 2];
   auto end = write_significand(buffer, significand, significand_size,
                                integral_size, decimal_point);
-  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out);
+  return detail::copy_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out);
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-inline OutputIt write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
-                                  int significand_size, int integral_size,
-                                  Char decimal_point) {
-  out = detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand,
-                                        significand + integral_size, out);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                     int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                     Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  out = detail::copy_noinline<Char>(significand, significand + integral_size,
+                                    out);
   if (!decimal_point) return out;
   *out++ = decimal_point;
-  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand + integral_size,
-                                         significand + significand_size, out);
+  return detail::copy_noinline<Char>(significand + integral_size,
+                                     significand + significand_size, out);
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char>
-OutputIt write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& fp,
-                     const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, float_specs fspecs,
-                     Char decimal_point) {
-  auto significand = fp.significand;
-  int significand_size = get_significand_size(fp);
-  static const Char zero = static_cast<Char>('0');
-  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
-  size_t size = to_unsigned(significand_size) + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                       Char decimal_point,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    return write_significand(out, significand, significand_size, integral_size,
+                             decimal_point);
+  }
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  write_significand(basic_appender<Char>(buffer), significand, significand_size,
+                    integral_size, decimal_point);
+  grouping.apply(
+      out, basic_string_view<Char>(buffer.data(), to_unsigned(integral_size)));
+  return detail::copy_noinline<Char>(buffer.data() + integral_size,
+                                     buffer.end(), out);
+}
+
+// Numbers with exponents greater or equal to the returned value will use
+// the exponential notation.
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEVAL auto exp_upper() -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits10 != 0
+             ? min_of(16, std::numeric_limits<T>::digits10 + 1)
+             : 16;
+}
+
+// Use the fixed notation if the exponent is in [-4, exp_upper),
+// e.g. 0.0001 instead of 1e-04. Otherwise use the exponent notation.
+constexpr auto use_fixed(int exp, int exp_upper) -> bool {
+  return exp >= -4 && exp < exp_upper;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class fallback_digit_grouping {
+ public:
+  constexpr fallback_digit_grouping(locale_ref, bool) {}
+
+  constexpr auto has_separator() const -> bool { return false; }
+
+  constexpr auto count_separators(int) const -> int { return 0; }
+
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  constexpr auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C>) const -> Out {
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Grouping, typename OutputIt,
+          typename DecimalFP>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_fixed(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                 int significand_size, Char decimal_point,
+                                 const format_specs& specs, sign s,
+                                 locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
   using iterator = reserve_iterator<OutputIt>;
 
-  int output_exp = fp.exponent + significand_size - 1;
-  auto use_exp_format = [=]() {
-    if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) return true;
-    if (fspecs.format != float_format::general) return false;
-    // Use the fixed notation if the exponent is in [exp_lower, exp_upper),
-    // e.g. 0.0001 instead of 1e-04. Otherwise use the exponent notation.
-    const int exp_lower = -4, exp_upper = 16;
-    return output_exp < exp_lower ||
-           output_exp >= (fspecs.precision > 0 ? fspecs.precision : exp_upper);
-  };
-  if (use_exp_format()) {
-    int num_zeros = 0;
-    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
-      num_zeros = fspecs.precision - significand_size;
-      if (num_zeros < 0) num_zeros = 0;
-      size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
-    } else if (significand_size == 1) {
-      decimal_point = Char();
-    }
-    auto abs_output_exp = output_exp >= 0 ? output_exp : -output_exp;
-    int exp_digits = 2;
-    if (abs_output_exp >= 100) exp_digits = abs_output_exp >= 1000 ? 4 : 3;
-
-    size += to_unsigned((decimal_point ? 1 : 0) + 2 + exp_digits);
-    char exp_char = fspecs.upper ? 'E' : 'e';
-    auto write = [=](iterator it) {
-      if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
-      // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
-      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, 1,
-                             decimal_point);
-      if (num_zeros > 0) it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
-      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(exp_char);
-      return write_exponent<Char>(output_exp, it);
-    };
-    return specs.width > 0 ? write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, write)
-                           : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
-  }
-
-  int exp = fp.exponent + significand_size;
-  if (fp.exponent >= 0) {
+  int exp = f.exponent + significand_size;
+  long long size = significand_size + (s != sign::none ? 1 : 0);
+  if (f.exponent >= 0) {
     // 1234e5 -> 123400000[.0+]
-    size += to_unsigned(fp.exponent);
-    int num_zeros = fspecs.precision - exp;
-#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
-    if (num_zeros > 5000)
-      throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - avoiding excessive cpu use");
-#endif
-    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
-      if (num_zeros <= 0 && fspecs.format != float_format::fixed) num_zeros = 1;
-      if (num_zeros > 0) size += to_unsigned(num_zeros) + 1;
+    size += f.exponent;
+    int num_zeros = specs.precision - exp;
+    abort_fuzzing_if(num_zeros > 5000);
+    if (specs.alt()) {
+      ++size;
+      if (num_zeros <= 0 && specs.type() != presentation_type::fixed)
+        num_zeros = 0;
+      if (num_zeros > 0) size += num_zeros;
     }
-    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
-      if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
-      it = write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size);
-      it = detail::fill_n(it, fp.exponent, zero);
-      if (!fspecs.showpoint) return it;
-      *it++ = decimal_point;
-      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
-    });
-  } else if (exp > 0) {
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, specs.localized());
+    size += grouping.count_separators(exp);
+    return write_padded<Char, align::right>(
+        out, specs, static_cast<size_t>(size), [&](iterator it) {
+          if (s != sign::none) *it++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+          it = write_significand<Char>(it, f.significand, significand_size,
+                                       f.exponent, grouping);
+          if (!specs.alt()) return it;
+          *it++ = decimal_point;
+          return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, Char('0')) : it;
+        });
+  }
+  if (exp > 0) {
     // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
-    int num_zeros = fspecs.showpoint ? fspecs.precision - significand_size : 0;
-    size += 1 + to_unsigned(num_zeros > 0 ? num_zeros : 0);
-    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
-      if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
-      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, exp,
-                             decimal_point);
-      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
-    });
+    int num_zeros = specs.alt() ? specs.precision - significand_size : 0;
+    size += 1 + max_of(num_zeros, 0);
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, specs.localized());
+    size += grouping.count_separators(exp);
+    return write_padded<Char, align::right>(
+        out, specs, to_unsigned(size), [&](iterator it) {
+          if (s != sign::none) *it++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+          it = write_significand(it, f.significand, significand_size, exp,
+                                 decimal_point, grouping);
+          return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, Char('0')) : it;
+        });
   }
   // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
   int num_zeros = -exp;
-  if (significand_size == 0 && fspecs.precision >= 0 &&
-      fspecs.precision < num_zeros) {
-    num_zeros = fspecs.precision;
+  if (significand_size == 0 && specs.precision >= 0 &&
+      specs.precision < num_zeros) {
+    num_zeros = specs.precision;
   }
-  bool pointy = num_zeros != 0 || significand_size != 0 || fspecs.showpoint;
-  size += 1 + (pointy ? 1 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_zeros);
-  return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
-    if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
-    *it++ = zero;
-    if (!pointy) return it;
-    *it++ = decimal_point;
-    it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
-    return write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size);
-  });
+  bool pointy = num_zeros != 0 || significand_size != 0 || specs.alt();
+  size += 1 + (pointy ? 1 : 0) + num_zeros;
+  return write_padded<Char, align::right>(
+      out, specs, to_unsigned(size), [&](iterator it) {
+        if (s != sign::none) *it++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+        *it++ = Char('0');
+        if (!pointy) return it;
+        *it++ = decimal_point;
+        it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, Char('0'));
+        return write_significand<Char>(it, f.significand, significand_size);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Grouping, typename OutputIt,
+          typename DecimalFP>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto do_write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                    const format_specs& specs, sign s,
+                                    int exp_upper, locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  Char point = specs.localized() ? detail::decimal_point<Char>(loc) : Char('.');
+  int significand_size = get_significand_size(f);
+  int exp = f.exponent + significand_size - 1;
+  if (specs.type() == presentation_type::fixed ||
+      (specs.type() != presentation_type::exp &&
+       use_fixed(exp, specs.precision > 0 ? specs.precision : exp_upper))) {
+    return write_fixed<Char, Grouping>(out, f, significand_size, point, specs,
+                                       s, loc);
+  }
+
+  // Write value in the exponential format.
+  int num_zeros = 0;
+  long long size = significand_size + (s != sign::none ? 1 : 0);
+  if (specs.alt()) {
+    num_zeros = max_of(specs.precision - significand_size, 0);
+    size += num_zeros;
+  } else if (significand_size == 1) {
+    point = Char();
+  }
+  size += (point ? 1 : 0) + compute_exp_size(exp);
+  char exp_char = specs.upper() ? 'E' : 'e';
+  auto write = [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (s != sign::none) *it++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+    // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+    it = write_significand(it, f.significand, significand_size, 1, point);
+    if (num_zeros > 0) it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, Char('0'));
+    *it++ = Char(exp_char);
+    return write_exponent<Char>(exp, it);
+  };
+  auto usize = to_unsigned(size);
+  return specs.width > 0
+             ? write_padded<Char, align::right>(out, specs, usize, write)
+             : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, usize)));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                 const format_specs& specs, sign s,
+                                 int exp_upper, locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_write_float<Char, fallback_digit_grouping<Char>>(out, f, specs, s,
+                                                               exp_upper, loc);
+  } else {
+    return do_write_float<Char, digit_grouping<Char>>(out, f, specs, s,
+                                                      exp_upper, loc);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T> constexpr auto isnan(T value) -> bool {
+  return value != value;  // std::isnan doesn't support __float128.
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_isfinite : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_isfinite<T, enable_if_t<sizeof(std::isfinite(T())) != 0>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value&& has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  constexpr T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  if (is_constant_evaluated())
+    return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+  return std::isfinite(value);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  // std::isfinite doesn't support __float128.
+  return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR auto signbit(T value) -> bool {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+    if constexpr (std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559) {
+      auto bits = detail::bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+      return (bits >> (num_bits<uint64_t>() - 1)) != 0;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return std::signbit(static_cast<double>(value));
+}
+
+inline FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void adjust_precision(int& precision, int exp10) {
+  // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
+  // point.
+  if (exp10 > 0 && precision > max_value<int>() - exp10)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+  precision += exp10;
+}
+
+class bigint {
+ private:
+  // A bigint is a number in the form bigit_[N - 1] ... bigit_[0] * 32^exp_.
+  using bigit = uint32_t;  // A big digit.
+  using double_bigit = uint64_t;
+  enum { bigit_bits = num_bits<bigit>() };
+  enum { bigits_capacity = 32 };
+  basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> bigits_;
+  int exp_;
+
+  friend struct formatter<bigint>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_bigit(int i) const -> bigit {
+    return i >= exp_ && i < num_bigits() ? bigits_[i - exp_] : 0;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void subtract_bigits(int index, bigit other, bigit& borrow) {
+    auto result = double_bigit(bigits_[index]) - other - borrow;
+    bigits_[index] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    borrow = static_cast<bigit>(result >> (bigit_bits * 2 - 1));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_leading_zeros() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    while (num_bigits > 0 && bigits_[num_bigits] == 0) --num_bigits;
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + 1));
+  }
+
+  // Computes *this -= other assuming aligned bigints and *this >= other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void subtract_aligned(const bigint& other) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(other.exp_ >= exp_, "unaligned bigints");
+    FMT_ASSERT(compare(*this, other) >= 0, "");
+    bigit borrow = 0;
+    int i = other.exp_ - exp_;
+    for (size_t j = 0, n = other.bigits_.size(); j != n; ++i, ++j)
+      subtract_bigits(i, other.bigits_[j], borrow);
+    if (borrow != 0) subtract_bigits(i, 0, borrow);
+    FMT_ASSERT(borrow == 0, "");
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void multiply(uint32_t value) {
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    const double_bigit wide_value = value;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * wide_value + carry;
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+      carry = static_cast<bigit>(result >> bigit_bits);
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void multiply(UInt value) {
+    using half_uint =
+        conditional_t<std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value, uint64_t, uint32_t>;
+    const int shift = num_bits<half_uint>() - bigit_bits;
+    const UInt lower = static_cast<half_uint>(value);
+    const UInt upper = value >> num_bits<half_uint>();
+    UInt carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      UInt result = lower * bigits_[i] + static_cast<bigit>(carry);
+      carry = (upper * bigits_[i] << shift) + (result >> bigit_bits) +
+              (carry >> bigit_bits);
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    }
+    while (carry != 0) {
+      bigits_.push_back(static_cast<bigit>(carry));
+      carry >>= bigit_bits;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void assign(UInt n) {
+    size_t num_bigits = 0;
+    do {
+      bigits_[num_bigits++] = static_cast<bigit>(n);
+      n >>= bigit_bits;
+    } while (n != 0);
+    bigits_.resize(num_bigits);
+    exp_ = 0;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bigint() : exp_(0) {}
+  explicit bigint(uint64_t n) { assign(n); }
+
+  bigint(const bigint&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const bigint&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void assign(const bigint& other) {
+    auto size = other.bigits_.size();
+    bigits_.resize(size);
+    auto data = other.bigits_.data();
+    copy<bigit>(data, data + size, bigits_.data());
+    exp_ = other.exp_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(Int n) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(n > 0, "");
+    assign(uint64_or_128_t<Int>(n));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto num_bigits() const -> int {
+    return static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) + exp_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator<<=(int shift) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(shift >= 0, "");
+    exp_ += shift / bigit_bits;
+    shift %= bigit_bits;
+    if (shift == 0) return *this;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      bigit c = bigits_[i] >> (bigit_bits - shift);
+      bigits_[i] = (bigits_[i] << shift) + carry;
+      carry = c;
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator*=(Int value) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(value > 0, "");
+    multiply(uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>(value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto compare(const bigint& b1, const bigint& b2) -> int {
+    int num_bigits1 = b1.num_bigits(), num_bigits2 = b2.num_bigits();
+    if (num_bigits1 != num_bigits2) return num_bigits1 > num_bigits2 ? 1 : -1;
+    int i = static_cast<int>(b1.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int j = static_cast<int>(b2.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int end = i - j;
+    if (end < 0) end = 0;
+    for (; i >= end; --i, --j) {
+      bigit b1_bigit = b1.bigits_[i], b2_bigit = b2.bigits_[j];
+      if (b1_bigit != b2_bigit) return b1_bigit > b2_bigit ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    if (i != j) return i > j ? 1 : -1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Returns compare(lhs1 + lhs2, rhs).
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto add_compare(const bigint& lhs1, const bigint& lhs2,
+                                        const bigint& rhs) -> int {
+    int max_lhs_bigits = max_of(lhs1.num_bigits(), lhs2.num_bigits());
+    int num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (max_lhs_bigits + 1 < num_rhs_bigits) return -1;
+    if (max_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits) return 1;
+    double_bigit borrow = 0;
+    int min_exp = min_of(min_of(lhs1.exp_, lhs2.exp_), rhs.exp_);
+    for (int i = num_rhs_bigits - 1; i >= min_exp; --i) {
+      double_bigit sum = double_bigit(lhs1.get_bigit(i)) + lhs2.get_bigit(i);
+      bigit rhs_bigit = rhs.get_bigit(i);
+      if (sum > rhs_bigit + borrow) return 1;
+      borrow = rhs_bigit + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= bigit_bits;
+    }
+    return borrow != 0 ? -1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Assigns pow(10, exp) to this bigint.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign_pow10(int exp) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 0, "");
+    if (exp == 0) return *this = 1;
+    int bitmask = 1 << (num_bits<unsigned>() -
+                        countl_zero(static_cast<uint32_t>(exp)) - 1);
+    // pow(10, exp) = pow(5, exp) * pow(2, exp). First compute pow(5, exp) by
+    // repeated squaring and multiplication.
+    *this = 5;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    while (bitmask != 0) {
+      square();
+      if ((exp & bitmask) != 0) *this *= 5;
+      bitmask >>= 1;
+    }
+    *this <<= exp;  // Multiply by pow(2, exp) by shifting.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void square() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    int num_result_bigits = 2 * num_bigits;
+    basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> n(std::move(bigits_));
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_result_bigits));
+    auto sum = uint128_t();
+    for (int bigit_index = 0; bigit_index < num_bigits; ++bigit_index) {
+      // Compute bigit at position bigit_index of the result by adding
+      // cross-product terms n[i] * n[j] such that i + j == bigit_index.
+      for (int i = 0, j = bigit_index; j >= 0; ++i, --j) {
+        // Most terms are multiplied twice which can be optimized in the future.
+        sum += double_bigit(n[i]) * n[j];
+      }
+      bigits_[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();  // Compute the carry.
+    }
+    // Do the same for the top half.
+    for (int bigit_index = num_bigits; bigit_index < num_result_bigits;
+         ++bigit_index) {
+      for (int j = num_bigits - 1, i = bigit_index - j; i < num_bigits;)
+        sum += double_bigit(n[i++]) * n[j--];
+      bigits_[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();
+    }
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+    exp_ *= 2;
+  }
+
+  // If this bigint has a bigger exponent than other, adds trailing zero to make
+  // exponents equal. This simplifies some operations such as subtraction.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void align(const bigint& other) {
+    int exp_difference = exp_ - other.exp_;
+    if (exp_difference <= 0) return;
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + exp_difference));
+    for (int i = num_bigits - 1, j = i + exp_difference; i >= 0; --i, --j)
+      bigits_[j] = bigits_[i];
+    fill_n(bigits_.data(), to_unsigned(exp_difference), 0U);
+    exp_ -= exp_difference;
+  }
+
+  // Divides this bignum by divisor, assigning the remainder to this and
+  // returning the quotient.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto divmod_assign(const bigint& divisor) -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &divisor, "");
+    if (compare(*this, divisor) < 0) return 0;
+    FMT_ASSERT(divisor.bigits_[divisor.bigits_.size() - 1u] != 0, "");
+    align(divisor);
+    int quotient = 0;
+    do {
+      subtract_aligned(divisor);
+      ++quotient;
+    } while (compare(*this, divisor) >= 0);
+    return quotient;
+  }
+};
+
+// format_dragon flags.
+enum dragon {
+  predecessor_closer = 1,
+  fixup = 2,  // Run fixup to correct exp10 which can be off by one.
+  fixed = 4,
+};
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using a variation of the Fixed-Precision
+// Positive Floating-Point Printout ((FPP)^2) algorithm by Steele & White:
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/p372-steele.pdf.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline void format_dragon(basic_fp<uint128_t> value,
+                                          unsigned flags, int num_digits,
+                                          buffer<char>& buf, int& exp10) {
+  bigint numerator;    // 2 * R in (FPP)^2.
+  bigint denominator;  // 2 * S in (FPP)^2.
+  // lower and upper are differences between value and corresponding boundaries.
+  bigint lower;             // (M^- in (FPP)^2).
+  bigint upper_store;       // upper's value if different from lower.
+  bigint* upper = nullptr;  // (M^+ in (FPP)^2).
+  // Shift numerator and denominator by an extra bit or two (if lower boundary
+  // is closer) to make lower and upper integers. This eliminates multiplication
+  // by 2 during later computations.
+  bool is_predecessor_closer = (flags & dragon::predecessor_closer) != 0;
+  int shift = is_predecessor_closer ? 2 : 1;
+  if (value.e >= 0) {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= value.e + shift;
+    lower = 1;
+    lower <<= value.e;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1;
+      upper_store <<= value.e + 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift;
+  } else if (exp10 < 0) {
+    numerator.assign_pow10(-exp10);
+    lower.assign(numerator);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store.assign(numerator);
+      upper_store <<= 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    numerator *= value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator = 1;
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+  } else {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+    lower = 1;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1ULL << 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+  }
+  int even = static_cast<int>((value.f & 1) == 0);
+  if (!upper) upper = &lower;
+  bool shortest = num_digits < 0;
+  if ((flags & dragon::fixup) != 0) {
+    if (add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even <= 0) {
+      --exp10;
+      numerator *= 10;
+      if (num_digits < 0) {
+        lower *= 10;
+        if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0) adjust_precision(num_digits, exp10 + 1);
+  }
+  // Invariant: value == (numerator / denominator) * pow(10, exp10).
+  if (shortest) {
+    // Generate the shortest representation.
+    num_digits = 0;
+    char* data = buf.data();
+    for (;;) {
+      int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+      bool low = compare(numerator, lower) - even < 0;  // numerator <[=] lower.
+      // numerator + upper >[=] pow10:
+      bool high = add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even > 0;
+      data[num_digits++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      if (low || high) {
+        if (!low) {
+          ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        } else if (high) {
+          int result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+          // Round half to even.
+          if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0))
+            ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+        exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+        return;
+      }
+      numerator *= 10;
+      lower *= 10;
+      if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+    }
+  }
+  // Generate the given number of digits.
+  exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+  if (num_digits <= 0) {
+    auto digit = '0';
+    if (num_digits == 0) {
+      denominator *= 10;
+      digit = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator) > 0 ? '1' : '0';
+    }
+    buf.push_back(digit);
+    return;
+  }
+  buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_digits - 1; ++i) {
+    int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+    buf[i] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    numerator *= 10;
+  }
+  int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+  auto result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+  if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0)) {
+    if (digit == 9) {
+      const auto overflow = '0' + 10;
+      buf[num_digits - 1] = overflow;
+      // Propagate the carry.
+      for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] == overflow; --i) {
+        buf[i] = '0';
+        ++buf[i - 1];
+      }
+      if (buf[0] == overflow) {
+        buf[0] = '1';
+        if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0)
+          buf.push_back('0');
+        else
+          ++exp10;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    ++digit;
+  }
+  buf[num_digits - 1] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+}
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using the hexfloat format.
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, format_specs specs,
+                                     buffer<char>& buf) {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations and to
+  // simplify implementation.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+
+  using info = dragonbox::float_info<Float>;
+
+  // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+  using carrier_uint = typename info::carrier_uint;
+
+  const auto num_float_significand_bits = detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+
+  basic_fp<carrier_uint> f(value);
+  f.e += num_float_significand_bits;
+  if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) --f.e;
+
+  const auto num_fraction_bits =
+      num_float_significand_bits + (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0);
+  const auto num_xdigits = (num_fraction_bits + 3) / 4;
+
+  const auto leading_shift = ((num_xdigits - 1) * 4);
+  const auto leading_mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << leading_shift;
+  const auto leading_xdigit =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & leading_mask) >> leading_shift);
+  if (leading_xdigit > 1) f.e -= (32 - countl_zero(leading_xdigit) - 1);
+
+  int print_xdigits = num_xdigits - 1;
+  if (specs.precision >= 0 && print_xdigits > specs.precision) {
+    const int shift = ((print_xdigits - specs.precision - 1) * 4);
+    const auto mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << shift;
+    const auto v = static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & mask) >> shift);
+
+    if (v >= 8) {
+      const auto inc = carrier_uint(1) << (shift + 4);
+      f.f += inc;
+      f.f &= ~(inc - 1);
+    }
+
+    // Check long double overflow
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) {
+      const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+      if ((f.f & implicit_bit) == implicit_bit) {
+        f.f >>= 4;
+        f.e += 4;
+      }
+    }
+
+    print_xdigits = specs.precision;
+  }
+
+  char xdigits[num_bits<carrier_uint>() / 4];
+  detail::fill_n(xdigits, sizeof(xdigits), '0');
+  format_base2e(4, xdigits, f.f, num_xdigits, specs.upper());
+
+  // Remove zero tail
+  while (print_xdigits > 0 && xdigits[print_xdigits] == '0') --print_xdigits;
+
+  buf.push_back('0');
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper() ? 'X' : 'x');
+  buf.push_back(xdigits[0]);
+  if (specs.alt() || print_xdigits > 0 || print_xdigits < specs.precision)
+    buf.push_back('.');
+  buf.append(xdigits + 1, xdigits + 1 + print_xdigits);
+  for (; print_xdigits < specs.precision; ++print_xdigits) buf.push_back('0');
+
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper() ? 'P' : 'p');
+
+  uint32_t abs_e;
+  if (f.e < 0) {
+    buf.push_back('-');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(-f.e);
+  } else {
+    buf.push_back('+');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(f.e);
+  }
+  format_decimal<char>(appender(buf), abs_e, detail::count_digits(abs_e));
+}
+
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, format_specs specs,
+                                     buffer<char>& buf) {
+  format_hexfloat(static_cast<double>(value), specs, buf);
+}
+
+constexpr auto fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(int index) -> uint32_t {
+  // For checking rounding thresholds.
+  // The kth entry is chosen to be the smallest integer such that the
+  // upper 32-bits of 10^(k+1) times it is strictly bigger than 5 * 10^k.
+  // It is equal to ceil(2^31 + 2^32/10^(k + 1)).
+  // These are stored in a string literal because we cannot have static arrays
+  // in constexpr functions and non-static ones are poorly optimized.
+  return U"\x9999999a\x828f5c29\x80418938\x80068db9\x8000a7c6\x800010c7"
+         U"\x800001ae\x8000002b"[index];
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_float(Float value, int precision,
+                                  const format_specs& specs, bool binary32,
+                                  buffer<char>& buf) -> int {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+  auto converted_value = convert_float(value);
+
+  const bool fixed = specs.type() == presentation_type::fixed;
+  if (value == 0) {
+    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
+      buf.push_back('0');
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+    fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
+    return -precision;
+  }
+
+  int exp = 0;
+  bool use_dragon = true;
+  unsigned dragon_flags = 0;
+  if (!is_fast_float<Float>() || is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    const auto inv_log2_10 = 0.3010299956639812;  // 1 / log2(10)
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<decltype(converted_value)>;
+    const auto f = basic_fp<typename info::carrier_uint>(converted_value);
+    // Compute exp, an approximate power of 10, such that
+    //   10^(exp - 1) <= value < 10^exp or 10^exp <= value < 10^(exp + 1).
+    // This is based on log10(value) == log2(value) / log2(10) and approximation
+    // of log2(value) by e + num_fraction_bits idea from double-conversion.
+    auto e = (f.e + count_digits<1>(f.f) - 1) * inv_log2_10 - 1e-10;
+    exp = static_cast<int>(e);
+    if (e > exp) ++exp;  // Compute ceil.
+    dragon_flags = dragon::fixup;
+  } else {
+    // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<double>;
+    auto br = bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+
+    const uint64_t significand_mask =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>()) - 1;
+    uint64_t significand = (br & significand_mask);
+    int exponent = static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<double>()) >>
+                                    num_significand_bits<double>());
+
+    if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
+      exponent -= exponent_bias<double>() + num_significand_bits<double>();
+      significand |=
+          (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>());
+      significand <<= 1;
+    } else {
+      // Normalize subnormal inputs.
+      FMT_ASSERT(significand != 0, "zeros should not appear here");
+      int shift = countl_zero(significand);
+      FMT_ASSERT(shift >= num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>(),
+                 "");
+      shift -= (num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2);
+      exponent = (std::numeric_limits<double>::min_exponent -
+                  num_significand_bits<double>()) -
+                 shift;
+      significand <<= shift;
+    }
+
+    // Compute the first several nonzero decimal significand digits.
+    // We call the number we get the first segment.
+    const int k = info::kappa - dragonbox::floor_log10_pow2(exponent);
+    exp = -k;
+    const int beta = exponent + dragonbox::floor_log2_pow10(k);
+    uint64_t first_segment;
+    bool has_more_segments;
+    int digits_in_the_first_segment;
+    {
+      const auto r = dragonbox::umul192_upper128(
+          significand << beta, dragonbox::get_cached_power(k));
+      first_segment = r.high();
+      has_more_segments = r.low() != 0;
+
+      // The first segment can have 18 ~ 19 digits.
+      if (first_segment >= 1000000000000000000ULL) {
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 19;
+      } else {
+        // When it is of 18-digits, we align it to 19-digits by adding a bogus
+        // zero at the end.
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 18;
+        first_segment *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the actual number of decimal digits to print.
+    if (fixed) adjust_precision(precision, exp + digits_in_the_first_segment);
+
+    // Use Dragon4 only when there might be not enough digits in the first
+    // segment.
+    if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision) {
+      use_dragon = false;
+
+      if (precision <= 0) {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment;
+
+        if (precision < 0) {
+          // Nothing to do, since all we have are just leading zeros.
+          buf.try_resize(0);
+        } else {
+          // We may need to round-up.
+          buf.try_resize(1);
+          if ((first_segment | static_cast<uint64_t>(has_more_segments)) >
+              5000000000000000000ULL) {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+          } else {
+            buf[0] = '0';
+          }
+        }
+      }  // precision <= 0
+      else {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - precision;
+
+        // When precision > 0, we divide the first segment into three
+        // subsegments, each with 9, 9, and 0 ~ 1 digits so that each fits
+        // in 32-bits which usually allows faster calculation than in
+        // 64-bits. Since some compiler (e.g. MSVC) doesn't know how to optimize
+        // division-by-constant for large 64-bit divisors, we do it here
+        // manually. The magic number 7922816251426433760 below is equal to
+        // ceil(2^(64+32) / 10^10).
+        const uint32_t first_subsegment = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+            dragonbox::umul128_upper64(first_segment, 7922816251426433760ULL) >>
+            32);
+        const uint64_t second_third_subsegments =
+            first_segment - first_subsegment * 10000000000ULL;
+
+        uint64_t prod;
+        uint32_t digits;
+        bool should_round_up;
+        int number_of_digits_to_print = min_of(precision, 9);
+
+        // Print a 9-digits subsegment, either the first or the second.
+        auto print_subsegment = [&](uint32_t subsegment, char* buffer) {
+          int number_of_digits_printed = 0;
+
+          // If we want to print an odd number of digits from the subsegment,
+          if ((number_of_digits_to_print & 1) != 0) {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 1-digit
+            // integer part. The magic number 720575941 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 24) / 10^8; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(720575941)) >> 24) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            *buffer = static_cast<char>('0' + digits);
+            number_of_digits_printed++;
+          }
+          // If we want to print an even number of digits from the
+          // first_subsegment,
+          else {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 2-digits
+            // integer part. The magic number 450359963 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 20) / 10^7; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(450359963)) >> 20) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            write2digits(buffer, digits);
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+
+          // Print all digit pairs.
+          while (number_of_digits_printed < number_of_digits_to_print) {
+            prod = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod) * static_cast<uint64_t>(100);
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            write2digits(buffer + number_of_digits_printed, digits);
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+        };
+
+        // Print first subsegment.
+        print_subsegment(first_subsegment, buf.data());
+
+        // Perform rounding if the first subsegment is the last subsegment to
+        // print.
+        if (precision <= 9) {
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          // We round-up if:
+          //  - either the fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2, or
+          //  - the fractional part is exactly 1/2 and the last digit is odd.
+          // We rely on the following observations:
+          //  - If fractional_part >= threshold, then the fractional part is
+          //    strictly larger than 1/2.
+          //  - If the MSB of fractional_part is set, then the fractional part
+          //    must be at least 1/2.
+          //  - When the MSB of fractional_part is set, either
+          //    second_third_subsegments being nonzero or has_more_segments
+          //    being true means there are further digits not printed, so the
+          //    fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2.
+          if (precision < 9) {
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (second_third_subsegments != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          // In this case, the fractional part is at least 1/2 if and only if
+          // second_third_subsegments >= 5000000000ULL, and is strictly larger
+          // than 1/2 if we further have either second_third_subsegments >
+          // 5000000000ULL or has_more_segments == true.
+          else {
+            should_round_up = second_third_subsegments > 5000000000ULL ||
+                              (second_third_subsegments == 5000000000ULL &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+        // Otherwise, print the second subsegment.
+        else {
+          // Compilers are not aware of how to leverage the maximum value of
+          // second_third_subsegments to find out a better magic number which
+          // allows us to eliminate an additional shift. 1844674407370955162 =
+          // ceil(2^64/10) < ceil(2^64*(10^9/(10^10 - 1))).
+          const uint32_t second_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(dragonbox::umul128_upper64(
+                  second_third_subsegments, 1844674407370955162ULL));
+          const uint32_t third_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(second_third_subsegments) -
+              second_subsegment * 10;
+
+          number_of_digits_to_print = precision - 9;
+          print_subsegment(second_subsegment, buf.data() + 9);
+
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          if (precision < 18) {
+            // The condition third_subsegment != 0 implies that the segment was
+            // of 19 digits, so in this case the third segment should be
+            // consisting of a genuine digit from the input.
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (third_subsegment != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          else {
+            // In this case, the segment must be of 19 digits, thus
+            // the third subsegment should be consisting of a genuine digit from
+            // the input.
+            should_round_up = third_subsegment > 5 ||
+                              (third_subsegment == 5 &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Round-up if necessary.
+        if (should_round_up) {
+          ++buf[precision - 1];
+          for (int i = precision - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
+            buf[i] = '0';
+            ++buf[i - 1];
+          }
+          if (buf[0] > '9') {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+            if (fixed)
+              buf[precision++] = '0';
+            else
+              ++exp;
+          }
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+      }
+    }  // if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision)
+    else {
+      // Adjust the exponent for its use in Dragon4.
+      exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if (use_dragon) {
+    auto f = basic_fp<uint128_t>();
+    bool is_predecessor_closer = binary32 ? f.assign(static_cast<float>(value))
+                                          : f.assign(converted_value);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) dragon_flags |= dragon::predecessor_closer;
+    if (fixed) dragon_flags |= dragon::fixed;
+    // Limit precision to the maximum possible number of significant digits in
+    // an IEEE754 double because we don't need to generate zeros.
+    const int max_double_digits = 767;
+    if (precision > max_double_digits) precision = max_double_digits;
+    format_dragon(f, dragon_flags, precision, buf, exp);
+  }
+  if (!fixed && !specs.alt()) {
+    // Remove trailing zeros.
+    auto num_digits = buf.size();
+    while (num_digits > 0 && buf[num_digits - 1] == '0') {
+      --num_digits;
+      ++exp;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(num_digits);
+  }
+  return exp;
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value, basic_format_specs<Char> specs,
-               locale_ref loc = {}) {
-  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
-  float_specs fspecs = parse_float_type_spec(specs);
-  fspecs.sign = specs.sign;
-  if (std::signbit(value)) {  // value < 0 is false for NaN so use signbit.
-    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
-    value = -value;
-  } else if (fspecs.sign == sign::minus) {
-    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
-  }
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value, format_specs specs,
+                           locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized() && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
 
-  if (!std::isfinite(value))
-    return write_nonfinite(out, std::isinf(value), specs, fspecs);
+  // Use signbit because value < 0 is false for NaN.
+  sign s = detail::signbit(value) ? sign::minus : specs.sign();
 
-  if (specs.align == align::numeric && fspecs.sign) {
-    auto it = reserve(out, 1);
-    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[fspecs.sign]);
-    out = base_iterator(out, it);
-    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+  if (!detail::isfinite(value))
+    return write_nonfinite<Char>(out, detail::isnan(value), specs, s);
+
+  if (specs.align() == align::numeric && s != sign::none) {
+    *out++ = detail::getsign<Char>(s);
+    s = sign::none;
     if (specs.width != 0) --specs.width;
   }
 
-  memory_buffer buffer;
-  if (fspecs.format == float_format::hex) {
-    if (fspecs.sign) buffer.push_back(data::signs[fspecs.sign]);
-    snprintf_float(promote_float(value), specs.precision, fspecs, buffer);
-    return write_bytes<align::right>(out, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()},
-                                     specs);
+  const int exp_upper = detail::exp_upper<T>();
+  int precision = specs.precision;
+  if (precision < 0) {
+    if (specs.type() != presentation_type::none) {
+      precision = 6;
+    } else if (is_fast_float<T>::value && !is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      // Use Dragonbox for the shortest format.
+      auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<fast_float_t<T>>(value));
+      return write_float<Char>(out, dec, specs, s, exp_upper, loc);
+    }
   }
-  int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || !specs.type ? specs.precision : 6;
-  if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) {
+
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  if (specs.type() == presentation_type::hexfloat) {
+    if (s != sign::none) buffer.push_back(detail::getsign<char>(s));
+    format_hexfloat(convert_float(value), specs, buffer);
+    return write_bytes<Char, align::right>(out, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()},
+                                           specs);
+  }
+
+  if (specs.type() == presentation_type::exp) {
     if (precision == max_value<int>())
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+      report_error("number is too big");
     else
       ++precision;
+    if (specs.precision != 0) specs.set_alt();
+  } else if (specs.type() == presentation_type::fixed) {
+    if (specs.precision != 0) specs.set_alt();
+  } else if (precision == 0) {
+    precision = 1;
   }
-  if (const_check(std::is_same<T, float>())) fspecs.binary32 = true;
-  fspecs.use_grisu = is_fast_float<T>();
-  int exp = format_float(promote_float(value), precision, fspecs, buffer);
-  fspecs.precision = precision;
-  Char point =
-      fspecs.locale ? decimal_point<Char>(loc) : static_cast<Char>('.');
-  auto fp = big_decimal_fp{buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), exp};
-  return write_float(out, fp, specs, fspecs, point);
+  int exp = format_float(convert_float(value), precision, specs,
+                         std::is_same<T, float>(), buffer);
+
+  specs.precision = precision;
+  auto f = big_decimal_fp{buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), exp};
+  return write_float<Char>(out, f, specs, s, exp_upper, loc);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_fast_float<T>::value)>
-OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value) {
-  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return write<Char>(out, value, format_specs());
 
-  using floaty = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, long double>::value, double, T>;
-  using uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<floaty>::carrier_uint;
-  auto bits = bit_cast<uint>(value);
+  auto s = detail::signbit(value) ? sign::minus : sign::none;
+  auto mask = exponent_mask<fast_float_t<T>>();
+  if ((bit_cast<decltype(mask)>(value) & mask) == mask)
+    return write_nonfinite<Char>(out, std::isnan(value), {}, s);
 
-  auto fspecs = float_specs();
-  auto sign_bit = bits & (uint(1) << (num_bits<uint>() - 1));
-  if (sign_bit != 0) {
-    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
-    value = -value;
+  auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<fast_float_t<T>>(value));
+  auto significand = dec.significand;
+  int significand_size = count_digits(significand);
+  int exponent = dec.exponent + significand_size - 1;
+  if (use_fixed(exponent, detail::exp_upper<T>())) {
+    return write_fixed<Char, fallback_digit_grouping<Char>>(
+        out, dec, significand_size, Char('.'), {}, s);
   }
 
-  static const auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
-  uint mask = exponent_mask<floaty>();
-  if ((bits & mask) == mask)
-    return write_nonfinite(out, std::isinf(value), specs, fspecs);
-
-  auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<floaty>(value));
-  return write_float(out, dec, specs, fspecs, static_cast<Char>('.'));
+  // Write value in the exponential format.
+  const char* prefix = "e+";
+  int abs_exponent = exponent;
+  if (exponent < 0) {
+    abs_exponent = -exponent;
+    prefix = "e-";
+  }
+  auto has_decimal_point = significand_size != 1;
+  size_t size = std::is_pointer<OutputIt>::value
+                    ? 0u
+                    : to_unsigned((s != sign::none ? 1 : 0) + significand_size +
+                                  (has_decimal_point ? 1 : 0) +
+                                  (abs_exponent >= 100 ? 5 : 4));
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, size)) {
+    if (s != sign::none) *ptr++ = Char('-');
+    if (has_decimal_point) {
+      auto begin = ptr;
+      ptr = format_decimal<Char>(ptr, significand, significand_size + 1);
+      *begin = begin[1];
+      begin[1] = '.';
+    } else {
+      *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('0' + significand);
+    }
+    if (std::is_same<Char, char>::value) {
+      memcpy(ptr, prefix, 2);
+      ptr += 2;
+    } else {
+      *ptr++ = prefix[0];
+      *ptr++ = prefix[1];
+    }
+    if (abs_exponent >= 100) {
+      *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('0' + abs_exponent / 100);
+      abs_exponent %= 100;
+    }
+    write2digits(ptr, static_cast<unsigned>(abs_exponent));
+    return select<std::is_pointer<OutputIt>::value>(ptr + 2, out);
+  }
+  auto it = reserve(out, size);
+  if (s != sign::none) *it++ = Char('-');
+  // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+  it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, 1,
+                         has_decimal_point ? Char('.') : Char());
+  *it++ = Char('e');
+  it = write_exponent<Char>(exponent, it);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value &&
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value &&
                         !is_fast_float<T>::value)>
-inline OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value) {
-  return write(out, value, basic_format_specs<Char>());
+inline auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, value, {});
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-OutputIt write(OutputIt out, monostate, basic_format_specs<Char> = {},
-               locale_ref = {}) {
+auto write(OutputIt out, monostate, format_specs = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
   FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
   return out;
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> value) {
-  auto it = reserve(out, value.size());
-  it = copy_str_noinline<Char>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
-  return base_iterator(out, it);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_noinline<Char>(value.begin(), value.end(), out);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
-constexpr OutputIt write(OutputIt out, const T& value) {
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_to_string_view<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> OutputIt {
   return write<Char>(out, to_string_view(value));
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value) {
-  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
-  bool negative = is_negative(value);
-  // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
-  if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
-  int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
-  auto size = (negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits);
-  auto it = reserve(out, size);
-  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(it, size)) {
-    if (negative) *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
-    format_decimal<Char>(ptr, abs_value, num_digits);
-    return out;
-  }
-  if (negative) *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
-  it = format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
-  return base_iterator(out, it);
-}
-
-// FMT_ENABLE_IF() condition separated to workaround MSVC bug
+// FMT_ENABLE_IF() condition separated to workaround an MSVC bug.
 template <
     typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
-    bool check =
-        std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
-        mapped_type_constant<T, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>::value !=
-            type::custom_type,
+    bool check = std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+                 mapped_type_constant<T, Char>::value != type::custom_type,
     FMT_ENABLE_IF(check)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value) {
-  return write<Char>(
-      out, static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(value));
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(value));
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, bool>::value)>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, T value,
-                             const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs = {},
-                             locale_ref = {}) {
-  return specs.type && specs.type != 's'
-             ? write(out, value ? 1 : 0, specs, {})
-             : write_bytes(out, value ? "true" : "false", specs);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value, const format_specs& specs = {},
+                         locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return specs.type() != presentation_type::none &&
+                 specs.type() != presentation_type::string
+             ? write<Char>(out, value ? 1 : 0, specs, {})
+             : write_bytes<Char>(out, value ? "true" : "false", specs);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt write(OutputIt out, Char value) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value) -> OutputIt {
   auto it = reserve(out, 1);
   *it++ = value;
   return base_iterator(out, it);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS OutputIt write(OutputIt out, const Char* value) {
-  if (!value) {
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("string pointer is null"));
-  } else {
-    auto length = std::char_traits<Char>::length(value);
-    out = write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(value, length));
-  }
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* value) -> OutputIt {
+  if (value) return write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(value));
+  report_error("string pointer is null");
   return out;
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, void>::value)>
-OutputIt write(OutputIt out, const T* value,
-               const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs = {}, locale_ref = {}) {
-  check_pointer_type_spec(specs.type, error_handler());
-  return write_ptr<Char>(out, to_uintptr(value), &specs);
+auto write(OutputIt out, const T* value, const format_specs& specs = {},
+           locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(value), &specs);
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) ->
-    typename std::enable_if<
-        mapped_type_constant<T, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>::value ==
-            type::custom_type,
-        OutputIt>::type {
-  using context_type = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>;
-  using formatter_type =
-      conditional_t<has_formatter<T, context_type>::value,
-                    typename context_type::template formatter_type<T>,
-                    fallback_formatter<T, Char>>;
-  context_type ctx(out, {}, {});
-  return formatter_type().format(value, ctx);
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(mapped_type_constant<T, Char>::value ==
+                            type::custom_type &&
+                        !std::is_fundamental<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto f = formatter<T, Char>();
+  auto parse_ctx = parse_context<Char>({});
+  f.parse(parse_ctx);
+  auto ctx = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>(out, {}, {});
+  return f.format(value, ctx);
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+using is_builtin =
+    bool_constant<std::is_same<T, int>::value || FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES>;
+
 // An argument visitor that formats the argument and writes it via the output
 // iterator. It's a class and not a generic lambda for compatibility with C++11.
 template <typename Char> struct default_arg_formatter {
-  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
-  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+  using context = buffered_context<Char>;
 
-  iterator out;
-  basic_format_args<context> args;
-  locale_ref loc;
+  basic_appender<Char> out;
 
-  template <typename T> auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
-    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  void operator()(monostate) { report_error("argument not found"); }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_builtin<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    write<Char>(out, value);
   }
-  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle h) -> iterator {
-    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx({});
-    context format_ctx(out, args, loc);
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_builtin<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
+  }
+
+  void operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle h) {
+    // Use a null locale since the default format must be unlocalized.
+    auto parse_ctx = parse_context<Char>({});
+    auto format_ctx = context(out, {}, {});
     h.format(parse_ctx, format_ctx);
-    return format_ctx.out();
   }
 };
 
 template <typename Char> struct arg_formatter {
-  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
-  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+  basic_appender<Char> out;
+  const format_specs& specs;
+  FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS locale_ref locale;
 
-  iterator out;
-  const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs;
-  locale_ref locale;
-
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
-    return detail::write(out, value, specs, locale);
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_builtin<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void operator()(T value) {
+    detail::write<Char>(out, value, specs, locale);
   }
-  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle) -> iterator {
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_builtin<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
+  }
+
+  void operator()(typename basic_format_arg<buffered_context<Char>>::handle) {
     // User-defined types are handled separately because they require access
     // to the parse context.
-    return out;
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char> struct custom_formatter {
-  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_ctx;
-  buffer_context<Char>& ctx;
-
-  void operator()(
-      typename basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>::handle h) const {
-    h.format(parse_ctx, ctx);
-  }
-  template <typename T> void operator()(T) const {}
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-using is_integer =
-    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
-                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
-                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
-
-template <typename ErrorHandler> class width_checker {
- public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
-
+struct dynamic_spec_getter {
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
-    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative width");
-    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    return is_negative(value) ? ~0ull : static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
-    handler_.on_error("width is not integer");
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    report_error("width/precision is not integer");
     return 0;
   }
-
- private:
-  ErrorHandler& handler_;
 };
 
-template <typename ErrorHandler> class precision_checker {
- public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
-
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
-    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative precision");
-    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
-    handler_.on_error("precision is not integer");
-    return 0;
-  }
-
- private:
-  ErrorHandler& handler_;
-};
-
-template <template <typename> class Handler, typename FormatArg,
-          typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR int get_dynamic_spec(FormatArg arg, ErrorHandler eh) {
-  unsigned long long value = visit_format_arg(Handler<ErrorHandler>(eh), arg);
-  if (value > to_unsigned(max_value<int>())) eh.on_error("number is too big");
-  return static_cast<int>(value);
+template <typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_dynamic_spec(
+    arg_id_kind kind, int& value,
+    const arg_ref<typename Context::char_type>& ref, Context& ctx) {
+  if (kind == arg_id_kind::none) return;
+  auto arg =
+      kind == arg_id_kind::index ? ctx.arg(ref.index) : ctx.arg(ref.name);
+  if (!arg) report_error("argument not found");
+  unsigned long long result = arg.visit(dynamic_spec_getter());
+  if (result > to_unsigned(max_value<int>()))
+    report_error("width/precision is out of range");
+  value = static_cast<int>(result);
 }
 
-template <typename Context, typename ID>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename Context::format_arg get_arg(Context& ctx, ID id) {
-  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
-  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument not found");
-  return arg;
-}
-
-// The standard format specifier handler with checking.
-template <typename Char> class specs_handler : public specs_setter<Char> {
- private:
-  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_context_;
-  buffer_context<Char>& context_;
-
-  // This is only needed for compatibility with gcc 4.4.
-  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(auto_id) {
-    return detail::get_arg(context_, parse_context_.next_arg_id());
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(int arg_id) {
-    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-    return detail::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) {
-    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
-    return detail::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
-  }
-
- public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_handler(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
-                              basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_ctx,
-                              buffer_context<Char>& ctx)
-      : specs_setter<Char>(specs), parse_context_(parse_ctx), context_(ctx) {}
-
-  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
-    this->specs_.width = get_dynamic_spec<width_checker>(
-        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
-  }
-
-  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
-    this->specs_.precision = get_dynamic_spec<precision_checker>(
-        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
-  }
-
-  void on_error(const char* message) { context_.on_error(message); }
-};
-
-template <template <typename> class Handler, typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_dynamic_spec(int& value,
-                                       arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
-                                       Context& ctx) {
-  switch (ref.kind) {
-  case arg_id_kind::none:
-    break;
-  case arg_id_kind::index:
-    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.index),
-                                              ctx.error_handler());
-    break;
-  case arg_id_kind::name:
-    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.name),
-                                              ctx.error_handler());
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
-// Converts a compile-time string to basic_string_view.
-template <typename Char, size_t N>
-constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(const Char (&s)[N])
-    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  // Remove trailing NUL character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
-  // with a raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
-  return {s, N - (std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0 ? 1 : 0)};
-}
-template <typename Char>
-constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(std_string_view<Char> s)
-    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
-  return {s.data(), s.size()};
-}
-
-#define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base, explicit)                                 \
-  [] {                                                                     \
-    /* Use the hidden visibility as a workaround for a GCC bug (#1973). */ \
-    /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */               \
-    struct FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN FMT_COMPILE_STRING : base {           \
-      using char_type = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>;               \
-      FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit                              \
-      operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const {                 \
-        return fmt::detail::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s);          \
-      }                                                                    \
-    };                                                                     \
-    return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                           \
-  }()
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Constructs a compile-time format string from a string literal *s*.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
-    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
-  \endrst
- */
-#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::compile_string, )
-
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-template <typename Char, size_t N> struct fixed_string {
-  constexpr fixed_string(const Char (&str)[N]) {
-    copy_str<Char, const Char*, Char*>(static_cast<const Char*>(str), str + N,
-                                       data);
-  }
-  Char data[N]{};
-};
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
-template <typename Char> struct udl_formatter {
-  basic_string_view<Char> str;
-
-  template <typename... T>
-  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(T&&... args) const {
-    return vformat(str, fmt::make_args_checked<T...>(str, args...));
-  }
-};
-
-#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
-struct statically_named_arg : view {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct static_named_arg : view {
   static constexpr auto name = Str.data;
 
   const T& value;
-  statically_named_arg(const T& v) : value(v) {}
+  static_named_arg(const T& v) : value(v) {}
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
-struct is_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_named_arg<static_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {};
 
-template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
-struct is_statically_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>>
-    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_static_named_arg<static_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {
+};
 
-template <typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str> struct udl_arg {
+template <typename Char, size_t N, fmt::detail::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_arg {
   template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const {
-    return statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>(std::forward<T>(value));
+    return static_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>(std::forward<T>(value));
   }
 };
-#  else
+#else
 template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
   const Char* str;
 
-  template <typename T> named_arg<Char, T> operator=(T&& value) const {
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const -> named_arg<Char, T> {
     return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
   }
 };
-#  endif
-#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+#endif  // FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
 
-template <typename Locale, typename Char>
-std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const Locale& loc, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
-  return {buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
-}
+template <typename Char = char> struct format_handler {
+  parse_context<Char> parse_ctx;
+  buffered_context<Char> ctx;
 
+  void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    copy_noinline<Char>(begin, end, ctx.out());
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return parse_ctx.next_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+    parse_ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+    parse_ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    int arg_id = ctx.arg_id(id);
+    if (arg_id < 0) report_error("argument not found");
+    return arg_id;
+  }
+
+  FMT_INLINE void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char*) {
+    ctx.arg(id).visit(default_arg_formatter<Char>{ctx.out()});
+  }
+
+  auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+      -> const Char* {
+    auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+    if (!arg) report_error("argument not found");
+    // Not using a visitor for custom types gives better codegen.
+    if (arg.format_custom(begin, parse_ctx, ctx)) return parse_ctx.begin();
+
+    auto specs = dynamic_format_specs<Char>();
+    begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, specs, parse_ctx, arg.type());
+    if (specs.dynamic()) {
+      handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, specs.width_ref,
+                          ctx);
+      handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), specs.precision,
+                          specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+    }
+
+    arg.visit(arg_formatter<Char>{ctx.out(), specs, ctx.locale()});
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_error(const char* message) { report_error(message); }
+};
+
+// It is used in format-inl.h and os.cc.
 using format_func = void (*)(detail::buffer<char>&, int, const char*);
+FMT_API void do_report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                             const char* message) noexcept;
 
 FMT_API void format_error_code(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                               string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+                               string_view message) noexcept;
 
-FMT_API void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
-                          const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+template <typename T, typename Char, type TYPE>
+template <typename FormatContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto native_formatter<T, Char, TYPE>::format(
+    const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  if (!specs_.dynamic())
+    return write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
+  auto specs = format_specs(specs_);
+  handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, specs_.width_ref,
+                      ctx);
+  handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), specs.precision,
+                      specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+  return write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs, ctx.locale());
+}
+}  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_API std::system_error vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
-                                        format_args args);
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// A generic formatting context with custom output iterator and character
+// (code unit) support. Char is the format string code unit type which can be
+// different from OutputIt::value_type.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class generic_context {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<generic_context> args_;
+  locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  enum { builtin_types = FMT_BUILTIN_TYPES };
+
+  constexpr generic_context(OutputIt out,
+                            basic_format_args<generic_context> args,
+                            locale_ref loc = {})
+      : out_(out), args_(args), loc_(loc) {}
+  generic_context(generic_context&&) = default;
+  generic_context(const generic_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const generic_context&) = delete;
+
+  constexpr auto arg(int id) const -> basic_format_arg<generic_context> {
+    return args_.get(id);
+  }
+  auto arg(basic_string_view<Char> name) const
+      -> basic_format_arg<generic_context> {
+    return args_.get(name);
+  }
+  constexpr auto arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
+    return args_.get_id(name);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto out() const -> iterator { return out_; }
+
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto locale() const -> locale_ref { return loc_; }
+};
+
+class loc_value {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<context> value_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T value) : value_(value) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T) {}
+
+  template <typename Visitor> auto visit(Visitor&& vis) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+    return value_.visit(vis);
+  }
+};
+
+// A locale facet that formats values in UTF-8.
+// It is parameterized on the locale to avoid the heavy <locale> include.
+template <typename Locale> class format_facet : public Locale::facet {
+ private:
+  std::string separator_;
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::string decimal_point_;
+
+ protected:
+  virtual auto do_put(appender out, loc_value val,
+                      const format_specs& specs) const -> bool;
+
+ public:
+  static FMT_API typename Locale::id id;
+
+  explicit format_facet(Locale& loc);
+  explicit format_facet(string_view sep = "", std::string grouping = "\3",
+                        std::string decimal_point = ".")
+      : separator_(sep.data(), sep.size()),
+        grouping_(grouping),
+        decimal_point_(decimal_point) {}
+
+  auto put(appender out, loc_value val, const format_specs& specs) const
+      -> bool {
+    return do_put(out, val, specs);
+  }
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base)                                   \
+  template <typename Char>                                          \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {            \
+    template <typename FormatContext>                               \
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(Type value, FormatContext& ctx) const \
+        -> decltype(ctx.out()) {                                    \
+      return formatter<Base, Char>::format(value, ctx);             \
+    }                                                               \
+  }
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, detail::long_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, detail::ulong_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(detail::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(void*, const void*);
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
+class formatter<std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Allocator>, Char>
+    : public formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {};
+
+template <int N, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::bitint<N>, Char> : formatter<long long, Char> {};
+template <int N, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::ubitint<N>, Char>
+    : formatter<unsigned long long, Char> {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::float128, Char>
+    : detail::native_formatter<detail::float128, Char,
+                               detail::type::float_type> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char, void_t<detail::format_as_result<T>>>
+    : formatter<detail::format_as_result<T>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto&& val = format_as(value);  // Make an lvalue reference for format.
+    return formatter<detail::format_as_result<T>, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
 
 /**
- \rst
- Constructs :class:`std::system_error` with a message formatted with
- ``fmt::format(message, args...)``.
-  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
-
- **Example**::
-
-   // This throws std::system_error with the description
-   //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
-   // or similar (system message may vary).
-   const char* filename = "madeup";
-   std::FILE* file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
-   if (!file)
-     throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
- \endrst
-*/
-template <typename... Args>
-std::system_error system_error(int error_code, string_view message,
-                               const Args&... args) {
-  return vsystem_error(error_code, message, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+ * Converts `p` to `const void*` for pointer formatting.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::ptr(p));
+ */
+template <typename T> auto ptr(T p) -> const void* {
+  static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "fmt::ptr used with non-pointer");
+  return detail::bit_cast<const void*>(p);
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats an error message for an error returned by an operating system or a
-  language runtime, for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out*.
-  The format is the same as the one used by ``std::system_error(ec, message)``
-  where ``ec`` is ``std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category()})``.
-  It is implementation-defined but normally looks like:
-
-  .. parsed-literal::
-     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
-
-  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is the system
-  message corresponding to the error code.
-  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
-  \endrst
+ * Converts `e` to the underlying type.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     enum class color { red, green, blue };
+ *     auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::underlying(color::red));  // s == "0"
  */
-FMT_API void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                                 const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+template <typename Enum>
+constexpr auto underlying(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
 
-// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
-// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
-FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code,
-                                 const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+namespace enums {
+template <typename Enum, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Enum>::value)>
+constexpr auto format_as(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+}  // namespace enums
 
-/** Fast integer formatter. */
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::byte, Char> : formatter<unsigned, Char> {
+  static auto format_as(std::byte b) -> unsigned char {
+    return static_cast<unsigned char>(b);
+  }
+  template <typename Context>
+  auto format(std::byte b, Context& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<unsigned, Char>::format(format_as(b), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+struct bytes {
+  string_view data;
+
+  inline explicit bytes(string_view s) : data(s) {}
+};
+
+template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::string_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width,
+                                specs.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), specs.precision,
+                                specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_bytes<char>(ctx.out(), b.data, specs);
+  }
+};
+
+// group_digits_view is not derived from view because it copies the argument.
+template <typename T> struct group_digits_view {
+  T value;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns a view that formats an integer value using ',' as a
+ * locale-independent thousands separator.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::group_digits(12345));
+ *     // Output: "12,345"
+ */
+template <typename T> auto group_digits(T value) -> group_digits_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<group_digits_view<T>> : formatter<T> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::int_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(group_digits_view<T> view, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width,
+                                specs.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), specs.precision,
+                                specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+    auto arg = detail::make_write_int_arg(view.value, specs.sign());
+    return detail::write_int(
+        ctx.out(), static_cast<detail::uint64_or_128_t<T>>(arg.abs_value),
+        arg.prefix, specs, detail::digit_grouping<char>("\3", ","));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct nested_view {
+  const formatter<T, Char>* fmt;
+  const T* value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<nested_view<T, Char>, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(nested_view<T, Char> view, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return view.fmt->format(*view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char> struct nested_formatter {
+ private:
+  basic_specs specs_;
+  int width_;
+  formatter<T, Char> formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr nested_formatter() : width_(0) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end) return it;
+    auto specs = format_specs();
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs);
+    specs_ = specs;
+    Char c = *it;
+    auto width_ref = detail::arg_ref<Char>();
+    if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '{') {
+      it = detail::parse_width(it, end, specs, width_ref, ctx);
+      width_ = specs.width;
+    }
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, typename F>
+  auto write_padded(FormatContext& ctx, F write) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    if (width_ == 0) return write(ctx.out());
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    write(basic_appender<Char>(buf));
+    auto specs = format_specs();
+    specs.width = width_;
+    specs.copy_fill_from(specs_);
+    specs.set_align(specs_.align());
+    return detail::write<Char>(
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+  auto nested(const T& value) const -> nested_view<T, Char> {
+    return nested_view<T, Char>{&formatter_, &value};
+  }
+};
+
+inline namespace literals {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <detail::fixed_string S> constexpr auto operator""_a() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(*S.data)>;
+  return detail::udl_arg<char_t, sizeof(S.data) / sizeof(char_t), S>();
+}
+#else
+/**
+ * User-defined literal equivalent of `fmt::arg`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     using namespace fmt::literals;
+ *     fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", "answer"_a=42);
+ */
+constexpr auto operator""_a(const char* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char> {
+  return {s};
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+}  // namespace literals
+
+/// A fast integer formatter.
 class format_int {
  private:
   // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
@@ -2290,12 +4170,14 @@ class format_int {
   mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
   char* str_;
 
-  template <typename UInt> char* format_unsigned(UInt value) {
+  template <typename UInt>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_unsigned(UInt value) -> char* {
     auto n = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<UInt>>(value);
-    return detail::format_decimal(buffer_, n, buffer_size - 1).begin;
+    return detail::do_format_decimal(buffer_, n, buffer_size - 1);
   }
 
-  template <typename Int> char* format_signed(Int value) {
+  template <typename Int>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_signed(Int value) -> char* {
     auto abs_value = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>>(value);
     bool negative = value < 0;
     if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
@@ -2305,538 +4187,209 @@ class format_int {
   }
 
  public:
-  explicit format_int(int value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
-  explicit format_int(long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
-  explicit format_int(long long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
-  explicit format_int(unsigned value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
-  explicit format_int(unsigned long value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
-  explicit format_int(unsigned long long value)
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(int value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(long value)
+      : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(long long value)
+      : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(unsigned value)
+      : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(unsigned long value)
+      : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit format_int(unsigned long long value)
       : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
 
-  /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
-  size_t size() const {
+  /// Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto size() const -> size_t {
     return detail::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
   }
 
-  /**
-    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
-    character is appended.
-   */
-  const char* data() const { return str_; }
+  /// Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+  /// character is appended.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto data() const -> const char* { return str_; }
 
-  /**
-    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
-    character appended.
-   */
-  const char* c_str() const {
+  /// Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+  /// character appended.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto c_str() const -> const char* {
     buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
     return str_;
   }
 
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  std::string str() const { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+  /// Returns the content of the output buffer as an `std::string`.
+  inline auto str() const -> std::string { return {str_, size()}; }
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-template <typename FormatContext>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto
-formatter<T, Char,
-          enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
-                      detail::type::custom_type>>::format(const T& val,
-                                                          FormatContext& ctx)
-    const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-  if (specs_.width_ref.kind != detail::arg_id_kind::none ||
-      specs_.precision_ref.kind != detail::arg_id_kind::none) {
-    auto specs = specs_;
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width,
-                                                       specs.width_ref, ctx);
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
-        specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
-    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs, ctx.locale());
-  }
-  return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
-}
-
-#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base)                                        \
-  template <typename Char>                                               \
-  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {                 \
-    template <typename FormatContext>                                    \
-    auto format(Type const& val, FormatContext& ctx) const               \
-        -> decltype(ctx.out()) {                                         \
-      return formatter<Base, Char>::format(static_cast<Base>(val), ctx); \
-    }                                                                    \
-  }
-
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, long long);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, unsigned long long);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
-FMT_FORMAT_AS(detail::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct formatter<void*, Char> : formatter<const void*, Char> {
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(void* val, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    return formatter<const void*, Char>::format(val, ctx);
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char, size_t N>
-struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const Char* val, FormatContext& ctx) const
-      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(val, ctx);
-  }
-};
-
-// A formatter for types known only at run time such as variant alternatives.
-//
-// Usage:
-//   using variant = std::variant<int, std::string>;
-//   template <>
-//   struct formatter<variant>: dynamic_formatter<> {
-//     auto format(const variant& v, format_context& ctx) {
-//       return visit([&](const auto& val) {
-//           return dynamic_formatter<>::format(val, ctx);
-//       }, v);
-//     }
-//   };
-template <typename Char = char> class dynamic_formatter {
- private:
-  struct null_handler : detail::error_handler {
-    void on_align(align_t) {}
-    void on_sign(sign_t) {}
-    void on_hash() {}
-  };
-
- public:
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    format_str_ = ctx.begin();
-    // Checks are deferred to formatting time when the argument type is known.
-    detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler(specs_, ctx);
-    return detail::parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T, typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    handle_specs(ctx);
-    detail::specs_checker<null_handler> checker(
-        null_handler(), detail::mapped_type_constant<T, FormatContext>::value);
-    checker.on_align(specs_.align);
-    if (specs_.sign != sign::none) checker.on_sign(specs_.sign);
-    if (specs_.alt) checker.on_hash();
-    if (specs_.precision >= 0) checker.end_precision();
-    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
-  }
-
- private:
-  template <typename Context> void handle_specs(Context& ctx) {
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
-                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
-        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
-  }
-
-  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
-  const Char* format_str_;
-};
+#if FMT_CLANG_ANALYZER
+#  define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base) s
+#else
+#  define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base)                                           \
+    [] {                                                                     \
+      /* Use the hidden visibility as a workaround for a GCC bug (#1973). */ \
+      /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */               \
+      struct FMT_VISIBILITY("hidden") FMT_COMPILE_STRING : base {            \
+        using char_type = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>;               \
+        constexpr explicit operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>()      \
+            const {                                                          \
+          return fmt::detail::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s);          \
+        }                                                                    \
+      };                                                                     \
+      using FMT_STRING_VIEW =                                                \
+          fmt::basic_string_view<typename FMT_COMPILE_STRING::char_type>;    \
+      fmt::detail::ignore_unused(FMT_STRING_VIEW(FMT_COMPILE_STRING()));     \
+      return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                           \
+    }()
+#endif  // FMT_CLANG_ANALYZER
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Converts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::ptr(p));
-  \endrst
+ * Constructs a legacy compile-time format string from a string literal `s`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+ *     std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
  */
-template <typename T> const void* ptr(T p) {
-  static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "");
-  return detail::bit_cast<const void*>(p);
-}
-template <typename T> const void* ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T>& p) {
-  return p.get();
-}
-template <typename T> const void* ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) {
-  return p.get();
-}
+#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compile_string)
 
-class bytes {
- private:
-  string_view data_;
-  friend struct formatter<bytes>;
-
- public:
-  explicit bytes(string_view data) : data_(data) {}
-};
-
-template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
- private:
-  detail::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs_;
-
- public:
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    using handler_type = detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
-    detail::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
-                                                detail::type::string_type);
-    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
-    detail::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, ctx.error_handler());
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
-                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
-    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
-        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
-    return detail::write_bytes(ctx.out(), b.data_, specs_);
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
-struct join_view : detail::view {
-  It begin;
-  Sentinel end;
-  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
-
-  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
-      : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
-};
-
-template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
-using arg_join FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>;
-
-template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
-struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
- private:
-  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
-  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
-  using mapper = detail::arg_mapper<context>;
-
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<T, context>::value)>
-  static auto map(const T& value) -> const T& {
-    return value;
-  }
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<T, context>::value)>
-  static auto map(const T& value) -> decltype(mapper().map(value)) {
-    return mapper().map(value);
-  }
-
-  using formatter_type =
-      conditional_t<is_formattable<value_type>::value,
-                    formatter<remove_cvref_t<decltype(map(
-                                  std::declval<const value_type&>()))>,
-                              Char>,
-                    detail::fallback_formatter<value_type, Char>>;
-
-  formatter_type value_formatter_;
-
- public:
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>& value, FormatContext& ctx)
-      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    auto it = value.begin;
-    auto out = ctx.out();
-    if (it != value.end) {
-      out = value_formatter_.format(map(*it++), ctx);
-      while (it != value.end) {
-        out = detail::copy_str<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
-        ctx.advance_to(out);
-        out = value_formatter_.format(map(*it++), ctx);
-      }
-    }
-    return out;
-  }
-};
+FMT_API auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::system_error;
 
 /**
-  Returns an object that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with
-  elements separated by `sep`.
+ * Constructs `std::system_error` with a message formatted with
+ * `fmt::format(fmt, args...)`.
+ * `error_code` is a system error code as given by `errno`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // This throws std::system_error with the description
+ *     //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+ *     // or similar (system message may vary).
+ *     const char* filename = "madeup";
+ *     FILE* file = fopen(filename, "r");
+ *     if (!file)
+ *       throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
  */
-template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
-auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
-  return {begin, end, sep};
+template <typename... T>
+auto system_error(int error_code, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  return vsystem_error(error_code, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Returns an object that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
-    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
-    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
-
-  ``fmt::join`` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements::
-
-    fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
-    // Output: "01, 02, 03"
-  \endrst
+ * Formats an error message for an error returned by an operating system or a
+ * language runtime, for example a file opening error, and writes it to `out`.
+ * The format is the same as the one used by `std::system_error(ec, message)`
+ * where `ec` is `std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category())`.
+ * It is implementation-defined but normally looks like:
+ *
+ *     <message>: <system-message>
+ *
+ * where `<message>` is the passed message and `<system-message>` is the system
+ * message corresponding to the error code.
+ * `error_code` is a system error code as given by `errno`.
  */
-template <typename Range>
-auto join(Range&& range, string_view sep)
-    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>> {
-  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+FMT_API void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                 const char* message) noexcept;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+
+inline auto vformat(locale_ref loc, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::string {
+  auto buf = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, loc);
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE auto format(locale_ref loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(loc, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, locale_ref loc, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, loc);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, locale_ref loc, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                          T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return fmt::vformat_to(out, loc, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(locale_ref loc,
+                                             format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}}, loc);
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_API auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string;
+
+/**
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and returns the result
+ * as a string.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     #include <fmt/format.h>
+ *     std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Converts *value* to ``std::string`` using the default format for type *T*.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    #include <fmt/format.h>
-
-    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
-  \endrst
+ * Converts `value` to `std::string` using the default format for type `T`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
  */
-template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline std::string to_string(const T& value) {
-  std::string result;
-  detail::write<char>(std::back_inserter(result), value);
-  return result;
-}
-
 template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-inline std::string to_string(T value) {
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING auto to_string(T value) -> std::string {
   // The buffer should be large enough to store the number including the sign
   // or "false" for bool.
-  constexpr int max_size = detail::digits10<T>() + 2;
-  char buffer[max_size > 5 ? static_cast<unsigned>(max_size) : 5];
-  char* begin = buffer;
-  return std::string(begin, detail::write<char>(begin, value));
+  char buffer[max_of(detail::digits10<T>() + 2, 5)];
+  return {buffer, detail::write<char>(buffer, value)};
 }
 
-template <typename Char, size_t SIZE>
-std::basic_string<Char> to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf) {
-  auto size = buf.size();
-  detail::assume(size < std::basic_string<Char>().max_size());
-  return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), size);
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::use_format_as<T>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING auto to_string(const T& value)
+    -> std::string {
+  return to_string(format_as(value));
 }
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename Char>
-void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
-                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args,
-                locale_ref loc) {
-  auto out = buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
-  if (fmt.size() == 2 && equal2(fmt.data(), "{}")) {
-    auto arg = args.get(0);
-    if (!arg) error_handler().on_error("argument not found");
-    visit_format_arg(default_arg_formatter<Char>{out, args, loc}, arg);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  struct format_handler : error_handler {
-    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
-    buffer_context<Char> context;
-
-    format_handler(buffer_appender<Char> out, basic_string_view<Char> str,
-                   basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args, locale_ref loc)
-        : parse_context(str), context(out, args, loc) {}
-
-    void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
-      auto text = basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin));
-      context.advance_to(write<Char>(context.out(), text));
-    }
-
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR int on_arg_id() { return parse_context.next_arg_id(); }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR int on_arg_id(int id) {
-      return parse_context.check_arg_id(id), id;
-    }
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR int on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
-      int arg_id = context.arg_id(id);
-      if (arg_id < 0) on_error("argument not found");
-      return arg_id;
-    }
-
-    FMT_INLINE void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char*) {
-      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
-      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(
-          default_arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), context.args(),
-                                      context.locale()},
-          arg));
-    }
-
-    const Char* on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
-      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
-      if (arg.type() == type::custom_type) {
-        parse_context.advance_to(parse_context.begin() +
-                                 (begin - &*parse_context.begin()));
-        visit_format_arg(custom_formatter<Char>{parse_context, context}, arg);
-        return parse_context.begin();
-      }
-      auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
-      specs_checker<specs_handler<Char>> handler(
-          specs_handler<Char>(specs, parse_context, context), arg.type());
-      begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
-      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
-        on_error("missing '}' in format string");
-      auto f =
-          detail::arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), specs, context.locale()};
-      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(f, arg));
-      return begin;
-    }
-  };
-  parse_format_string<false>(fmt, format_handler(out, fmt, args, loc));
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                                    !detail::use_format_as<T>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_CONSTEXPR_STRING auto to_string(const T& value)
+    -> std::string {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::write<char>(appender(buffer), value);
+  return {buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
 }
 
-#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-
-extern template void vformat_to(detail::buffer<char>&, string_view,
-                                basic_format_args<format_context>,
-                                detail::locale_ref);
-
-extern template FMT_API std::string grouping_impl<char>(locale_ref loc);
-extern template FMT_API std::string grouping_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref loc);
-extern template FMT_API char thousands_sep_impl<char>(locale_ref loc);
-extern template FMT_API wchar_t thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref loc);
-extern template FMT_API char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc);
-extern template FMT_API wchar_t decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc);
-extern template int format_float<double>(double value, int precision,
-                                         float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf);
-extern template int format_float<long double>(long double value, int precision,
-                                              float_specs specs,
-                                              buffer<char>& buf);
-void snprintf_float(float, int, float_specs, buffer<char>&) = delete;
-extern template int snprintf_float<double>(double value, int precision,
-                                           float_specs specs,
-                                           buffer<char>& buf);
-extern template int snprintf_float<long double>(long double value,
-                                                int precision,
-                                                float_specs specs,
-                                                buffer<char>& buf);
-#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-inline namespace literals {
-/**
-  \rst
-  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    using namespace fmt::literals;
-    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
-  \endrst
- */
-#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-template <detail::fixed_string Str>
-constexpr auto operator""_a()
-    -> detail::udl_arg<remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>,
-                       sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(decltype(Str.data[0])), Str> {
-  return {};
-}
-#else
-constexpr auto operator"" _a(const char* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char> {
-  return {s};
-}
-#endif
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::format`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    using namespace fmt::literals;
-    std::string message = "The answer is {}"_format(42);
-  \endrst
- */
-constexpr auto operator"" _format(const char* s, size_t n)
-    -> detail::udl_formatter<char> {
-  return {{s, n}};
-}
-}  // namespace literals
-
-template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
-auto vformat(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
-    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
-  return to_string(buffer);
-}
-
-// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
-// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
-template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
-auto format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
-  return vformat(to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
-}
-
-template <typename Locale, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
-inline std::string vformat(const Locale& loc, string_view fmt,
-                           format_args args) {
-  return detail::vformat(loc, fmt, args);
-}
-
-template <typename Locale, typename... T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
-inline std::string format(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt,
-                          T&&... args) {
-  return vformat(loc, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-}
-
-template <typename... T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
-inline auto format_to(basic_memory_buffer<char, SIZE, Allocator>& buf,
-                      format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> appender {
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-  return appender(buf);
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
-                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
-auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, string_view fmt,
-                format_args args) -> OutputIt {
-  using detail::get_buffer;
-  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
-  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename... T,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
-                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
-FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc,
-                          format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
-  return vformat_to(out, loc, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
-}
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
-#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_XCHAR
-#  include "xchar.h"
-#endif
-
 #ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
 #  define FMT_FUNC inline
 #  include "format-inl.h"
-#else
-#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+// Restore _LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES.
+#ifdef FMT_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
+#  undef _LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
 #endif
 
 #endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/locale.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/locale.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7571b52..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/locale.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#include "xchar.h"
-#warning fmt/locale.h is deprecated, include fmt/format.h or fmt/xchar.h instead
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/os.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
index c447831..94d730d 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
@@ -8,30 +8,34 @@
 #ifndef FMT_OS_H_
 #define FMT_OS_H_
 
-#include <cerrno>
-#include <clocale>  // locale_t
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>       // strtod_l
-#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
-
-#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
-#  include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
-#endif
-
 #include "format.h"
 
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <cerrno>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdio>
+#  include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<xlocale.h>)
+#    include <xlocale.h>  // LC_NUMERIC_MASK on macOS
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_MODULE
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FCNTL
 // UWP doesn't provide _pipe.
-#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
-#  include <winapifamily.h>
-#endif
-#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
-     defined(__linux__)) &&                              \
-    (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
-#  include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
-#  define FMT_USE_FCNTL 1
-#else
-#  define FMT_USE_FCNTL 0
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#    include <winapifamily.h>
+#  endif
+#  if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+       defined(__linux__)) &&                              \
+      (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) ||                          \
+       (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP)) &&    \
+      !defined(__wasm__)
+#    include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 0
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_POSIX
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@
 
 // Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
 #ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
+#  define FMT_HAS_SYSTEM
 #  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
 #else
 #  define FMT_SYSTEM(call) ::call
@@ -70,144 +75,88 @@
 #define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
-  string or ``std::string``.
-
-  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
-
-  +---------------+-----------------------------+
-  | Type          | Definition                  |
-  +===============+=============================+
-  | cstring_view  | basic_cstring_view<char>    |
-  +---------------+-----------------------------+
-  | wcstring_view | basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> |
-  +---------------+-----------------------------+
-
-  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
-  different types of strings to a function, for example::
-
-    template <typename... Args>
-    std::string format(cstring_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
-
-    format("{}", 42);
-    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
-  \endrst
+ * A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
+ * string or `std::string`.
+ *
+ * You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+ *
+ * +---------------+-----------------------------+
+ * | Type          | Definition                  |
+ * +===============+=============================+
+ * | cstring_view  | basic_cstring_view<char>    |
+ * +---------------+-----------------------------+
+ * | wcstring_view | basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> |
+ * +---------------+-----------------------------+
+ *
+ * This class is most useful as a parameter type for functions that wrap C APIs.
  */
 template <typename Char> class basic_cstring_view {
  private:
   const Char* data_;
 
  public:
-  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
+  /// Constructs a string reference object from a C string.
   basic_cstring_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {}
 
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Constructs a string reference from an ``std::string`` object.
-    \endrst
-   */
+  /// Constructs a string reference from an `std::string` object.
   basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char>& s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
 
-  /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
-  const Char* c_str() const { return data_; }
+  /// Returns the pointer to a C string.
+  auto c_str() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
 };
 
 using cstring_view = basic_cstring_view<char>;
 using wcstring_view = basic_cstring_view<wchar_t>;
 
-template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::error_code, Char> {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const std::error_code& ec, FormatContext& ctx) const
-      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    auto out = ctx.out();
-    out = detail::write_bytes(out, ec.category().name(),
-                              basic_format_specs<Char>());
-    out = detail::write<Char>(out, Char(':'));
-    out = detail::write<Char>(out, ec.value());
-    return out;
-  }
-};
-
 #ifdef _WIN32
-FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-// A converter from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
-// It is only provided for Windows since other systems support UTF-8 natively.
-class utf16_to_utf8 {
- private:
-  memory_buffer buffer_;
-
- public:
-  utf16_to_utf8() {}
-  FMT_API explicit utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
-  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
-  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
-  const char* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
-  std::string str() const { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
-
-  // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
-  // throwing exception on conversion error. This method may still throw
-  // in case of memory allocation error.
-  FMT_API int convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
-};
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept;
 
+namespace detail {
 FMT_API void format_windows_error(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+                                  const char* message) noexcept;
+}
 
-FMT_API std::system_error vwindows_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+FMT_API std::system_error vwindows_error(int error_code, string_view fmt,
                                          format_args args);
 
 /**
- \rst
- Constructs a :class:`std::system_error` object with the description
- of the form
-
- .. parsed-literal::
-   *<message>*: *<system-message>*
-
- where *<message>* is the formatted message and *<system-message>* is the
- system message corresponding to the error code.
- *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
- If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
- will look like "error -1".
-
- **Example**::
-
-   // This throws a system_error with the description
-   //   cannot open file 'madeup': The system cannot find the file specified.
-   // or similar (system message may vary).
-   const char *filename = "madeup";
-   LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
-   HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
-   if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
-     throw fmt::windows_error(GetLastError(),
-                              "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
-   }
- \endrst
-*/
-template <typename... Args>
-std::system_error windows_error(int error_code, string_view message,
-                                const Args&... args) {
-  return vwindows_error(error_code, message, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+ * Constructs a `std::system_error` object with the description of the form
+ *
+ *     <message>: <system-message>
+ *
+ * where `<message>` is the formatted message and `<system-message>` is the
+ * system message corresponding to the error code.
+ * `error_code` is a Windows error code as given by `GetLastError`.
+ * If `error_code` is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+ * will look like "error -1".
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     // This throws a system_error with the description
+ *     //   cannot open file 'foo': The system cannot find the file specified.
+ *     // or similar (system message may vary) if the file doesn't exist.
+ *     const char *filename = "foo";
+ *     LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
+ *     HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
+ *     if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
+ *       throw fmt::windows_error(GetLastError(),
+ *                                "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+ *     }
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+auto windows_error(int error_code, string_view message, const T&... args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  return vwindows_error(error_code, message, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
 }
 
 // Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
 // Can be used to report errors from destructors.
-FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code,
-                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
 #else
-inline const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+inline auto system_category() noexcept -> const std::error_category& {
   return std::system_category();
 }
 #endif  // _WIN32
@@ -215,8 +164,8 @@ inline const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
 // std::system is not available on some platforms such as iOS (#2248).
 #ifdef __OSX__
 template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-void say(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  std::system(format("say \"{}\"", format(format_str, args...)).c_str());
+void say(const S& fmt, Args&&... args) {
+  std::system(format("say \"{}\"", format(fmt, args...)).c_str());
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -227,24 +176,24 @@ class buffered_file {
 
   friend class file;
 
-  explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
+  inline explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
 
  public:
   buffered_file(const buffered_file&) = delete;
   void operator=(const buffered_file&) = delete;
 
   // Constructs a buffered_file object which doesn't represent any file.
-  buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(nullptr) {}
+  inline buffered_file() noexcept : file_(nullptr) {}
 
   // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
-  FMT_API ~buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+  FMT_API ~buffered_file() noexcept;
 
  public:
-  buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(other.file_) {
+  inline buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) noexcept : file_(other.file_) {
     other.file_ = nullptr;
   }
 
-  buffered_file& operator=(buffered_file&& other) {
+  inline auto operator=(buffered_file&& other) -> buffered_file& {
     close();
     file_ = other.file_;
     other.file_ = nullptr;
@@ -258,36 +207,35 @@ class buffered_file {
   FMT_API void close();
 
   // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
-  FILE* get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return file_; }
+  inline auto get() const noexcept -> FILE* { return file_; }
 
-  // We place parentheses around fileno to workaround a bug in some versions
-  // of MinGW that define fileno as a macro.
-  FMT_API int(fileno)() const;
+  FMT_API auto descriptor() const -> int;
 
-  void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
-    fmt::vprint(file_, format_str, args);
-  }
-
-  template <typename... Args>
-  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
-    vprint(format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  template <typename... T>
+  inline void print(string_view fmt, const T&... args) {
+    fmt::vargs<T...> vargs = {{args...}};
+    detail::is_locking<T...>() ? fmt::vprint_buffered(file_, fmt, vargs)
+                               : fmt::vprint(file_, fmt, vargs);
   }
 };
 
 #if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
 // A file. Closed file is represented by a file object with descriptor -1.
-// Methods that are not declared with FMT_NOEXCEPT may throw
+// Methods that are not declared with noexcept may throw
 // fmt::system_error in case of failure. Note that some errors such as
 // closing the file multiple times will cause a crash on Windows rather
 // than an exception. You can get standard behavior by overriding the
 // invalid parameter handler with _set_invalid_parameter_handler.
-class file {
+class FMT_API file {
  private:
   int fd_;  // File descriptor.
 
   // Constructs a file object with a given descriptor.
   explicit file(int fd) : fd_(fd) {}
 
+  friend struct pipe;
+
  public:
   // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
   enum {
@@ -300,19 +248,19 @@ class file {
   };
 
   // Constructs a file object which doesn't represent any file.
-  file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(-1) {}
+  inline file() noexcept : fd_(-1) {}
 
   // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file.
-  FMT_API file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
+  file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
 
  public:
   file(const file&) = delete;
   void operator=(const file&) = delete;
 
-  file(file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
+  inline file(file&& other) noexcept : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
 
   // Move assignment is not noexcept because close may throw.
-  file& operator=(file&& other) {
+  inline auto operator=(file&& other) -> file& {
     close();
     fd_ = other.fd_;
     other.fd_ = -1;
@@ -320,54 +268,65 @@ class file {
   }
 
   // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
-  FMT_API ~file() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+  ~file() noexcept;
 
   // Returns the file descriptor.
-  int descriptor() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return fd_; }
+  inline auto descriptor() const noexcept -> int { return fd_; }
 
   // Closes the file.
-  FMT_API void close();
+  void close();
 
   // Returns the file size. The size has signed type for consistency with
   // stat::st_size.
-  FMT_API long long size() const;
+  auto size() const -> long long;
 
   // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
-  FMT_API size_t read(void* buffer, size_t count);
+  auto read(void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t;
 
   // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
-  FMT_API size_t write(const void* buffer, size_t count);
+  auto write(const void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t;
 
   // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
   // the duplicate as a file object.
-  FMT_API static file dup(int fd);
+  static auto dup(int fd) -> file;
 
   // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
   // necessary.
-  FMT_API void dup2(int fd);
+  void dup2(int fd);
 
   // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
   // necessary.
-  FMT_API void dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-
-  // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
-  // and writing respectively.
-  FMT_API static void pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end);
+  void dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
   // Creates a buffered_file object associated with this file and detaches
   // this file object from the file.
-  FMT_API buffered_file fdopen(const char* mode);
+  auto fdopen(const char* mode) -> buffered_file;
+
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file by
+  // wcstring_view filename. Windows only.
+  static file open_windows_file(wcstring_view path, int oflag);
+#  endif
+};
+
+struct FMT_API pipe {
+  file read_end;
+  file write_end;
+
+  // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
+  // and writing respectively.
+  pipe();
 };
 
 // Returns the memory page size.
-long getpagesize();
+auto getpagesize() -> long;
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
 
 struct buffer_size {
-  buffer_size() = default;
+  constexpr buffer_size() = default;
   size_t value = 0;
-  buffer_size operator=(size_t val) const {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(size_t val) const -> buffer_size {
     auto bs = buffer_size();
     bs.value = val;
     return bs;
@@ -378,7 +337,7 @@ struct ostream_params {
   int oflag = file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC;
   size_t buffer_size = BUFSIZ > 32768 ? BUFSIZ : 32768;
 
-  ostream_params() {}
+  constexpr ostream_params() {}
 
   template <typename... T>
   ostream_params(T... params, int new_oflag) : ostream_params(params...) {
@@ -390,126 +349,79 @@ struct ostream_params {
       : ostream_params(params...) {
     this->buffer_size = bs.value;
   }
+
+// Intel has a bug that results in failure to deduce a constructor
+// for empty parameter packs.
+#  if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 2000
+  ostream_params(int new_oflag) : oflag(new_oflag) {}
+  ostream_params(detail::buffer_size bs) : buffer_size(bs.value) {}
+#  endif
 };
 
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+}  // namespace detail
 
-static constexpr detail::buffer_size buffer_size;
+FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr auto buffer_size = detail::buffer_size();
 
-/** A fast output stream which is not thread-safe. */
-class FMT_API ostream final : private detail::buffer<char> {
+/// A fast buffered output stream for writing from a single thread. Writing from
+/// multiple threads without external synchronization may result in a data race.
+class ostream : private detail::buffer<char> {
  private:
   file file_;
 
-  void flush() {
+  FMT_API ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params);
+
+  FMT_API static void grow(buffer<char>& buf, size_t);
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API ostream(ostream&& other) noexcept;
+  FMT_API ~ostream();
+
+  operator writer() {
+    detail::buffer<char>& buf = *this;
+    return buf;
+  }
+
+  inline void flush() {
     if (size() == 0) return;
-    file_.write(data(), size());
+    file_.write(data(), size() * sizeof(data()[0]));
     clear();
   }
 
-  void grow(size_t) override;
-
-  ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params)
-      : file_(path, params.oflag) {
-    set(new char[params.buffer_size], params.buffer_size);
-  }
-
- public:
-  ostream(ostream&& other)
-      : detail::buffer<char>(other.data(), other.size(), other.capacity()),
-        file_(std::move(other.file_)) {
-    other.clear();
-    other.set(nullptr, 0);
-  }
-  ~ostream() {
-    flush();
-    delete[] data();
-  }
-
   template <typename... T>
-  friend ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params);
+  friend auto output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) -> ostream;
 
-  void close() {
+  inline void close() {
     flush();
     file_.close();
   }
 
-  /**
-    Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
-    output to the file.
-   */
+  /// Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the
+  /// output to the file.
   template <typename... T> void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
-    vformat_to(detail::buffer_appender<char>(*this), fmt,
-               fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+    vformat_to(appender(*this), fmt.str, vargs<T...>{{args...}});
   }
 };
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Opens a file for writing. Supported parameters passed in *params*:
-
-  * ``<integer>``: Flags passed to `open
-    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904875/functions/open.html>`_
-    (``file::WRONLY | file::CREATE`` by default)
-  * ``buffer_size=<integer>``: Output buffer size
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
-    out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
-  \endrst
+ * Opens a file for writing. Supported parameters passed in `params`:
+ *
+ * - `<integer>`: Flags passed to [open](
+ *   https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904875/functions/open.html)
+ *   (`file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC` by default)
+ * - `buffer_size=<integer>`: Output buffer size
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+ *     out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
  */
 template <typename... T>
-inline ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) {
+inline auto output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) -> ostream {
   return {path, detail::ostream_params(params...)};
 }
 #endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
 
-#ifdef FMT_LOCALE
-// A "C" numeric locale.
-class locale {
- private:
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-  using locale_t = _locale_t;
-
-  static void freelocale(locale_t loc) { _free_locale(loc); }
-
-  static double strtod_l(const char* nptr, char** endptr, _locale_t loc) {
-    return _strtod_l(nptr, endptr, loc);
-  }
-#  endif
-
-  locale_t locale_;
-
- public:
-  using type = locale_t;
-  locale(const locale&) = delete;
-  void operator=(const locale&) = delete;
-
-  locale() {
-#  ifndef _WIN32
-    locale_ = FMT_SYSTEM(newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, "C", nullptr));
-#  else
-    locale_ = _create_locale(LC_NUMERIC, "C");
-#  endif
-    if (!locale_) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create locale"));
-  }
-  ~locale() { freelocale(locale_); }
-
-  type get() const { return locale_; }
-
-  // Converts string to floating-point number and advances str past the end
-  // of the parsed input.
-  double strtod(const char*& str) const {
-    char* end = nullptr;
-    double result = strtod_l(str, &end, locale_);
-    str = end;
-    return result;
-  }
-};
-using Locale FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = locale;
-#endif  // FMT_LOCALE
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_OS_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
index d66248a..bf2371b 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
@@ -8,93 +8,53 @@
 #ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
 #define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
 
-#include <ostream>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <fstream>  // std::filebuf
+#endif
 
-#include "format.h"
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  ifdef __GLIBCXX__
+#    include <ext/stdio_filebuf.h>
+#    include <ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h>
+#  endif
+#  include <io.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "chrono.h"  // formatbuf
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_STL_UPDATE
+#  define FMT_MSVC_STL_UPDATE _MSVC_STL_UPDATE
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1912  // VS 15.5
+#  define FMT_MSVC_STL_UPDATE _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSVC_STL_UPDATE 0
+#endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename Char> class basic_printf_parse_context;
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
-
 namespace detail {
 
-template <class Char> class formatbuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char> {
- private:
-  using int_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type;
-  using traits_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type;
-
-  buffer<Char>& buffer_;
-
- public:
-  formatbuf(buffer<Char>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
-
- protected:
-  // The put-area is actually always empty. This makes the implementation
-  // simpler and has the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always
-  // in sync and sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. The obvious
-  // disadvantage is that each call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call
-  // to overflow. There is no disadvantage here for sputn since this always
-  // results in a call to xsputn.
-
-  int_type overflow(int_type ch = traits_type::eof()) FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
-      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<Char>(ch));
-    return ch;
-  }
-
-  std::streamsize xsputn(const Char* s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
-    return count;
-  }
+// Generate a unique explicit instantiation in every translation unit using a
+// tag type in an anonymous namespace.
+namespace {
+struct file_access_tag {};
+}  // namespace
+template <typename Tag, typename BufType, FILE* BufType::*FileMemberPtr>
+class file_access {
+  friend auto get_file(BufType& obj) -> FILE* { return obj.*FileMemberPtr; }
 };
 
-struct converter {
-  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)> converter(T);
-};
-
-template <typename Char> struct test_stream : std::basic_ostream<Char> {
- private:
-  void_t<> operator<<(converter);
-};
-
-// Hide insertion operators for built-in types.
-template <typename Char, typename Traits>
-void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, Char);
-template <typename Char, typename Traits>
-void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, char);
-template <typename Traits>
-void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, char);
-template <typename Traits>
-void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, signed char);
-template <typename Traits>
-void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, unsigned char);
-
-// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<< (e.g. not a member of
-// std::ostream).
-template <typename T, typename Char> class is_streamable {
- private:
-  template <typename U>
-  static bool_constant<!std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<test_stream<Char>&>()
-                                              << std::declval<U>()),
-                                     void_t<>>::value>
-  test(int);
-
-  template <typename> static std::false_type test(...);
-
-  using result = decltype(test<T>(0));
-
- public:
-  is_streamable() = default;
-
-  static const bool value = result::value;
-};
+#if FMT_MSVC_STL_UPDATE
+template class file_access<file_access_tag, std::filebuf,
+                           &std::filebuf::_Myfile>;
+auto get_file(std::filebuf&) -> FILE*;
+#endif
 
 // Write the content of buf to os.
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of vprint to simplify testing.
 template <typename Char>
 void write_buffer(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
   const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
-  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  using unsigned_streamsize = make_unsigned_t<std::streamsize>;
   unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
   unsigned_streamsize max_size = to_unsigned(max_value<std::streamsize>());
   do {
@@ -105,77 +65,103 @@ void write_buffer(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
   } while (size != 0);
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename T>
-void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value,
-                  locale_ref loc = locale_ref()) {
-  formatbuf<Char> format_buf(buf);
-  std::basic_ostream<Char> output(&format_buf);
-#if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
-  if (loc) output.imbue(loc.get<std::locale>());
-#endif
-  output << value;
-  output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
-  buf.try_resize(buf.size());
-}
-
-// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct fallback_formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<is_streamable<T, Char>::value>>
-    : private formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
-      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::parse(ctx);
-  }
-  template <typename ParseCtx,
-            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
-                          ParseCtx, basic_printf_parse_context<Char>>::value)>
-  auto parse(ParseCtx& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-
-  template <typename OutputIt>
-  auto format(const T& value, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx)
-      -> OutputIt {
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
-    basic_string_view<Char> str(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
-    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(str, ctx);
-  }
-  template <typename OutputIt>
-  auto format(const T& value, basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx)
-      -> OutputIt {
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
-    return std::copy(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), ctx.out());
-  }
+template <typename T> struct streamed_view {
+  const T& value;
 };
 }  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
 template <typename Char>
-void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+struct basic_ostream_formatter : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  void set_debug_format() = delete;
+
+  template <typename T, typename Context>
+  auto format(const T& value, Context& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    auto&& formatbuf = detail::formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buffer);
+    auto&& output = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&formatbuf);
+    output.imbue(std::locale::classic());  // The default is always unlocalized.
+    output << value;
+    output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(
+        {buffer.data(), buffer.size()}, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+using ostream_formatter = basic_ostream_formatter<char>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::streamed_view<T>, Char>
+    : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {
+  template <typename Context>
+  auto format(detail::streamed_view<T> view, Context& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return basic_ostream_formatter<Char>::format(view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns a view that formats `value` via an ostream `operator<<`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+ *                fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+ */
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto streamed(const T& value) -> detail::streamed_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+inline void vprint(std::ostream& os, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  FILE* f = nullptr;
+#if FMT_MSVC_STL_UPDATE && FMT_USE_RTTI
+  if (auto* buf = dynamic_cast<std::filebuf*>(os.rdbuf()))
+    f = detail::get_file(*buf);
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GLIBCXX__) && FMT_USE_RTTI
+  auto* rdbuf = os.rdbuf();
+  if (auto* sfbuf = dynamic_cast<__gnu_cxx::stdio_sync_filebuf<char>*>(rdbuf))
+    f = sfbuf->file();
+  else if (auto* fbuf = dynamic_cast<__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf<char>*>(rdbuf))
+    f = fbuf->file();
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  if (f) {
+    int fd = _fileno(f);
+    if (_isatty(fd)) {
+      os.flush();
+      if (detail::write_console(fd, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()})) return;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  detail::ignore_unused(f);
   detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
-  \endrst
+ * Prints formatted data to the stream `os`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
  */
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
-template <typename S, typename... Args,
-          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
-void print(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  vprint(os, to_string_view(format_str),
-         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename... T>
+void print(std::ostream& os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  fmt::vargs<T...> vargs = {{args...}};
+  if (detail::const_check(detail::use_utf8)) return vprint(os, fmt.str, vargs);
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt.str, vargs);
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
 }
+
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename... T>
+void println(std::ostream& os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  fmt::print(os, FMT_STRING("{}\n"),
+             fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_OSTREAM_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
index a6275ce..cc066d8 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
@@ -8,74 +8,114 @@
 #ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
 #define FMT_PRINTF_H_
 
-#include <algorithm>  // std::max
-#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
-#include <ostream>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <algorithm>  // std::find
+#  include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
+#endif
 
 #include "format.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
-template <typename Char>
-class basic_printf_parse_context : public basic_format_parse_context<Char> {
-  using basic_format_parse_context<Char>::basic_format_parse_context;
+template <typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
+ private:
+  basic_appender<Char> out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Char, char>::value ||
+                    std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value,
+                "Unsupported code unit type.");
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  enum { builtin_types = 1 };
+
+  /// Constructs a `printf_context` object. References to the arguments are
+  /// stored in the context object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+  basic_printf_context(basic_appender<Char> out,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
+      : out_(out), args_(args) {}
+
+  auto out() -> basic_appender<Char> { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(basic_appender<Char>) {}
+
+  auto locale() -> locale_ref { return {}; }
+
+  auto arg(int id) const -> basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context> {
+    return args_.get(id);
+  }
 };
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
 
-FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) -> bool {
+  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
+    if (*out == value) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline auto find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) -> bool {
+  out =
+      static_cast<const char*>(memchr(first, value, to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
+}
 
 // Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
 // signed and unsigned integers.
-template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
-  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
-    unsigned max = max_value<int>();
-    return value <= max;
+template <bool IS_SIGNED> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static auto fits_in_int(T value) -> bool {
+    return value <= to_unsigned(max_value<int>());
   }
-  static bool fits_in_int(bool) { return true; }
+  inline static auto fits_in_int(bool) -> bool { return true; }
 };
 
 template <> struct int_checker<true> {
-  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+  template <typename T> static auto fits_in_int(T value) -> bool {
     return value >= (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() &&
            value <= max_value<int>();
   }
-  static bool fits_in_int(int) { return true; }
+  inline static auto fits_in_int(int) -> bool { return true; }
 };
 
-class printf_precision_handler {
- public:
+struct printf_precision_handler {
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  int operator()(T value) {
+  auto operator()(T value) -> int {
     if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
-    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
+      report_error("number is too big");
+    return max_of(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  int operator()(T) {
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("precision is not integer"));
+  auto operator()(T) -> int {
+    report_error("precision is not integer");
     return 0;
   }
 };
 
 // An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
-class is_zero_int {
- public:
+struct is_zero_int {
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  bool operator()(T value) {
+  auto operator()(T value) -> bool {
     return value == 0;
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  bool operator()(T) {
+  auto operator()(T) -> bool {
     return false;
   }
 };
 
 template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
 
-template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> { using type = bool; };
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> {
+  using type = bool;
+};
 
 template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
  private:
@@ -98,24 +138,19 @@ template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
     using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
     if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
       // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
-      if (is_signed) {
-        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
-            static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value)));
-      } else {
-        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
-        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
-            static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)));
-      }
+      using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
+      if (is_signed)
+        arg_ = static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value));
+      else
+        arg_ = static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value));
     } else {
-      if (is_signed) {
-        // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
-        //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
-        // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
-        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(static_cast<long long>(value));
-      } else {
-        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
-            static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
-      }
+      // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+      //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+      // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+      if (is_signed)
+        arg_ = static_cast<long long>(value);
+      else
+        arg_ = static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value);
     }
   }
 
@@ -129,7 +164,7 @@ template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
 // unsigned).
 template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
 void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
-  visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
+  arg.visit(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type));
 }
 
 // Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
@@ -142,8 +177,7 @@ template <typename Context> class char_converter {
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
   void operator()(T value) {
-    arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
-        static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value));
+    arg_ = static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value);
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
@@ -153,261 +187,163 @@ template <typename Context> class char_converter {
 // An argument visitor that return a pointer to a C string if argument is a
 // string or null otherwise.
 template <typename Char> struct get_cstring {
-  template <typename T> const Char* operator()(T) { return nullptr; }
-  const Char* operator()(const Char* s) { return s; }
+  template <typename T> auto operator()(T) -> const Char* { return nullptr; }
+  auto operator()(const Char* s) -> const Char* { return s; }
 };
 
 // Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
 // left alignment if it is negative.
-template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
+class printf_width_handler {
  private:
-  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
-
   format_specs& specs_;
 
  public:
-  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
+  inline explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  unsigned operator()(T value) {
+  auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned {
     auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
     if (detail::is_negative(value)) {
-      specs_.align = align::left;
+      specs_.set_align(align::left);
       width = 0 - width;
     }
-    unsigned int_max = max_value<int>();
-    if (width > int_max) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    unsigned int_max = to_unsigned(max_value<int>());
+    if (width > int_max) report_error("number is too big");
     return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  unsigned operator()(T) {
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("width is not integer"));
+  auto operator()(T) -> unsigned {
+    report_error("width is not integer");
     return 0;
   }
 };
 
-// The ``printf`` argument formatter.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+// Workaround for a bug with the XL compiler when initializing
+// printf_arg_formatter's base class.
+template <typename Char>
+auto make_arg_formatter(basic_appender<Char> iter, format_specs& s)
+    -> arg_formatter<Char> {
+  return {iter, s, locale_ref()};
+}
+
+// The `printf` argument formatter.
+template <typename Char>
 class printf_arg_formatter : public arg_formatter<Char> {
  private:
   using base = arg_formatter<Char>;
-  using context_type = basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>;
-  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<Char>;
 
   context_type& context_;
 
-  OutputIt write_null_pointer(bool is_string = false) {
+  void write_null_pointer(bool is_string = false) {
     auto s = this->specs;
-    s.type = 0;
-    return write_bytes(this->out, is_string ? "(null)" : "(nil)", s);
+    s.set_type(presentation_type::none);
+    write_bytes<Char>(this->out, is_string ? "(null)" : "(nil)", s);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> void write(T value) {
+    detail::write<Char>(this->out, value, this->specs, this->locale);
   }
 
  public:
-  printf_arg_formatter(OutputIt iter, format_specs& s, context_type& ctx)
-      : base{iter, s, locale_ref()}, context_(ctx) {}
+  printf_arg_formatter(basic_appender<Char> iter, format_specs& s,
+                       context_type& ctx)
+      : base(make_arg_formatter(iter, s)), context_(ctx) {}
 
-  OutputIt operator()(monostate value) { return base::operator()(value); }
+  void operator()(monostate value) { write(value); }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_integral<T>::value)>
-  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
+  void operator()(T value) {
     // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and Char so use
     // std::is_same instead.
-    if (std::is_same<T, Char>::value) {
-      format_specs fmt_specs = this->specs;
-      if (fmt_specs.type && fmt_specs.type != 'c')
-        return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
-      fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
-      fmt_specs.alt = false;
-      fmt_specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for char types.
-      // align::numeric needs to be overwritten here since the '0' flag is
-      // ignored for non-numeric types
-      if (fmt_specs.align == align::none || fmt_specs.align == align::numeric)
-        fmt_specs.align = align::right;
-      return write<Char>(this->out, static_cast<Char>(value), fmt_specs);
+    if (!std::is_same<T, Char>::value) {
+      write(value);
+      return;
     }
-    return base::operator()(value);
+    format_specs s = this->specs;
+    if (s.type() != presentation_type::none &&
+        s.type() != presentation_type::chr) {
+      return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
+    }
+    s.set_sign(sign::none);
+    s.clear_alt();
+    s.set_fill(' ');  // Ignore '0' flag for char types.
+    // align::numeric needs to be overwritten here since the '0' flag is
+    // ignored for non-numeric types
+    if (s.align() == align::none || s.align() == align::numeric)
+      s.set_align(align::right);
+    detail::write<Char>(this->out, static_cast<Char>(value), s);
   }
 
   template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
-  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
-    return base::operator()(value);
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    write(value);
   }
 
-  /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
-  OutputIt operator()(const char* value) {
-    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
-    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != 'p');
+  void operator()(const char* value) {
+    if (value)
+      write(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer(this->specs.type() != presentation_type::pointer);
   }
 
-  /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
-  OutputIt operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
-    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
-    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != 'p');
+  void operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
+    if (value)
+      write(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer(this->specs.type() != presentation_type::pointer);
   }
 
-  OutputIt operator()(basic_string_view<Char> value) {
-    return base::operator()(value);
+  void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> value) { write(value); }
+
+  void operator()(const void* value) {
+    if (value)
+      write(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer();
   }
 
-  /** Formats a pointer. */
-  OutputIt operator()(const void* value) {
-    return value ? base::operator()(value) : write_null_pointer();
-  }
-
-  /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
-  OutputIt operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
-    handle.format(context_.parse_context(), context_);
-    return this->out;
+  void operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    auto parse_ctx = parse_context<Char>({});
+    handle.format(parse_ctx, context_);
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char, typename Context>
-void vprintf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
-             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
-  Context(buffer_appender<Char>(buf), format, args).format();
-}
-
-FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
-
-// For printing into memory_buffer.
-template <typename Char, typename Context>
-FMT_DEPRECATED void printf(detail::buffer<Char>& buf,
-                           basic_string_view<Char> format,
-                           basic_format_args<Context> args) {
-  return detail::vprintf(buf, format, args);
-}
-using detail::vprintf;
-
-template <typename T> struct printf_formatter {
-  printf_formatter() = delete;
-
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T&, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    return ctx.out();
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- This template formats data and writes the output through an output iterator.
- */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
- public:
-  /** The character type for the output. */
-  using char_type = Char;
-  using iterator = OutputIt;
-  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context>;
-  using parse_context_type = basic_printf_parse_context<Char>;
-  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
-
- private:
-  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
-
-  OutputIt out_;
-  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
-  parse_context_type parse_ctx_;
-
-  static void parse_flags(format_specs& specs, const Char*& it,
-                          const Char* end);
-
-  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
-  // argument.
-  format_arg get_arg(int arg_index = -1);
-
-  // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the argument index.
-  int parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs);
-
- public:
-  /**
-   \rst
-   Constructs a ``printf_context`` object. References to the arguments are
-   stored in the context object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
-   \endrst
-   */
-  basic_printf_context(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
-                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
-      : out_(out), args_(args), parse_ctx_(format_str) {}
-
-  OutputIt out() { return out_; }
-  void advance_to(OutputIt it) { out_ = it; }
-
-  detail::locale_ref locale() { return {}; }
-
-  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
-
-  parse_context_type& parse_context() { return parse_ctx_; }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
-    parse_ctx_.on_error(message);
-  }
-
-  /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the range. */
-  OutputIt format();
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_flags(format_specs& specs,
-                                                       const Char*& it,
-                                                       const Char* end) {
+template <typename Char>
+void parse_flags(format_specs& specs, const Char*& it, const Char* end) {
   for (; it != end; ++it) {
     switch (*it) {
-    case '-':
-      specs.align = align::left;
-      break;
-    case '+':
-      specs.sign = sign::plus;
-      break;
-    case '0':
-      specs.fill[0] = '0';
-      break;
+    case '-': specs.set_align(align::left); break;
+    case '+': specs.set_sign(sign::plus); break;
+    case '0': specs.set_fill('0'); break;
     case ' ':
-      if (specs.sign != sign::plus) {
-        specs.sign = sign::space;
-      }
+      if (specs.sign() != sign::plus) specs.set_sign(sign::space);
       break;
-    case '#':
-      specs.alt = true;
-      break;
-    default:
-      return;
+    case '#': specs.set_alt(); break;
+    default:  return;
     }
   }
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-typename basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format_arg
-basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::get_arg(int arg_index) {
-  if (arg_index < 0)
-    arg_index = parse_ctx_.next_arg_id();
-  else
-    parse_ctx_.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
-  return detail::get_arg(*this, arg_index);
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-int basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_header(const Char*& it,
-                                                       const Char* end,
-                                                       format_specs& specs) {
+template <typename Char, typename GetArg>
+auto parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs,
+                  GetArg get_arg) -> int {
   int arg_index = -1;
-  char_type c = *it;
+  Char c = *it;
   if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
     // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
     // preceded with '0' flag(s).
-    detail::error_handler eh;
-    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
     if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
       ++it;
-      arg_index = value;
+      arg_index = value != -1 ? value : max_value<int>();
     } else {
-      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      if (c == '0') specs.set_fill('0');
       if (value != 0) {
         // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
         // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        if (value == -1) report_error("number is too big");
         specs.width = value;
         return arg_index;
       }
@@ -417,89 +353,127 @@ int basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_header(const Char*& it,
   // Parse width.
   if (it != end) {
     if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
-      detail::error_handler eh;
-      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
+      if (specs.width == -1) report_error("number is too big");
     } else if (*it == '*') {
       ++it;
-      specs.width = static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(
-          detail::printf_width_handler<char_type>(specs), get_arg()));
+      specs.width = static_cast<int>(
+          get_arg(-1).visit(detail::printf_width_handler(specs)));
     }
   }
   return arg_index;
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-OutputIt basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format() {
-  auto out = this->out();
-  const Char* start = parse_ctx_.begin();
-  const Char* end = parse_ctx_.end();
+inline auto parse_printf_presentation_type(char c, type t, bool& upper)
+    -> presentation_type {
+  using pt = presentation_type;
+  constexpr auto integral_set = sint_set | uint_set | bool_set | char_set;
+  switch (c) {
+  case 'd': return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::dec : pt::none;
+  case 'o': return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::oct : pt::none;
+  case 'X': upper = true; FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'x': return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::hex : pt::none;
+  case 'E': upper = true; FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'e': return in(t, float_set) ? pt::exp : pt::none;
+  case 'F': upper = true; FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'f': return in(t, float_set) ? pt::fixed : pt::none;
+  case 'G': upper = true; FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'g': return in(t, float_set) ? pt::general : pt::none;
+  case 'A': upper = true; FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'a': return in(t, float_set) ? pt::hexfloat : pt::none;
+  case 'c': return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::chr : pt::none;
+  case 's': return in(t, string_set | cstring_set) ? pt::string : pt::none;
+  case 'p': return in(t, pointer_set | cstring_set) ? pt::pointer : pt::none;
+  default:  return pt::none;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+void vprintf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  using iterator = basic_appender<Char>;
+  auto out = iterator(buf);
+  auto context = basic_printf_context<Char>(out, args);
+  auto parse_ctx = parse_context<Char>(format);
+
+  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
+  // argument.
+  auto get_arg = [&](int arg_index) {
+    if (arg_index < 0)
+      arg_index = parse_ctx.next_arg_id();
+    else
+      parse_ctx.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+    auto arg = context.arg(arg_index);
+    if (!arg) report_error("argument not found");
+    return arg;
+  };
+
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx.end();
   auto it = start;
   while (it != end) {
-    if (!detail::find<false, Char>(it, end, '%', it)) {
-      it = end;  // detail::find leaves it == nullptr if it doesn't find '%'
+    if (!find<false, Char>(it, end, '%', it)) {
+      it = end;  // find leaves it == nullptr if it doesn't find '%'.
       break;
     }
-    char_type c = *it++;
+    Char c = *it++;
     if (it != end && *it == c) {
-      out = detail::write(
-          out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, detail::to_unsigned(it - start)));
+      write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - start)));
       start = ++it;
       continue;
     }
-    out = detail::write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(
-                                 start, detail::to_unsigned(it - 1 - start)));
+    write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - 1 - start)));
 
-    format_specs specs;
-    specs.align = align::right;
+    auto specs = format_specs();
+    specs.set_align(align::right);
 
     // Parse argument index, flags and width.
-    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs);
-    if (arg_index == 0) on_error("argument not found");
+    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs, get_arg);
+    if (arg_index == 0) report_error("argument not found");
 
     // Parse precision.
     if (it != end && *it == '.') {
       ++it;
       c = it != end ? *it : 0;
       if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
-        detail::error_handler eh;
-        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, 0);
       } else if (c == '*') {
         ++it;
-        specs.precision = static_cast<int>(
-            visit_format_arg(detail::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg()));
+        specs.precision =
+            static_cast<int>(get_arg(-1).visit(printf_precision_handler()));
       } else {
         specs.precision = 0;
       }
     }
 
-    format_arg arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    auto arg = get_arg(arg_index);
     // For d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion specifiers, if a precision is
     // specified, the '0' flag is ignored
-    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.is_integral())
-      specs.fill[0] =
-          ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-' present.
-    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.type() == detail::type::cstring_type) {
-      auto str = visit_format_arg(detail::get_cstring<Char>(), arg);
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && is_integral_type(arg.type())) {
+      // Ignore '0' for non-numeric types or if '-' present.
+      specs.set_fill(' ');
+    }
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.type() == type::cstring_type) {
+      auto str = arg.visit(get_cstring<Char>());
       auto str_end = str + specs.precision;
       auto nul = std::find(str, str_end, Char());
-      arg = detail::make_arg<basic_printf_context>(basic_string_view<Char>(
-          str,
-          detail::to_unsigned(nul != str_end ? nul - str : specs.precision)));
+      auto sv = basic_string_view<Char>(
+          str, to_unsigned(nul != str_end ? nul - str : specs.precision));
+      arg = sv;
     }
-    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(detail::is_zero_int(), arg))
-      specs.alt = false;
-    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
-      if (arg.is_arithmetic() && specs.align != align::left)
-        specs.align = align::numeric;
-      else
-        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-'
-                              // flag is also present.
+    if (specs.alt() && arg.visit(is_zero_int())) specs.clear_alt();
+    if (specs.fill_unit<Char>() == '0') {
+      if (is_arithmetic_type(arg.type()) && specs.align() != align::left) {
+        specs.set_align(align::numeric);
+      } else {
+        // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-' flag is also present.
+        specs.set_fill(' ');
+      }
     }
 
     // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
     c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
-    char_type t = it != end ? *it : 0;
-    using detail::convert_arg;
+    Char t = it != end ? *it : 0;
     switch (c) {
     case 'h':
       if (t == 'h') {
@@ -519,190 +493,132 @@ OutputIt basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format() {
         convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
       }
       break;
-    case 'j':
-      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
-      break;
-    case 'z':
-      convert_arg<size_t>(arg, t);
-      break;
-    case 't':
-      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
-      break;
+    case 'j': convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t); break;
+    case 'z': convert_arg<size_t>(arg, t); break;
+    case 't': convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t); break;
     case 'L':
       // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
       // need to do the same.
       break;
-    default:
-      --it;
-      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
+    default: --it; convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
     }
 
     // Parse type.
-    if (it == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format string"));
-    specs.type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
-    if (arg.is_integral()) {
+    if (it == end) report_error("invalid format string");
+    char type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (is_integral_type(arg.type())) {
       // Normalize type.
-      switch (specs.type) {
+      switch (type) {
       case 'i':
-      case 'u':
-        specs.type = 'd';
-        break;
+      case 'u': type = 'd'; break;
       case 'c':
-        visit_format_arg(detail::char_converter<basic_printf_context>(arg),
-                         arg);
+        arg.visit(char_converter<basic_printf_context<Char>>(arg));
         break;
       }
     }
+    bool upper = false;
+    specs.set_type(parse_printf_presentation_type(type, arg.type(), upper));
+    if (specs.type() == presentation_type::none)
+      report_error("invalid format specifier");
+    if (upper) specs.set_upper();
 
     start = it;
 
     // Format argument.
-    out = visit_format_arg(
-        detail::printf_arg_formatter<OutputIt, Char>(out, specs, *this), arg);
+    arg.visit(printf_arg_formatter<Char>(out, specs, context));
   }
-  return detail::write(
-      out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, detail::to_unsigned(it - start)));
+  write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - start)));
 }
+}  // namespace detail
 
-template <typename Char>
-using basic_printf_context_t =
-    basic_printf_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
-
-using printf_context = basic_printf_context_t<char>;
-using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context_t<wchar_t>;
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context<wchar_t>;
 
 using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
 using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
 
-/**
-  \rst
-  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
-  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename... T>
-inline auto make_printf_args(const T&... args)
-    -> format_arg_store<printf_context, T...> {
-  return {args...};
+/// Constructs an `format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+/// arguments and can be implicitly converted to `printf_args`.
+template <typename Char = char, typename... T>
+inline auto make_printf_args(T&... args)
+    -> decltype(fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context<Char>>(args...)) {
+  return fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context<Char>>(args...);
 }
 
-/**
-  \rst
-  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
-  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename... T>
-inline auto make_wprintf_args(const T&... args)
-    -> format_arg_store<wprintf_context, T...> {
-  return {args...};
-}
+template <typename Char> struct vprintf_args {
+  using type = basic_format_args<basic_printf_context<Char>>;
+};
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto vsprintf(
-    const S& fmt,
-    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto vsprintf(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                     typename vprintf_args<Char>::type args)
     -> std::basic_string<Char> {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
-  return to_string(buffer);
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vprintf(buf, fmt, args);
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
-  \endrst
-*/
-template <typename S, typename... T,
-          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
-inline auto sprintf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
-  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
-  return vsprintf(to_string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and returns the result
+ * as as string.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto sprintf(string_view fmt, const T&... args) -> std::string {
+  return vsprintf(fmt, make_printf_args(args...));
+}
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_DEPRECATED auto sprintf(basic_string_view<wchar_t> fmt, const T&... args)
+    -> std::wstring {
+  return vsprintf(fmt, make_printf_args<wchar_t>(args...));
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto vfprintf(
-    std::FILE* f, const S& fmt,
-    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
-    -> int {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
-  size_t size = buffer.size();
-  return std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+template <typename Char>
+auto vfprintf(std::FILE* f, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+              typename vprintf_args<Char>::type args) -> int {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vprintf(buf, fmt, args);
+  size_t size = buf.size();
+  return std::fwrite(buf.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
              ? -1
              : static_cast<int>(size);
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
-  \endrst
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the output
+ * to `f`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
  */
-template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
-  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
-  return vfprintf(f, to_string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(f, fmt, make_printf_args(args...));
 }
-
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto vprintf(
-    const S& fmt,
-    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
-    -> int {
-  return vfprintf(stdout, to_string_view(fmt), args);
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_DEPRECATED auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, basic_string_view<wchar_t> fmt,
+                            const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(f, fmt, make_printf_args<wchar_t>(args...));
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
-  \endrst
+ * Formats `args` according to specifications in `fmt` and writes the output
+ * to `stdout`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *   fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
  */
-template <typename S, typename... T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
-inline auto printf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
-  return vprintf(to_string_view(fmt),
-                 fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto printf(string_view fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, fmt, make_printf_args(args...));
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto vfprintf(
-    std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& fmt,
-    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
-    -> int {
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
-  os.write(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(buffer.size()));
-  return static_cast<int>(buffer.size());
-}
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::fprintf(cerr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline auto fprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& fmt,
-                    const T&... args) -> int {
-  return vfprintf(os, to_string_view(fmt),
-                  fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>>(args...));
-}
-
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_PRINTF_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
index 5e19ac6..36b38e2 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
@@ -1,109 +1,61 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - experimental range support
+// Formatting library for C++ - range and tuple support
 //
-// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
 // All rights reserved.
 //
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Remotion (Igor Schulz)
-// All Rights Reserved
-// {fmt} support for ranges, containers and types tuple interface.
 
 #ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
 #define FMT_RANGES_H_
 
-#include <initializer_list>
-#include <type_traits>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
 
 #include "format.h"
 
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(clang::lifetimebound)
+#  define FMT_LIFETIMEBOUND [[clang::lifetimebound]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_LIFETIMEBOUND
+#endif
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic error "-Wreturn-stack-address")
+
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
-template <typename Char> struct formatting_base {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatting_range : formatting_base<Char> {
-#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_BRACED_RANGES
-  Char prefix = '{';
-  Char postfix = '}';
-#else
-  Char prefix = '[';
-  Char postfix = ']';
-#endif
-};
-
-template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatting_tuple : formatting_base<Char> {
-  Char prefix = '(';
-  Char postfix = ')';
-};
+FMT_EXPORT
+enum class range_format { disabled, map, set, sequence, string, debug_string };
 
 namespace detail {
 
-template <typename RangeT, typename OutputIterator>
-OutputIterator copy(const RangeT& range, OutputIterator out) {
-  for (auto it = range.begin(), end = range.end(); it != end; ++it)
-    *out++ = *it;
-  return out;
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIterator>
-OutputIterator copy(const char* str, OutputIterator out) {
-  while (*str) *out++ = *str++;
-  return out;
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIterator>
-OutputIterator copy(char ch, OutputIterator out) {
-  *out++ = ch;
-  return out;
-}
-
-template <typename OutputIterator>
-OutputIterator copy(wchar_t ch, OutputIterator out) {
-  *out++ = ch;
-  return out;
-}
-
-/// Return true value if T has std::string interface, like std::string_view.
-template <typename T> class is_std_string_like {
-  template <typename U>
-  static auto check(U* p)
-      -> decltype((void)p->find('a'), p->length(), (void)p->data(), int());
+template <typename T> class is_map {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::mapped_type;
   template <typename> static void check(...);
 
  public:
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-      is_string<T>::value || !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_std_string_like<fmt::basic_string_view<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T> class is_set {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::key_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
 
-template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
-
-template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
-
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER > 1800
-
-#  define FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(val)  \
-    ->decltype(val) { return val; } \
-    static_assert(                  \
-        true, "")  // This makes it so that a semicolon is required after the
-                   // macro, which helps clang-format handle the formatting.
+ public:
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value && !is_map<T>::value;
+};
 
 // C array overload
-template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+template <typename T, size_t N>
 auto range_begin(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
   return arr;
 }
-template <typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+template <typename T, size_t N> auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
   return arr + N;
 }
 
@@ -111,17 +63,21 @@ template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
 struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename T>
-struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(*std::declval<T>().begin()),
                                            decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>>
     : std::true_type {};
 
-// Member function overload
+// Member function overloads.
 template <typename T>
-auto range_begin(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin());
+auto range_begin(T&& rng) -> decltype(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin()) {
+  return static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin();
+}
 template <typename T>
-auto range_end(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end());
+auto range_end(T&& rng) -> decltype(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end()) {
+  return static_cast<T&&>(rng).end();
+}
 
-// ADL overload. Only participates in overload resolution if member functions
+// ADL overloads. Only participate in overload resolution if member functions
 // are not found.
 template <typename T>
 auto range_begin(T&& rng)
@@ -142,63 +98,39 @@ struct has_mutable_begin_end : std::false_type {};
 
 template <typename T>
 struct has_const_begin_end<
-    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(
+    T, void_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(
                   std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>())),
-              decltype(detail::range_begin(
+              decltype(detail::range_end(
                   std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>()))>>
     : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename T>
 struct has_mutable_begin_end<
-    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
-              decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
-              enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>>
-    : std::true_type {};
+    T, void_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<T&>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<T&>())),
+              // the extra int here is because older versions of MSVC don't
+              // SFINAE properly unless there are distinct types
+              int>> : std::true_type {};
 
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
 template <typename T>
 struct is_range_<T, void>
     : std::integral_constant<bool, (has_const_begin_end<T>::value ||
                                     has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value)> {};
 
-template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct range_to_view;
-template <typename T>
-struct range_to_view<T, enable_if_t<has_const_begin_end<T>::value>> {
-  struct view_t {
-    const T* m_range_ptr;
-
-    auto begin() const FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_begin(*m_range_ptr));
-    auto end() const FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_end(*m_range_ptr));
-  };
-  static auto view(const T& range) -> view_t { return {&range}; }
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct range_to_view<T, enable_if_t<!has_const_begin_end<T>::value &&
-                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value>> {
-  struct view_t {
-    T m_range_copy;
-
-    auto begin() FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_begin(m_range_copy));
-    auto end() FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_end(m_range_copy));
-  };
-  static auto view(const T& range) -> view_t { return {range}; }
-};
-#  undef FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN
-#endif
-
-/// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
+// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
 template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
-  template <typename U>
-  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value, int());
+  template <typename U, typename V = typename std::remove_cv<U>::type>
+  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<V>::value, 0);
   template <typename> static void check(...);
 
  public:
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+  static constexpr bool value =
       !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
 };
 
 // Check for integer_sequence
-#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
 template <typename T, T... N>
 using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
 template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
@@ -207,7 +139,7 @@ template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
 template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
   using value_type = T;
 
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() { return sizeof...(N); }
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR auto size() -> size_t { return sizeof...(N); }
 };
 
 template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, N...>;
@@ -221,243 +153,699 @@ template <size_t N>
 using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
 #endif
 
-template <class Tuple, class F, size_t... Is>
-void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& tup, F&& f) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+template <typename T>
+using tuple_index_sequence = make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, typename C, bool = is_tuple_like_<T>::value>
+class is_tuple_formattable_ {
+ public:
+  static constexpr bool value = false;
+};
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_tuple_formattable_<T, C, true> {
+  template <size_t... Is>
+  static auto all_true(index_sequence<Is...>,
+                       integer_sequence<bool, (Is >= 0)...>) -> std::true_type;
+  static auto all_true(...) -> std::false_type;
+
+  template <size_t... Is>
+  static auto check(index_sequence<Is...>) -> decltype(all_true(
+      index_sequence<Is...>{},
+      integer_sequence<bool,
+                       (is_formattable<typename std::tuple_element<Is, T>::type,
+                                       C>::value)...>{}));
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      decltype(check(tuple_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename F, size_t... Is>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
   using std::get;
-  // using free function get<I>(T) now.
-  const int _[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(tup)), 0)...};
-  (void)_;  // blocks warnings
+  // Using a free function get<Is>(Tuple) now.
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
 }
 
-template <class T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> get_indexes(
-    T const&) {
-  return {};
+template <typename Tuple, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
+  for_each(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple>>(),
+           std::forward<Tuple>(t), std::forward<F>(f));
 }
 
-template <class Tuple, class F> void for_each(Tuple&& tup, F&& f) {
-  const auto indexes = get_indexes(tup);
-  for_each(indexes, std::forward<Tuple>(tup), std::forward<F>(f));
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F, size_t... Is>
+void for_each2(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  using std::get;
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t1), get<Is>(t2)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
 }
 
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F>
+void for_each2(Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  for_each2(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple1>>(),
+            std::forward<Tuple1>(t1), std::forward<Tuple2>(t2),
+            std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+namespace tuple {
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (v140).
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+using result_t = std::tuple<formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char>...>;
+
+using std::get;
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char, size_t... Is>
+auto get_formatters(index_sequence<Is...>)
+    -> result_t<Char, decltype(get<Is>(std::declval<Tuple>()))...>;
+}  // namespace tuple
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1920
+// Older MSVC doesn't get the reference type correctly for arrays.
+template <typename R> struct range_reference_type_impl {
+  using type = decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<R&>()));
+};
+
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct range_reference_type_impl<T[N]> {
+  using type = T&;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using range_reference_type = typename range_reference_type_impl<T>::type;
+#else
 template <typename Range>
-using value_type =
-    remove_cvref_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range>()))>;
+using range_reference_type =
+    decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range&>()));
+#endif
 
-template <typename OutputIt> OutputIt write_delimiter(OutputIt out) {
-  *out++ = ',';
-  *out++ = ' ';
-  return out;
-}
+// We don't use the Range's value_type for anything, but we do need the Range's
+// reference type, with cv-ref stripped.
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_type = remove_cvref_t<range_reference_type<Range>>;
 
-template <
-    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
-    FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_std_string_like<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value)>
-OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg& v) {
-  *out++ = '"';
-  out = write<Char>(out, v);
-  *out++ = '"';
-  return out;
-}
+template <typename T>
+struct range_format_kind_
+    : std::integral_constant<range_format,
+                             std::is_same<uncvref_type<T>, T>::value
+                                 ? range_format::disabled
+                             : is_map<T>::value ? range_format::map
+                             : is_set<T>::value ? range_format::set
+                                                : range_format::sequence> {};
 
-template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
-OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg v) {
-  *out++ = '\'';
-  *out++ = v;
-  *out++ = '\'';
-  return out;
-}
+template <range_format K>
+using range_format_constant = std::integral_constant<range_format, K>;
 
-template <
-    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
-    FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_std_string_like<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value &&
-                  !std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
-OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg& v) {
-  return write<Char>(out, v);
-}
+// These are not generic lambdas for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename Char> struct parse_empty_specs {
+  template <typename Formatter> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Formatter& f) {
+    f.parse(ctx);
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(f, true);
+  }
+  parse_context<Char>& ctx;
+};
+template <typename FormatContext> struct format_tuple_element {
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void operator()(const formatter<T, char_type>& f, const T& v) {
+    if (i > 0) ctx.advance_to(detail::copy<char_type>(separator, ctx.out()));
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(v, ctx));
+    ++i;
+  }
+
+  int i;
+  FormatContext& ctx;
+  basic_string_view<char_type> separator;
+};
 
 }  // namespace detail
 
+FMT_EXPORT
 template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+  static constexpr bool value =
       detail::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !detail::is_range_<T>::value;
 };
 
-template <typename TupleT, typename Char>
-struct formatter<TupleT, Char, enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<TupleT>::value>> {
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_tuple_formattable {
+  static constexpr bool value = detail::is_tuple_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char>
+struct formatter<Tuple, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value &&
+                             fmt::is_tuple_formattable<Tuple, Char>::value>> {
  private:
-  // C++11 generic lambda for format()
-  template <typename FormatContext> struct format_each {
-    template <typename T> void operator()(const T& v) {
-      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
-      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, v);
-      ++i;
-    }
-    formatting_tuple<Char>& formatting;
-    size_t& i;
-    typename std::add_lvalue_reference<
-        decltype(std::declval<FormatContext>().out())>::type out;
-  };
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<Tuple, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<Tuple>())) formatters_;
+
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '('>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ')'>{};
 
  public:
-  formatting_tuple<Char> formatting;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {}
 
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return formatting.parse(ctx);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
   }
 
-  template <typename FormatContext = format_context>
-  auto format(const TupleT& values, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    auto out = ctx.out();
-    size_t i = 0;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
 
-    detail::copy(formatting.prefix, out);
-    detail::for_each(values, format_each<FormatContext>{formatting, i, out});
-    detail::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it != end && detail::to_ascii(*it) == 'n') {
+      ++it;
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      set_separator({});
+    }
+    if (it != end && *it != '}') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    detail::for_each(formatters_, detail::parse_empty_specs<Char>{ctx});
+    return it;
+  }
 
-    return ctx.out();
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Tuple& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    ctx.advance_to(detail::copy<Char>(opening_bracket_, ctx.out()));
+    detail::for_each2(
+        formatters_, value,
+        detail::format_tuple_element<FormatContext>{0, ctx, separator_});
+    return detail::copy<Char>(closing_bracket_, ctx.out());
   }
 };
 
+FMT_EXPORT
 template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::is_std_string_like<T>::value &&
-      !std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<Char>>::value &&
-      !std::is_constructible<detail::std_string_view<Char>, T>::value;
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::has_to_string_view<T>::value;
 };
 
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char, typename Element>
+using range_formatter_type = formatter<remove_cvref_t<Element>, Char>;
+
+template <typename R>
+using maybe_const_range =
+    conditional_t<has_const_begin_end<R>::value, const R, R>;
+
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct is_formattable_delayed
+    : is_formattable<uncvref_type<maybe_const_range<R>>, Char> {};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
+template <typename P> struct conjunction<P> : P {};
+template <typename P1, typename... Pn>
+struct conjunction<P1, Pn...>
+    : conditional_t<bool(P1::value), conjunction<Pn...>, P1> {};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_formatter;
+
 template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct formatter<
+struct range_formatter<
     T, Char,
-    enable_if_t<
-        fmt::is_range<T, Char>::value
-// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2017 and earlier.
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1927
-        && (has_formatter<detail::value_type<T>, format_context>::value ||
-            detail::has_fallback_formatter<detail::value_type<T>, Char>::value)
-#endif
-        >> {
-  formatting_range<Char> formatting;
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<std::is_same<T, remove_cvref_t<T>>,
+                            is_formattable<T, Char>>::value>> {
+ private:
+  detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T> underlying_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '['>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ']'>{};
+  bool is_debug = false;
 
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return formatting.parse(ctx);
+  template <typename Output, typename It, typename Sentinel, typename U = T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<U, Char>::value)>
+  auto write_debug_string(Output& out, It it, Sentinel end) const -> Output {
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    for (; it != end; ++it) buf.push_back(*it);
+    auto specs = format_specs();
+    specs.set_type(presentation_type::debug);
+    return detail::write<Char>(
+        out, basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
   }
 
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(const T& values, FormatContext& ctx) {
-    auto out = detail::copy(formatting.prefix, ctx.out());
-    size_t i = 0;
-    auto view = detail::range_to_view<T>::view(values);
-    auto it = view.begin();
-    auto end = view.end();
+  template <typename Output, typename It, typename Sentinel, typename U = T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<U, Char>::value)>
+  auto write_debug_string(Output& out, It, Sentinel) const -> Output {
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR range_formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto underlying() -> detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T>& {
+    return underlying_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, true);
+    if (it == end) return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+
+    switch (detail::to_ascii(*it)) {
+    case 'n':
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      ++it;
+      break;
+    case '?':
+      is_debug = true;
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      ++it;
+      if (it == end || *it != 's') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 's':
+      if (!std::is_same<T, Char>::value)
+        report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      if (!is_debug) {
+        set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '"'>{},
+                     detail::string_literal<Char, '"'>{});
+        set_separator({});
+        detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, false);
+      }
+      ++it;
+      return it;
+    }
+
+    if (it != end && *it != '}') {
+      if (*it != ':') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, false);
+      ++it;
+    }
+
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename R, typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(R&& range, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    auto it = detail::range_begin(range);
+    auto end = detail::range_end(range);
+    if (is_debug) return write_debug_string(out, std::move(it), end);
+
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(opening_bracket_, out);
+    int i = 0;
     for (; it != end; ++it) {
-      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
-      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, *it);
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::copy<Char>(separator_, out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      auto&& item = *it;  // Need an lvalue
+      out = underlying_.format(item, ctx);
       ++i;
     }
-    return detail::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(closing_bracket_, out);
+    return out;
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_arg_join : detail::view {
-  const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_format_kind
+    : conditional_t<
+          is_range<T, Char>::value, detail::range_format_kind_<T>,
+          std::integral_constant<range_format, range_format::disabled>> {};
+
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<
+        bool_constant<
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::disabled &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::map &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::string &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::debug_string>,
+        detail::is_formattable_delayed<R, Char>>::value>> {
+ private:
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  range_formatter<detail::uncvref_type<range_type>, Char> range_formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  using nonlocking = void;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value !=
+                            range_format::set))
+      return;
+    range_formatter_.set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{},
+                                  detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{});
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return range_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return range_formatter_.format(range, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// A map formatter.
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<
+        bool_constant<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value == range_format::map>,
+        detail::is_formattable_delayed<R, Char>>::value>> {
+ private:
+  using map_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  using element_type = detail::uncvref_type<map_type>;
+
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<element_type, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<element_type>())) formatters_;
+  bool no_delimiters_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it != end) {
+      if (detail::to_ascii(*it) == 'n') {
+        no_delimiters_ = true;
+        ++it;
+      }
+      if (it != end && *it != '}') {
+        if (*it != ':') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+        ++it;
+      }
+      ctx.advance_to(it);
+    }
+    detail::for_each(formatters_, detail::parse_empty_specs<Char>{ctx});
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(map_type& map, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    basic_string_view<Char> open = detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{};
+    if (!no_delimiters_) out = detail::copy<Char>(open, out);
+    int i = 0;
+    basic_string_view<Char> sep = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+    for (auto&& value : map) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::copy<Char>(sep, out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      detail::for_each2(formatters_, value,
+                        detail::format_tuple_element<FormatContext>{
+                            0, ctx, detail::string_literal<Char, ':', ' '>{}});
+      ++i;
+    }
+    basic_string_view<Char> close = detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{};
+    if (!no_delimiters_) out = detail::copy<Char>(close, out);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+// A (debug_)string formatter.
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value == range_format::string ||
+                range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                    range_format::debug_string>> {
+ private:
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  using string_type =
+      conditional_t<std::is_constructible<
+                        detail::std_string_view<Char>,
+                        decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<R>())),
+                        decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<R>()))>::value,
+                    detail::std_string_view<Char>, std::basic_string<Char>>;
+
+  formatter<string_type, Char> underlying_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                            range_format::debug_string))
+      *out++ = '"';
+    out = underlying_.format(
+        string_type{detail::range_begin(range), detail::range_end(range)}, ctx);
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                            range_format::debug_string))
+      *out++ = '"';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
+struct join_view : detail::view {
+  It begin;
+  Sentinel end;
   basic_string_view<Char> sep;
 
-  tuple_arg_join(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
-      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : begin(std::move(b)), end(e), sep(s) {}
 };
 
-template <typename Char, typename... T>
-struct formatter<tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>, Char> {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx) {
-    return format(value, ctx, detail::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(T)>{});
-  }
-
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
+struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
  private:
-  template <typename FormatContext, size_t... N>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
-      detail::index_sequence<N...>) {
-    return format_args(value, ctx, std::get<N>(value.tuple)...);
+  using value_type =
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+      std::iter_value_t<It>;
+#else
+      typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
+#endif
+  formatter<remove_cvref_t<value_type>, Char> value_formatter_;
+
+  using view = conditional_t<std::is_copy_constructible<It>::value,
+                             const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>,
+                             join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>>;
+
+ public:
+  using nonlocking = void;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx) {
-    // NOTE: for compilers that support C++17, this empty function instantiation
-    // can be replaced with a constexpr branch in the variadic overload.
-    return ctx.out();
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext, typename Arg, typename... Args>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
-      const Arg& arg, const Args&... args) {
-    using base = formatter<typename std::decay<Arg>::type, Char>;
+  auto format(view& value, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using iter =
+        conditional_t<std::is_copy_constructible<view>::value, It, It&>;
+    iter it = value.begin;
     auto out = ctx.out();
-    out = base{}.format(arg, ctx);
-    if (sizeof...(Args) > 0) {
-      out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+    if (it == value.end) return out;
+    out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+    ++it;
+    while (it != value.end) {
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
       ctx.advance_to(out);
-      return format_args(value, ctx, args...);
+      out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+      ++it;
     }
     return out;
   }
 };
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char> struct tuple_join_view : detail::view {
+  const Tuple& tuple;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  tuple_join_view(const Tuple& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+};
+
+// Define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS to enable experimental format specifiers
+// support in tuple_join. It is disabled by default because of issues with
+// the dynamic width and precision.
+#ifndef FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+#  define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char>
+struct formatter<tuple_join_view<Tuple, Char>, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return do_parse(ctx, std::tuple_size<Tuple>());
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Tuple, Char>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return do_format(value, ctx, std::tuple_size<Tuple>());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<Tuple, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<Tuple>())) formatters_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>)
+      -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <size_t N>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, N>)
+      -> const Char* {
+    auto end = ctx.begin();
+#if FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+    end = std::get<std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value - N>(formatters_).parse(ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      auto end1 = do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+      if (end != end1)
+        report_error("incompatible format specs for tuple elements");
+    }
+#endif
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Tuple, Char>&, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, size_t N>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Tuple, Char>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, N>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    using std::get;
+    auto out =
+        std::get<std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value - N>(formatters_)
+            .format(get<std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value - N>(value.tuple), ctx);
+    if (N <= 1) return out;
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(value.sep, out);
+    ctx.advance_to(out);
+    return do_format(value, ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+// Check if T has an interface like a container adaptor (e.g. std::stack,
+// std::queue, std::priority_queue).
+template <typename T> class is_container_adaptor_like {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U* p) -> typename U::container_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Container> struct all {
+  const Container& c;
+  auto begin() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.begin(); }
+  auto end() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.end(); }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<detail::is_container_adaptor_like<T>,
+                            bool_constant<range_format_kind<T, Char>::value ==
+                                          range_format::disabled>>::value>>
+    : formatter<detail::all<typename T::container_type>, Char> {
+  using all = detail::all<typename T::container_type>;
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    struct getter : T {
+      static auto get(const T& v) -> all {
+        return {v.*(&getter::c)};  // Access c through the derived class.
+      }
+    };
+    return formatter<all>::format(getter::get(value), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/// Returns a view that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+/// separated by `sep`.
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
+  return {std::move(begin), end, sep};
+}
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Returns an object that formats `tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
-    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
-    // Output: "1, a"
-  \endrst
+ * Returns a view that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto v = std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 1, 2, 3
+ *
+ * `fmt::join` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 01, 02, 03
  */
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<char, T...> join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
-                                              string_view sep) {
-  return {tuple, sep};
+template <typename Range, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_tuple_like<Range>::value)>
+auto join(Range&& r, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<decltype(detail::range_begin(r)),
+                 decltype(detail::range_end(r))> {
+  return {detail::range_begin(r), detail::range_end(r), sep};
 }
 
-template <typename... T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<wchar_t, T...> join(
-    const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep) {
+/**
+ * Returns an object that formats `std::tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto t = std::tuple<int, char>(1, 'a');
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 1, a
+ */
+template <typename Tuple, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const Tuple& tuple FMT_LIFETIMEBOUND, string_view sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<Tuple, char> {
   return {tuple, sep};
 }
 
 /**
-  \rst
-  Returns an object that formats `initializer_list` with elements separated by
-  `sep`.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
-    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
-  \endrst
+ * Returns an object that formats `std::initializer_list` with elements
+ * separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
+ *     // Output: "1, 2, 3"
  */
 template <typename T>
-join_view<const T*, const T*> join(std::initializer_list<T> list,
-                                   string_view sep) {
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*> {
   return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
 }
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/std.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..184c6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - formatters for standard library types
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_STD_H_
+#define FMT_STD_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+#include "ostream.h"
+
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <bitset>
+#  include <complex>
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <thread>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>  // std::type_info
+#  include <utility>   // std::make_index_sequence
+
+// Check FMT_CPLUSPLUS to suppress a bogus warning in MSVC.
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#    if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<filesystem>) && \
+        (!defined(FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM) || FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM != 0)
+#      include <filesystem>
+#    endif
+#    if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<variant>)
+#      include <variant>
+#    endif
+#    if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<optional>)
+#      include <optional>
+#    endif
+#  endif
+// Use > instead of >= in the version check because <source_location> may be
+// available after C++17 but before C++20 is marked as implemented.
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 201703L && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<source_location>)
+#    include <source_location>
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 202002L && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<expected>)
+#    include <expected>
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_MODULE
+
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<version>)
+#  include <version>
+#endif
+
+// GCC 4 does not support FMT_HAS_INCLUDE.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<cxxabi.h>) || defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#  include <cxxabi.h>
+// Android NDK with gabi++ library on some architectures does not implement
+// abi::__cxa_demangle().
+#  ifndef __GABIXX_CXXABI_H__
+#    define FMT_HAS_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_filesystem)
+#  define FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM __cpp_lib_filesystem
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+// Use the provided definition.
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_variant)
+#  define FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT __cpp_lib_variant
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT 0
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+
+template <typename Char, typename PathChar>
+auto get_path_string(const std::filesystem::path& p,
+                     const std::basic_string<PathChar>& native) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, char> && std::is_same_v<PathChar, wchar_t>)
+    return to_utf8<wchar_t>(native, to_utf8_error_policy::replace);
+  else
+    return p.string<Char>();
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename PathChar>
+void write_escaped_path(basic_memory_buffer<Char>& quoted,
+                        const std::filesystem::path& p,
+                        const std::basic_string<PathChar>& native) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, char> &&
+                std::is_same_v<PathChar, wchar_t>) {
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>();
+    write_escaped_string<wchar_t>(std::back_inserter(buf), native);
+    bool valid = to_utf8<wchar_t>::convert(quoted, {buf.data(), buf.size()});
+    FMT_ASSERT(valid, "invalid utf16");
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, PathChar>) {
+    write_escaped_string<std::filesystem::path::value_type>(
+        std::back_inserter(quoted), native);
+  } else {
+    write_escaped_string<Char>(std::back_inserter(quoted), p.string<Char>());
+  }
+}
+
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_expected) || FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T, typename FormatContext>
+auto write_escaped_alternative(OutputIt out, const T& v, FormatContext& ctx)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if constexpr (has_to_string_view<T>::value)
+    return write_escaped_string<Char>(out, detail::to_string_view(v));
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Char>) return write_escaped_char(out, v);
+
+  formatter<std::remove_cv_t<T>, Char> underlying;
+  maybe_set_debug_format(underlying, true);
+  return underlying.format(v, ctx);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+template <typename> struct is_variant_like_ : std::false_type {};
+template <typename... Types>
+struct is_variant_like_<std::variant<Types...>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Variant, typename Char> class is_variant_formattable {
+  template <size_t... Is>
+  static auto check(std::index_sequence<Is...>) -> std::conjunction<
+      is_formattable<std::variant_alternative_t<Is, Variant>, Char>...>;
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr bool value = decltype(check(
+      std::make_index_sequence<std::variant_size<Variant>::value>()))::value;
+};
+
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+#if FMT_USE_RTTI
+inline auto normalize_libcxx_inline_namespaces(string_view demangled_name_view,
+                                               char* begin) -> string_view {
+  // Normalization of stdlib inline namespace names.
+  // libc++ inline namespaces.
+  //  std::__1::*       -> std::*
+  //  std::__1::__fs::* -> std::*
+  // libstdc++ inline namespaces.
+  //  std::__cxx11::*             -> std::*
+  //  std::filesystem::__cxx11::* -> std::filesystem::*
+  if (demangled_name_view.starts_with("std::")) {
+    char* to = begin + 5;  // std::
+    for (const char *from = to, *end = begin + demangled_name_view.size();
+         from < end;) {
+      // This is safe, because demangled_name is NUL-terminated.
+      if (from[0] == '_' && from[1] == '_') {
+        const char* next = from + 1;
+        while (next < end && *next != ':') next++;
+        if (next[0] == ':' && next[1] == ':') {
+          from = next + 2;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      *to++ = *from++;
+    }
+    demangled_name_view = {begin, detail::to_unsigned(to - begin)};
+  }
+  return demangled_name_view;
+}
+
+template <class OutputIt>
+auto normalize_msvc_abi_name(string_view abi_name_view, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  const string_view demangled_name(abi_name_view);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < demangled_name.size(); ++i) {
+    auto sub = demangled_name;
+    sub.remove_prefix(i);
+    if (sub.starts_with("enum ")) {
+      i += 4;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (sub.starts_with("class ") || sub.starts_with("union ")) {
+      i += 5;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (sub.starts_with("struct ")) {
+      i += 6;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (*sub.begin() != ' ') *out++ = *sub.begin();
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_demangled_name(OutputIt out, const std::type_info& ti) -> OutputIt {
+#  ifdef FMT_HAS_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE
+  int status = 0;
+  size_t size = 0;
+  std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> demangled_name_ptr(
+      abi::__cxa_demangle(ti.name(), nullptr, &size, &status), &free);
+
+  string_view demangled_name_view;
+  if (demangled_name_ptr) {
+    demangled_name_view = normalize_libcxx_inline_namespaces(
+        demangled_name_ptr.get(), demangled_name_ptr.get());
+  } else {
+    demangled_name_view = string_view(ti.name());
+  }
+  return detail::write_bytes<char>(out, demangled_name_view);
+#  elif FMT_MSC_VERSION && defined(_MSVC_STL_UPDATE)
+  return normalize_msvc_abi_name(ti.name(), out);
+#  elif FMT_MSC_VERSION && defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+  const string_view demangled_name = ti.name();
+  std::string name_copy(demangled_name.size(), '\0');
+  // normalize_msvc_abi_name removes class, struct, union etc that MSVC has in
+  // front of types
+  name_copy.erase(normalize_msvc_abi_name(demangled_name, name_copy.begin()),
+                  name_copy.end());
+  // normalize_libcxx_inline_namespaces removes the inline __1, __2, etc
+  // namespaces libc++ uses for ABI versioning On MSVC ABI + libc++
+  // environments, we need to eliminate both of them.
+  const string_view normalized_name =
+      normalize_libcxx_inline_namespaces(name_copy, name_copy.data());
+  return detail::write_bytes<char>(out, normalized_name);
+#  else
+  return detail::write_bytes<char>(out, string_view(ti.name()));
+#  endif
+}
+
+#endif  // FMT_USE_RTTI
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_flip : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_flip<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().flip())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> struct is_bit_reference_like {
+  static constexpr bool value = std::is_convertible<T, bool>::value &&
+                                std::is_nothrow_assignable<T, bool>::value &&
+                                has_flip<T>::value;
+};
+
+// Workaround for libc++ incompatibility with C++ standard.
+// According to the Standard, `bitset::operator[] const` returns bool.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && !defined(FMT_IMPORT_STD)
+template <typename C>
+struct is_bit_reference_like<std::__bit_const_reference<C>> {
+  static constexpr bool value = true;
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_format_as : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_format_as<T, void_t<decltype(format_as(std::declval<const T&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_format_as_member : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_format_as_member<
+    T, void_t<decltype(formatter<T>::format_as(std::declval<const T&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T, typename Deleter>
+auto ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> auto ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::filesystem::path, Char> {
+ private:
+  format_specs specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+  bool debug_ = false;
+  char path_type_ = 0;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) { debug_ = set; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    Char c = *it;
+    if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '{')
+      it = detail::parse_width(it, end, specs_, width_ref_, ctx);
+    if (it != end && *it == '?') {
+      debug_ = true;
+      ++it;
+    }
+    if (it != end && (*it == 'g')) path_type_ = detail::to_ascii(*it++);
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::filesystem::path& p, FormatContext& ctx) const {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    auto path_string =
+        !path_type_ ? p.native()
+                    : p.generic_string<std::filesystem::path::value_type>();
+
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                ctx);
+    if (!debug_) {
+      auto s = detail::get_path_string<Char>(p, path_string);
+      return detail::write(ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs);
+    }
+    auto quoted = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    detail::write_escaped_path(quoted, p, path_string);
+    return detail::write(ctx.out(),
+                         basic_string_view<Char>(quoted.data(), quoted.size()),
+                         specs);
+  }
+};
+
+class path : public std::filesystem::path {
+ public:
+  auto display_string() const -> std::string {
+    const std::filesystem::path& base = *this;
+    return fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), base);
+  }
+  auto system_string() const -> std::string { return string(); }
+
+  auto generic_display_string() const -> std::string {
+    const std::filesystem::path& base = *this;
+    return fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:g}"), base);
+  }
+  auto generic_system_string() const -> std::string { return generic_string(); }
+};
+
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+
+template <size_t N, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::bitset<N>, Char>
+    : nested_formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+ private:
+  // This is a functor because C++11 doesn't support generic lambdas.
+  struct writer {
+    const std::bitset<N>& bs;
+
+    template <typename OutputIt>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+      for (auto pos = N; pos > 0; --pos)
+        out = detail::write<Char>(out, bs[pos - 1] ? Char('1') : Char('0'));
+      return out;
+    }
+  };
+
+ public:
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::bitset<N>& bs, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return this->write_padded(ctx, writer{bs});
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::thread::id, Char> : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {};
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_optional
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::optional<T>, Char,
+                 std::enable_if_t<is_formattable<T, Char>::value>> {
+ private:
+  formatter<std::remove_cv_t<T>, Char> underlying_;
+  static constexpr basic_string_view<Char> optional =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, 'o', 'p', 't', 'i', 'o', 'n', 'a', 'l',
+                             '('>{};
+  static constexpr basic_string_view<Char> none =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, 'n', 'o', 'n', 'e'>{};
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) {
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, true);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::optional<T>& opt, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    if (!opt) return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), none);
+
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, optional);
+    ctx.advance_to(out);
+    out = underlying_.format(*opt, ctx);
+    return detail::write(out, ')');
+  }
+};
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_optional
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_expected
+template <typename T, typename E, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::expected<T, E>, Char,
+                 std::enable_if_t<(std::is_void<T>::value ||
+                                   is_formattable<T, Char>::value) &&
+                                  is_formattable<E, Char>::value>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::expected<T, E>& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    if (value.has_value()) {
+      out = detail::write<Char>(out, "expected(");
+      if constexpr (!std::is_void<T>::value)
+        out = detail::write_escaped_alternative<Char>(out, *value, ctx);
+    } else {
+      out = detail::write<Char>(out, "unexpected(");
+      out = detail::write_escaped_alternative<Char>(out, value.error(), ctx);
+    }
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_expected
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_source_location
+template <> struct formatter<std::source_location> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) { return ctx.begin(); }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::source_location& loc, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write(out, loc.file_name());
+    out = detail::write(out, ':');
+    out = detail::write<char>(out, loc.line());
+    out = detail::write(out, ':');
+    out = detail::write<char>(out, loc.column());
+    out = detail::write(out, ": ");
+    out = detail::write(out, loc.function_name());
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+template <typename T> struct is_variant_like {
+  static constexpr bool value = detail::is_variant_like_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::monostate, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::monostate&, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), "monostate");
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Variant, typename Char>
+struct formatter<Variant, Char,
+                 std::enable_if_t<std::conjunction_v<
+                     is_variant_like<Variant>,
+                     detail::is_variant_formattable<Variant, Char>>>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Variant& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, "variant(");
+    FMT_TRY {
+      std::visit(
+          [&](const auto& v) {
+            out = detail::write_escaped_alternative<Char>(out, v, ctx);
+          },
+          value);
+    }
+    FMT_CATCH(const std::bad_variant_access&) {
+      detail::write<Char>(out, "valueless by exception");
+    }
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+template <> struct formatter<std::error_code> {
+ private:
+  format_specs specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<char> width_ref_;
+  bool debug_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) { debug_ = set; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) -> const char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+
+    char c = *it;
+    if (it != end && ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '{'))
+      it = detail::parse_width(it, end, specs_, width_ref_, ctx);
+
+    if (it != end && *it == '?') {
+      debug_ = true;
+      ++it;
+    }
+    if (it != end && *it == 's') {
+      specs_.set_type(presentation_type::string);
+      ++it;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format(const std::error_code& ec,
+                              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                ctx);
+    auto buf = memory_buffer();
+    if (specs_.type() == presentation_type::string) {
+      buf.append(ec.message());
+    } else {
+      buf.append(string_view(ec.category().name()));
+      buf.push_back(':');
+      detail::write<char>(appender(buf), ec.value());
+    }
+    auto quoted = memory_buffer();
+    auto str = string_view(buf.data(), buf.size());
+    if (debug_) {
+      detail::write_escaped_string<char>(std::back_inserter(quoted), str);
+      str = string_view(quoted.data(), quoted.size());
+    }
+    return detail::write<char>(ctx.out(), str, specs);
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_RTTI
+template <> struct formatter<std::type_info> {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Context>
+  auto format(const std::type_info& ti, Context& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return detail::write_demangled_name(ctx.out(), ti);
+  }
+};
+#endif  // FMT_USE_RTTI
+
+template <typename T>
+struct formatter<
+    T, char,
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value>::type> {
+ private:
+  bool with_typename_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<>& ctx) -> const char* {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+    if (*it == 't') {
+      ++it;
+      with_typename_ = FMT_USE_RTTI != 0;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Context>
+  auto format(const std::exception& ex, Context& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+#if FMT_USE_RTTI
+    if (with_typename_) {
+      out = detail::write_demangled_name(out, typeid(ex));
+      *out++ = ':';
+      *out++ = ' ';
+    }
+#endif
+    return detail::write_bytes<char>(out, string_view(ex.what()));
+  }
+};
+
+// We can't use std::vector<bool, Allocator>::reference and
+// std::bitset<N>::reference because the compiler can't deduce Allocator and N
+// in partial specialization.
+template <typename BitRef, typename Char>
+struct formatter<BitRef, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::is_bit_reference_like<BitRef>::value>>
+    : formatter<bool, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const BitRef& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<bool, Char>::format(v, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::atomic<T>, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<is_formattable<T, Char>::value>>
+    : formatter<T, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::atomic<T>& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<T, Char>::format(v.load(), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::atomic_flag, Char> : formatter<bool, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::atomic_flag& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<bool, Char>::format(v.test(), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct formatter<std::complex<T>, Char> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_format(const std::complex<T>& c,
+                               detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                               FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt out) const
+      -> OutputIt {
+    if (c.real() != 0) {
+      *out++ = Char('(');
+      out = detail::write<Char>(out, c.real(), specs, ctx.locale());
+      specs.set_sign(sign::plus);
+      out = detail::write<Char>(out, c.imag(), specs, ctx.locale());
+      if (!detail::isfinite(c.imag())) *out++ = Char(' ');
+      *out++ = Char('i');
+      *out++ = Char(')');
+      return out;
+    }
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, c.imag(), specs, ctx.locale());
+    if (!detail::isfinite(c.imag())) *out++ = Char(' ');
+    *out++ = Char('i');
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    if (ctx.begin() == ctx.end() || *ctx.begin() == '}') return ctx.begin();
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::complex<T>& c, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    if (specs.dynamic()) {
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_width(), specs.width,
+                                  specs.width_ref, ctx);
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec(specs.dynamic_precision(), specs.precision,
+                                  specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+    }
+
+    if (specs.width == 0) return do_format(c, specs, ctx, ctx.out());
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+
+    auto outer_specs = format_specs();
+    outer_specs.width = specs.width;
+    outer_specs.copy_fill_from(specs);
+    outer_specs.set_align(specs.align());
+
+    specs.width = 0;
+    specs.set_fill({});
+    specs.set_align(align::none);
+
+    do_format(c, specs, ctx, basic_appender<Char>(buf));
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(),
+                               basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()),
+                               outer_specs);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::reference_wrapper<T>, Char,
+                 // Guard against format_as because reference_wrapper is
+                 // implicitly convertible to T&.
+                 enable_if_t<is_formattable<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char>::value &&
+                             !detail::has_format_as<T>::value &&
+                             !detail::has_format_as_member<T>::value>>
+    : formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::reference_wrapper<T> ref, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char>::format(ref.get(), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_STD_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
index 7f07b6e..9334b87 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
@@ -5,53 +5,136 @@
 //
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
-#ifndef FMT_WCHAR_H_
-#define FMT_WCHAR_H_
-
-#include <cwchar>
+#ifndef FMT_XCHAR_H_
+#define FMT_XCHAR_H_
 
+#include "color.h"
 #include "format.h"
+#include "ostream.h"
+#include "ranges.h"
+
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <cwchar>
+#  if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+#    include <locale>
+#  endif
+#endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace detail {
+
 template <typename T>
 using is_exotic_char = bool_constant<!std::is_same<T, char>::value>;
+
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct format_string_char {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct format_string_char<
+    S, void_t<decltype(sizeof(detail::to_string_view(std::declval<S>())))>> {
+  using type = char_t<S>;
+};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct format_string_char<
+    S, enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<detail::compile_string, S>::value>> {
+  using type = typename S::char_type;
+};
+
+template <typename S>
+using format_string_char_t = typename format_string_char<S>::type;
+
+inline auto write_loc(basic_appender<wchar_t> out, loc_value value,
+                      const format_specs& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool {
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+  auto& numpunct =
+      std::use_facet<std::numpunct<wchar_t>>(loc.get<std::locale>());
+  auto separator = std::wstring();
+  auto grouping = numpunct.grouping();
+  if (!grouping.empty()) separator = std::wstring(1, numpunct.thousands_sep());
+  return value.visit(loc_writer<wchar_t>{out, specs, separator, grouping, {}});
+#endif
+  return false;
 }
 
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args,
+                locale_ref loc = {}) {
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value, "");
+  auto out = basic_appender<Char>(buf);
+  parse_format_string(
+      fmt, format_handler<Char>{parse_context<Char>(fmt), {out, args, loc}});
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
 
 using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
-using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
-using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_parse_context = parse_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_context = buffered_context<wchar_t>;
 using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
 using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
 
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
-// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
-template <typename... Args> using wformat_string = wstring_view;
-#else
-template <typename... Args>
-using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
-#endif
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct basic_fstring {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> str_;
 
-template <typename... Args>
-constexpr format_arg_store<wformat_context, Args...> make_wformat_args(
-    const Args&... args) {
-  return {args...};
+  static constexpr int num_static_named_args =
+      detail::count_static_named_args<T...>();
+
+  using checker = detail::format_string_checker<
+      Char, static_cast<int>(sizeof...(T)), num_static_named_args,
+      num_static_named_args != detail::count_named_args<T...>()>;
+
+  using arg_pack = detail::arg_pack<T...>;
+
+ public:
+  using t = basic_fstring;
+
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<const S&, basic_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE basic_fstring(const S& s) : str_(s) {
+    if (FMT_USE_CONSTEVAL)
+      detail::parse_format_string<Char>(s, checker(s, arg_pack()));
+  }
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_base_of<detail::compile_string, S>::value&&
+                              std::is_same<typename S::char_type, Char>::value)>
+  FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE basic_fstring(const S&) : str_(S()) {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto sv = basic_string_view<Char>(S());
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR int ignore =
+        (parse_format_string(sv, checker(sv, arg_pack())), 0);
+    detail::ignore_unused(ignore);
+  }
+  basic_fstring(runtime_format_string<Char> fmt) : str_(fmt.str) {}
+
+  operator basic_string_view<Char>() const { return str_; }
+  auto get() const -> basic_string_view<Char> { return str_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+using basic_format_string = basic_fstring<Char, T...>;
+
+template <typename... T>
+using wformat_string = typename basic_format_string<wchar_t, T...>::t;
+inline auto runtime(wstring_view s) -> runtime_format_string<wchar_t> {
+  return {{s}};
 }
 
+template <typename... T>
+constexpr auto make_wformat_args(T&... args)
+    -> decltype(fmt::make_format_args<wformat_context>(args...)) {
+  return fmt::make_format_args<wformat_context>(args...);
+}
+
+#if !FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
 inline namespace literals {
-constexpr auto operator"" _format(const wchar_t* s, size_t n)
-    -> detail::udl_formatter<wchar_t> {
-  return {{s, n}};
-}
-
-#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && !FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
-constexpr detail::udl_arg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t* s, size_t) {
+inline auto operator""_a(const wchar_t* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<wchar_t> {
   return {s};
 }
-#endif
 }  // namespace literals
+#endif
 
 template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
 auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, wstring_view sep)
@@ -59,9 +142,9 @@ auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, wstring_view sep)
   return {begin, end, sep};
 }
 
-template <typename Range>
+template <typename Range, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_tuple_like<Range>::value)>
 auto join(Range&& range, wstring_view sep)
-    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>,
+    -> join_view<decltype(std::begin(range)), decltype(std::end(range)),
                  wchar_t> {
   return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
 }
@@ -72,118 +155,144 @@ auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, wstring_view sep)
   return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
 }
 
-template <typename Locale, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
-                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+template <typename Tuple, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value)>
+auto join(const Tuple& tuple, basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<Tuple, wchar_t> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
 }
 
-template <typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
-          typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
-                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-                                      Args&&... args) {
-  return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str),
-                         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto vformat(basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+             basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+template <typename... T>
+auto format(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::wstring {
+  return vformat(fmt::wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T>
+auto format_to(OutputIt out, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, fmt::wstring_view(fmt),
+                    fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
+// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value)>
+auto format(const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return vformat(detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                 fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(locale_ref loc, const S& fmt,
+                    basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args, loc);
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format(locale_ref loc, const S& fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return vformat(loc, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                 fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
                             detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
-                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt,
+                basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value)>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, locale_ref loc, const S& fmt,
+                       basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args)
     -> OutputIt {
   auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
-  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+  vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args, loc);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
-          typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
-                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> OutputIt {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
-  return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
-}
-
-template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char, size_t SIZE,
-          typename Allocator, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
-FMT_DEPRECATED auto format_to(basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE, Allocator>& buf,
-                              const S& format_str, Args&&... args) ->
-    typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
-  return detail::buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
-}
-
-template <typename Locale, typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
-          typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
-                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
-                                detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline OutputIt vformat_to(
-    OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
-  vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
-  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
-}
-
-template <
-    typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
-    typename Char = char_t<S>,
-    bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
-        detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&& detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value>
-inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-                      Args&&... args) ->
-    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
-  return vformat_to(out, loc, to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
+          bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value &&
+                        detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, locale_ref loc, const S& fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
                             detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline auto vformat_to_n(
-    OutputIt out, size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+inline auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                         basic_format_args<buffered_context<Char>> args)
     -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
-  detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, Char, detail::fixed_buffer_traits> buf(out,
-                                                                           n);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, Char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
   return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
-          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
                             detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt,
-                        const Args&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
-  return vformat_to_n(out, n, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
+inline auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt::basic_string_view<Char>(fmt),
+                      fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = detail::format_string_char_t<S>,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> size_t {
-  detail::counting_buffer<Char> buf;
-  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
-  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
+inline auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                     fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<Char>>(args...));
   return buf.count();
 }
 
 inline void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
-  wmemory_buffer buffer;
-  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
-  buffer.push_back(L'\0');
-  if (std::fputws(buffer.data(), f) == -1)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  auto buf = wmemory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
+  buf.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buf.data(), f) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
 }
 
 inline void vprint(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
@@ -192,20 +301,56 @@ inline void vprint(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
 
 template <typename... T>
 void print(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
-  return vprint(f, wstring_view(fmt), make_wformat_args(args...));
+  return vprint(f, wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
 }
 
 template <typename... T> void print(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
-  return vprint(wstring_view(fmt), make_wformat_args(args...));
+  return vprint(wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
 }
 
-/**
-  Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
- */
-template <typename T> inline std::wstring to_wstring(const T& value) {
+template <typename... T>
+void println(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return print(f, L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T> void println(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return print(L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+inline auto vformat(text_style ts, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args)
+    -> std::wstring {
+  auto buf = wmemory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, fmt, args);
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto format(text_style ts, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::wstring {
+  return fmt::vformat(ts, fmt, fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+inline void vprint(std::wostream& os, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void print(std::wostream& os, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, fmt, fmt::make_format_args<buffered_context<wchar_t>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void println(std::wostream& os, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  print(os, L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+/// Converts `value` to `std::wstring` using the default format for type `T`.
+template <typename T> inline auto to_wstring(const T& value) -> std::wstring {
   return format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), value);
 }
-FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_EXPORT
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
-#endif  // FMT_WCHAR_H_
+#endif  // FMT_XCHAR_H_
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/fmt.cc b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/fmt.cc
index b491033..0713da7 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/fmt.cc
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/fmt.cc
@@ -1,45 +1,67 @@
 module;
-// put all implementation-provided headers into the global module fragment
-// to prevent attachment to this module
-#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
-#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-#endif
-#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN) && defined(_WIN32)
-#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+
+#define FMT_MODULE
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_LANG
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS __cplusplus
 #endif
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cctype>
+// Put all implementation-provided headers into the global module fragment
+// to prevent attachment to this module.
+#ifndef FMT_IMPORT_STD
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <bitset>
+#  include <chrono>
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <complex>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdio>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <exception>
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 202002L
+#    include <expected>
+#  endif
+#  include <filesystem>
+#  include <fstream>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <locale>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <optional>
+#  include <ostream>
+#  include <source_location>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <string_view>
+#  include <system_error>
+#  include <thread>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#  include <variant>
+#  include <vector>
+#else
+#  include <limits.h>
+#  include <stdint.h>
+#  include <stdio.h>
+#  include <stdlib.h>
+#  include <string.h>
+#  include <time.h>
+#endif
 #include <cerrno>
-#include <chrono>
 #include <climits>
-#include <clocale>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <cwchar>
-#include <exception>
-#include <functional>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <limits>
-#include <locale>
-#include <memory>
-#include <ostream>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <string>
-#include <string_view>
-#include <system_error>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
+#include <version>
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if __has_include(<cxxabi.h>)
+#  include <cxxabi.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
 #  include <intrin.h>
 #endif
 #if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
@@ -61,40 +83,73 @@ module;
 #  endif
 #endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
+#  if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#    include <ext/stdio_filebuf.h>
+#    include <ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h>
+#  endif
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
 #  include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
 export module fmt;
 
-#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT export
-#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN export {
-#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END }
-#define FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
-  }                                \
-  namespace detail {
-#define FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
-  }                              \
-  export {
-
-#if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && _MSC_FULL_VER > 192930036
-#define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS 0
+#ifdef FMT_IMPORT_STD
+import std;
 #endif
 
-// all library-provided declarations and definitions
-// must be in the module purview to be exported
+#define FMT_EXPORT export
+#define FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT export {
+#define FMT_END_EXPORT }
+
+// If you define FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+//  - all declarations are detached from module 'fmt'
+//  - the module behaves like a traditional static library, too
+//  - all library symbols are mangled traditionally
+//  - you can mix TUs with either importing or #including the {fmt} API
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+extern "C++" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_OS
+#  define FMT_OS 1
+#endif
+
+// All library-provided declarations and definitions must be in the module
+// purview to be exported.
 #include "fmt/args.h"
 #include "fmt/chrono.h"
 #include "fmt/color.h"
 #include "fmt/compile.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
-#include "fmt/os.h"
+#if FMT_OS
+#  include "fmt/os.h"
+#endif
+#include "fmt/ostream.h"
 #include "fmt/printf.h"
+#include "fmt/ranges.h"
+#include "fmt/std.h"
 #include "fmt/xchar.h"
 
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+}
+#endif
+
 // gcc doesn't yet implement private module fragments
 #if !FMT_GCC_VERSION
-module : private;
+module :private;
 #endif
 
-#include "format.cc"
-#include "os.cc"
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+extern "C++" {
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("format.cc")
+#  include "format.cc"
+#endif
+#if FMT_OS && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("os.cc")
+#  include "os.cc"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/format.cc b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/format.cc
index c56cd31..526082e 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/format.cc
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/format.cc
@@ -8,68 +8,36 @@
 #include "fmt/format-inl.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCALE
+template FMT_API locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);  // DEPRECATED!
+template FMT_API auto locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const -> std::locale;
+#endif
+
 namespace detail {
 
-template <typename T>
-int format_float(char* buf, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
-                 T value) {
-#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
-  if (precision > 100000)
-    throw std::runtime_error(
-        "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
-#endif
-  // Suppress the warning about nonliteral format string.
-  int (*snprintf_ptr)(char*, size_t, const char*, ...) = FMT_SNPRINTF;
-  return precision < 0 ? snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, value)
-                       : snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, precision, value);
-}
-
-template FMT_API dragonbox::decimal_fp<float> dragonbox::to_decimal(float x)
-    FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-template FMT_API dragonbox::decimal_fp<double> dragonbox::to_decimal(double x)
-    FMT_NOEXCEPT;
-}  // namespace detail
-
-// Workaround a bug in MSVC2013 that prevents instantiation of format_float.
-int (*instantiate_format_float)(double, int, detail::float_specs,
-                                detail::buffer<char>&) = detail::format_float;
-
-#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
-template FMT_API detail::locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);
-template FMT_API std::locale detail::locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const;
-#endif
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(float x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<float>;
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(double x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<double>;
 
 // Explicit instantiations for char.
 
-template FMT_API std::string detail::grouping_impl<char>(locale_ref);
-template FMT_API char detail::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
-template FMT_API char detail::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
 
-template FMT_API void detail::buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
-
-template FMT_API void detail::vformat_to(
-    detail::buffer<char>&, string_view,
-    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(char)>, detail::locale_ref);
-
-template FMT_API int detail::snprintf_float(double, int, detail::float_specs,
-                                            detail::buffer<char>&);
-template FMT_API int detail::snprintf_float(long double, int,
-                                            detail::float_specs,
-                                            detail::buffer<char>&);
-template FMT_API int detail::format_float(double, int, detail::float_specs,
-                                          detail::buffer<char>&);
-template FMT_API int detail::format_float(long double, int, detail::float_specs,
-                                          detail::buffer<char>&);
+// DEPRECATED!
+template FMT_API void buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
 
 // Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
 
-template FMT_API std::string detail::grouping_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref);
-template FMT_API wchar_t detail::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
-template FMT_API wchar_t detail::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
 
-template FMT_API void detail::buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*,
-                                                      const wchar_t*);
-
-template struct detail::basic_data<void>;
+// DEPRECATED!
+template FMT_API void buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
 
+}  // namespace detail
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/os.cc b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/os.cc
index 934629d..4d7c299 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/os.cc
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/src/os.cc
@@ -12,43 +12,51 @@
 
 #include "fmt/os.h"
 
-#include <climits>
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <climits>
 
-#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
-#  include <sys/stat.h>
-#  include <sys/types.h>
+#  if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#    include <sys/stat.h>
+#    include <sys/types.h>
 
-#  ifndef _WIN32
-#    include <unistd.h>
-#  else
-#    ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#      define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#    endif
-#    include <io.h>
-
-#    define O_CREAT _O_CREAT
-#    define O_TRUNC _O_TRUNC
-
-#    ifndef S_IRUSR
-#      define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#    ifdef _WRS_KERNEL    // VxWorks7 kernel
+#      include <ioLib.h>  // getpagesize
 #    endif
 
-#    ifndef S_IWUSR
-#      define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
-#    endif
+#    ifndef _WIN32
+#      include <unistd.h>
+#    else
+#      ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#        define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#      endif
+#      include <io.h>
+#    endif  // _WIN32
+#  endif    // FMT_USE_FCNTL
 
-#    ifdef __MINGW32__
-#      define _SH_DENYNO 0x40
-#    endif
-#  endif  // _WIN32
-#endif    // FMT_USE_FCNTL
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#  include <windows.h>
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+#    include <windows.h>
+#  endif
 #endif
 
-#ifdef fileno
-#  undef fileno
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  ifndef S_IRUSR
+#    define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#  endif
+#  ifndef S_IWUSR
+#    define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+#  endif
+#  ifndef S_IRGRP
+#    define S_IRGRP 0
+#  endif
+#  ifndef S_IWGRP
+#    define S_IWGRP 0
+#  endif
+#  ifndef S_IROTH
+#    define S_IROTH 0
+#  endif
+#  ifndef S_IWOTH
+#    define S_IWOTH 0
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 namespace {
@@ -58,48 +66,20 @@ using rwresult = int;
 
 // On Windows the count argument to read and write is unsigned, so convert
 // it from size_t preventing integer overflow.
-inline unsigned convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) {
+inline unsigned convert_rwcount(size_t count) {
   return count <= UINT_MAX ? static_cast<unsigned>(count) : UINT_MAX;
 }
 #elif FMT_USE_FCNTL
 // Return type of read and write functions.
 using rwresult = ssize_t;
 
-inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
+inline auto convert_rwcount(size_t count) -> size_t { return count; }
 #endif
 }  // namespace
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-detail::utf16_to_utf8::utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
-  if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
-    FMT_THROW(windows_error(error_code,
-                            "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
-  }
-}
-
-int detail::utf16_to_utf8::convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
-  if (s.size() > INT_MAX) return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-  int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
-  if (s_size == 0) {
-    // WideCharToMultiByte does not support zero length, handle separately.
-    buffer_.resize(1);
-    buffer_[0] = 0;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, nullptr, 0,
-                                   nullptr, nullptr);
-  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
-  buffer_.resize(length + 1);
-  length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0],
-                               length, nullptr, nullptr);
-  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
-  buffer_[length] = 0;
-  return 0;
-}
-
 namespace detail {
 
 class system_message {
@@ -109,7 +89,7 @@ class system_message {
   unsigned long result_;
   wchar_t* message_;
 
-  static bool is_whitespace(wchar_t c) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static bool is_whitespace(wchar_t c) noexcept {
     return c == L' ' || c == L'\n' || c == L'\r' || c == L'\t' || c == L'\0';
   }
 
@@ -128,20 +108,20 @@ class system_message {
     }
   }
   ~system_message() { LocalFree(message_); }
-  explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return result_ != 0; }
-  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return result_ != 0; }
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const noexcept {
     return basic_string_view<wchar_t>(message_, result_);
   }
 };
 
 class utf8_system_category final : public std::error_category {
  public:
-  const char* name() const FMT_NOEXCEPT override { return "system"; }
+  const char* name() const noexcept override { return "system"; }
   std::string message(int error_code) const override {
-    system_message msg(error_code);
+    auto&& msg = system_message(error_code);
     if (msg) {
-      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
-      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+      auto utf8_message = to_utf8<wchar_t>();
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg)) {
         return utf8_message.str();
       }
     }
@@ -151,7 +131,7 @@ class utf8_system_category final : public std::error_category {
 
 }  // namespace detail
 
-FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept {
   static const detail::utf8_system_category category;
   return category;
 }
@@ -163,13 +143,14 @@ std::system_error vwindows_error(int err_code, string_view format_str,
 }
 
 void detail::format_windows_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
-                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
   FMT_TRY {
-    system_message msg(error_code);
+    auto&& msg = system_message(error_code);
     if (msg) {
-      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
-      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
-        format_to(buffer_appender<char>(out), "{}: {}", message, utf8_message);
+      auto utf8_message = to_utf8<wchar_t>();
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg)) {
+        fmt::format_to(appender(out), FMT_STRING("{}: {}"), message,
+                       string_view(utf8_message));
         return;
       }
     }
@@ -178,12 +159,12 @@ void detail::format_windows_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
   format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
 }
 
-void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  report_error(detail::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept {
+  do_report_error(detail::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
 }
 #endif  // _WIN32
 
-buffered_file::~buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+buffered_file::~buffered_file() noexcept {
   if (file_ && FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_)) != 0)
     report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
 }
@@ -192,39 +173,57 @@ buffered_file::buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode) {
   FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())),
                 nullptr);
   if (!file_)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", filename.c_str()));
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"),
+                           filename.c_str()));
 }
 
 void buffered_file::close() {
   if (!file_) return;
   int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
   file_ = nullptr;
-  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot close file")));
 }
 
-// A macro used to prevent expansion of fileno on broken versions of MinGW.
-#define FMT_ARGS
-
-int buffered_file::fileno() const {
-  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno FMT_ARGS(file_));
-  if (fd == -1) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
+auto buffered_file::descriptor() const -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_HAS_SYSTEM
+  // fileno is a macro on OpenBSD.
+#  ifdef fileno
+#    undef fileno
+#  endif
+  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno(file_));
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+  int fd = _fileno(file_);
+#else
+  int fd = fileno(file_);
+#endif
+  if (fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get file descriptor")));
   return fd;
 }
 
 #if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+using mode_t = int;
+#  endif
+
+constexpr mode_t default_open_mode =
+    S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;
+
 file::file(cstring_view path, int oflag) {
-  int mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
 #  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
   fd_ = -1;
-  FMT_POSIX_CALL(sopen_s(&fd_, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, mode));
+  auto converted = detail::utf8_to_utf16(string_view(path.c_str()));
+  *this = file::open_windows_file(converted.c_str(), oflag);
 #  else
-  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, mode)));
-#  endif
+  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, default_open_mode)));
   if (fd_ == -1)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", path.c_str()));
+    FMT_THROW(
+        system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"), path.c_str()));
+#  endif
 }
 
-file::~file() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+file::~file() noexcept {
   // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
   // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
   if (fd_ != -1 && FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_)) != 0)
@@ -237,10 +236,11 @@ void file::close() {
   // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
   int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
   fd_ = -1;
-  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot close file")));
 }
 
-long long file::size() const {
+auto file::size() const -> long long {
 #  ifdef _WIN32
   // Use GetFileSize instead of GetFileSizeEx for the case when _WIN32_WINNT
   // is less than 0x0500 as is the case with some default MinGW builds.
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ long long file::size() const {
   if (size_lower == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
     DWORD error = GetLastError();
     if (error != NO_ERROR)
-      FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), "cannot get file size"));
+      FMT_THROW(windows_error(error, "cannot get file size"));
   }
   unsigned long long long_size = size_upper;
   return (long_size << sizeof(DWORD) * CHAR_BIT) | size_lower;
@@ -259,33 +259,36 @@ long long file::size() const {
   using Stat = struct stat;
   Stat file_stat = Stat();
   if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file attributes"));
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get file attributes")));
   static_assert(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
                 "return type of file::size is not large enough");
   return file_stat.st_size;
 #  endif
 }
 
-std::size_t file::read(void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+auto file::read(void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t {
   rwresult result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
-  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot read from file"));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot read from file")));
   return detail::to_unsigned(result);
 }
 
-std::size_t file::write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+auto file::write(const void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t {
   rwresult result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
-  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
   return detail::to_unsigned(result);
 }
 
-file file::dup(int fd) {
+auto file::dup(int fd) -> file {
   // Don't retry as dup doesn't return EINTR.
   // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dup.html
   int new_fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup(fd));
   if (new_fd == -1)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot duplicate file descriptor {}"), fd));
   return file(new_fd);
 }
 
@@ -293,22 +296,47 @@ void file::dup2(int fd) {
   int result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
   if (result == -1) {
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
-                           fd_, fd));
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}"), fd_,
+        fd));
   }
 }
 
-void file::dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+void file::dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept {
   int result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
   if (result == -1) ec = std::error_code(errno, std::generic_category());
 }
 
-void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
-  // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
-  // and there are no leaks.
-  read_end.close();
-  write_end.close();
+auto file::fdopen(const char* mode) -> buffered_file {
+// Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
+#  if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_POSIX_)
+  FILE* f = ::fdopen(fd_, mode);
+#  else
+  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+#  endif
+  if (!f) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot associate stream with file descriptor")));
+  }
+  buffered_file bf(f);
+  fd_ = -1;
+  return bf;
+}
+
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+file file::open_windows_file(wcstring_view path, int oflag) {
+  int fd = -1;
+  auto err = _wsopen_s(&fd, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, default_open_mode);
+  if (fd == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(err, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"),
+                           detail::to_utf8<wchar_t>(path.c_str()).c_str()));
+  }
+  return file(fd);
+}
+#  endif
+
+pipe::pipe() {
   int fds[2] = {};
 #  ifdef _WIN32
   // Make the default pipe capacity same as on Linux 2.6.11+.
@@ -319,42 +347,52 @@ void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
   // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
   int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
 #  endif
-  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
-  // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
-  // are closed.
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot create pipe")));
+  // The following assignments don't throw.
   read_end = file(fds[0]);
   write_end = file(fds[1]);
 }
 
-buffered_file file::fdopen(const char* mode) {
-// Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
-#  if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_POSIX_)
-  FILE* f = ::fdopen(fd_, mode);
-#  else
-  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
-#  endif
-  if (!f)
-    FMT_THROW(
-        system_error(errno, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
-  buffered_file bf(f);
-  fd_ = -1;
-  return bf;
-}
-
-long getpagesize() {
-#  ifdef _WIN32
+#  if !defined(__MSDOS__)
+auto getpagesize() -> long {
+#    ifdef _WIN32
   SYSTEM_INFO si;
   GetSystemInfo(&si);
   return si.dwPageSize;
-#  else
+#    else
+#      ifdef _WRS_KERNEL
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(getpagesize());
+#      else
   long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
-  if (size < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
+#      endif
+
+  if (size < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get memory page size")));
   return size;
+#    endif
+}
 #  endif
+
+void ostream::grow(buffer<char>& buf, size_t) {
+  if (buf.size() == buf.capacity()) static_cast<ostream&>(buf).flush();
 }
 
-FMT_API void ostream::grow(size_t) {
-  if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+ostream::ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params)
+    : buffer<char>(grow), file_(path, params.oflag) {
+  set(new char[params.buffer_size], params.buffer_size);
+}
+
+ostream::ostream(ostream&& other) noexcept
+    : buffer<char>(grow, other.data(), other.size(), other.capacity()),
+      file_(std::move(other.file_)) {
+  other.clear();
+  other.set(nullptr, 0);
+}
+
+ostream::~ostream() {
+  flush();
+  delete[] data();
 }
 #endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/AndroidManifest.xml b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/AndroidManifest.xml
index b5281fe..c282ef5 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<manifest package="net.fmtlib" />
+<manifest package="dev.fmt" />
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/Vagrantfile b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/Vagrantfile
index f6b5f93..9d0ff6a 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/Vagrantfile
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/Vagrantfile
@@ -3,18 +3,17 @@
 
 # A vagrant config for testing against gcc-4.8.
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/xenial64"
-  config.disksize.size = '15GB'
+  config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-22.04-arm64"
 
-  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
+  config.vm.provider "vmware_desktop" do |vb|
     vb.memory = "4096"
   end
 
   config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
     apt-get update
     apt-get install -y g++ make wget git
-    wget -q https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.14.4/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
-    tar xzf cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
-    ln -s `pwd`/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin
+    wget -q https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.26.0/cmake-3.26.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    tar xzf cmake-3.26.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    ln -s `pwd`/cmake-3.26.0-Linux-x86_64/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin
   SHELL
 end
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor-build.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor-build.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6544610..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor-build.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# Build the project on AppVeyor.
-
-import os
-from subprocess import check_call
-
-build = os.environ['BUILD']
-config = os.environ['CONFIGURATION']
-platform = os.environ['PLATFORM']
-path = os.environ['PATH']
-image = os.environ['APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE']
-jobid = os.environ['APPVEYOR_JOB_ID']
-cmake_command = ['cmake', '-DFMT_PEDANTIC=ON', '-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=' + config, '..']
-if build == 'mingw':
-    cmake_command.append('-GMinGW Makefiles')
-    build_command = ['mingw32-make', '-j4']
-    test_command = ['mingw32-make', 'test']
-    # Remove the path to Git bin directory from $PATH because it breaks
-    # MinGW config.
-    path = path.replace(r'C:\Program Files (x86)\Git\bin', '')
-    os.environ['PATH'] = r'C:\MinGW\bin;' + path
-else:
-    # Add MSBuild 14.0 to PATH as described in
-    # http://help.appveyor.com/discussions/problems/2229-v140-not-found-on-vs2105rc.
-    os.environ['PATH'] = r'C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\15.0\Bin;' + path
-    if image == 'Visual Studio 2019':
-        generator = 'Visual Studio 16 2019'
-        if platform == 'x64':
-            cmake_command.extend(['-A', 'x64'])
-    else:
-        if image == 'Visual Studio 2015':
-            generator = 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
-        elif image == 'Visual Studio 2017':
-            generator = 'Visual Studio 15 2017'
-        if platform == 'x64':
-            generator += ' Win64'
-    cmake_command.append('-G' + generator)
-    build_command = ['cmake', '--build', '.', '--config', config, '--', '/m:4']
-    test_command = ['ctest', '-C', config]
-
-check_call(cmake_command)
-check_call(build_command)
-check_call(test_command)
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor.yml b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 64ca58a..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/appveyor.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-configuration:
-  - Debug
-  - Release
-
-clone_depth: 1
-
-image:
-  - Visual Studio 2015
-
-platform:
-  - x64
-
-environment:
-  CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE: 1
-  MSVC_DEFAULT_OPTIONS: ON
-  BUILD: msvc
-
-before_build:
- - mkdir build
- - cd build
-
-build_script:
-  - python ../support/appveyor-build.py
-
-on_failure:
-  - appveyor PushArtifact Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log
-  - appveyor AddTest test
-
-# Uncomment this to debug AppVeyor failures.
-#on_finish:
-#  - ps: $blockRdp = $true; iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/appveyor/ci/master/scripts/enable-rdp.ps1'))
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build-docs.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build-docs.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 70100ed..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build-docs.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# Build the documentation in CI.
-
-from __future__ import print_function
-import errno, os, shutil, subprocess, sys, urllib
-from subprocess import call, check_call, Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
-
-def rmtree_if_exists(dir):
-    try:
-        shutil.rmtree(dir)
-    except OSError as e:
-        if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
-            pass
-
-# Build the docs.
-fmt_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(fmt_dir, 'doc'))
-import build
-build.create_build_env()
-html_dir = build.build_docs()
-
-repo = 'fmtlib.github.io'
-branch = os.environ['GITHUB_REF']
-is_ci = 'CI' in os.environ
-if is_ci and branch != 'refs/heads/master':
-    print('Branch: ' + branch)
-    exit(0) # Ignore non-master branches
-if is_ci and 'KEY' not in os.environ:
-    # Don't update the repo if building in CI from an account that doesn't have
-    # push access.
-    print('Skipping update of ' + repo)
-    exit(0)
-
-# Clone the fmtlib.github.io repo.
-rmtree_if_exists(repo)
-git_url = 'https://github.com/' if is_ci else 'git@github.com:'
-check_call(['git', 'clone', git_url + 'fmtlib/{}.git'.format(repo)])
-
-# Copy docs to the repo.
-target_dir = os.path.join(repo, 'dev')
-rmtree_if_exists(target_dir)
-shutil.copytree(html_dir, target_dir, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('.*'))
-if is_ci:
-    check_call(['git', 'config', '--global', 'user.name', 'fmtbot'])
-    check_call(['git', 'config', '--global', 'user.email', 'viz@fmt.dev'])
-
-# Push docs to GitHub pages.
-check_call(['git', 'add', '--all'], cwd=repo)
-if call(['git', 'diff-index', '--quiet', 'HEAD'], cwd=repo):
-    check_call(['git', 'commit', '-m', 'Update documentation'], cwd=repo)
-    cmd = 'git push'
-    if is_ci:
-        cmd += ' https://$KEY@github.com/fmtlib/fmtlib.github.io.git master'
-    p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, cwd=repo)
-    # Print the output without the key.
-    print(p.communicate()[0].replace(os.environ['KEY'], '$KEY'))
-    if p.returncode != 0:
-        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(p.returncode, cmd)
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build.gradle b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build.gradle
index 8d18da6..c5126d0 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build.gradle
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/build.gradle
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ buildscript {
         // https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/gradle-plugin#updating-gradle
         //
         // Notice that 4.0.0 here is the version of [Android Gradle Plugin]
-        // Accroding to URL above you will need Gradle 6.1 or higher
+        // According to URL above you will need Gradle 6.1 or higher
         //
         classpath "com.android.tools.build:gradle:4.1.1"
     }
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/check-commits b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/check-commits
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11472d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/check-commits
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""Compile source on a range of commits
+
+Usage:
+  check-commits <start> <source>
+"""
+
+import docopt, os, sys, tempfile
+from subprocess import check_call, check_output, run
+
+args = docopt.docopt(__doc__)
+start = args.get('<start>')
+source = args.get('<source>')
+
+cwd = os.getcwd()
+
+with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as work_dir:
+  check_call(['git', 'clone', 'https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git'],
+             cwd=work_dir)
+  repo_dir = os.path.join(work_dir, 'fmt')
+  commits = check_output(
+    ['git', 'rev-list', f'{start}..HEAD', '--abbrev-commit',
+     '--', 'include', 'src'],
+    text=True, cwd=repo_dir).rstrip().split('\n')
+  commits.reverse()
+  print('Time\tCommit')
+  for commit in commits:
+    check_call(['git', '-c', 'advice.detachedHead=false', 'checkout', commit],
+               cwd=repo_dir)
+    returncode = run(
+      ['c++', '-std=c++11', '-O3', '-DNDEBUG', '-I', 'include',
+       'src/format.cc', os.path.join(cwd, source)], cwd=repo_dir).returncode
+    if returncode != 0:
+      continue
+    times = []
+    for i in range(5):
+      output = check_output([os.path.join(repo_dir, 'a.out')], text=True)
+      times.append(float(output))
+    message = check_output(['git', 'log', '-1', '--pretty=format:%s', commit],
+                           cwd=repo_dir, text=True)
+    print(f'{min(times)}\t{commit} {message[:40]}')
+    sys.stdout.flush()
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake
deleted file mode 100644
index 16ff575..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-# C++14 feature support detection
-
-include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
-include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
-
-if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD)
-  set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
-endif()
-message(STATUS "CXX_STANDARD: ${CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD}")
-
-if (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 20)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++20 has_std_20_flag)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++2a has_std_2a_flag)
-
-  if (has_std_20_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++20)
-  elseif (has_std_2a_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++2a)
-  endif ()
-elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 17)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++17 has_std_17_flag)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++1z has_std_1z_flag)
-
-  if (has_std_17_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++17)
-  elseif (has_std_1z_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++1z)
-  endif ()
-elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 14)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++14 has_std_14_flag)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++1y has_std_1y_flag)
-
-  if (has_std_14_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++14)
-  elseif (has_std_1y_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++1y)
-  endif ()
-elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 11)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++11 has_std_11_flag)
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++0x has_std_0x_flag)
-
-  if (has_std_11_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++11)
-  elseif (has_std_0x_flag)
-    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++0x)
-  endif ()
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CXX_STANDARD_FLAG})
-
-# Check if user-defined literals are available
-check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  void operator\"\" _udl(long double);
-  int main() {}"
-  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS)
-if (NOT SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS)
-  set (SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS OFF)
-endif ()
-
-# Check if <variant> is available
-set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -std=c++1z)
-check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  #include <variant>
-  int main() {}"
-  FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
-if (NOT FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
-  set (FMT_HAS_VARIANT OFF)
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS )
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
index 71e3028..bc1684f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 @PACKAGE_INIT@
 
-include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/@targets_export_name@.cmake)
+if (NOT TARGET fmt::fmt)
+  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/@targets_export_name@.cmake)
+endif ()
+
 check_required_components(fmt)
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/compute-powers.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/compute-powers.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 601063d..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/compute-powers.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# Compute 10 ** exp with exp in the range [min_exponent, max_exponent] and print
-# normalized (with most-significant bit equal to 1) significands in hexadecimal.
-
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-min_exponent = -348
-max_exponent = 340
-step = 8
-significand_size = 64
-exp_offset = 2000
-
-class fp:
-    pass
-
-powers = []
-for i, exp in enumerate(range(min_exponent, max_exponent + 1, step)):
-    result = fp()
-    n = 10 ** exp if exp >= 0 else 2 ** exp_offset / 10 ** -exp
-    k = significand_size + 1
-    # Convert to binary and round.
-    binary = '{:b}'.format(n)
-    result.f = (int('{:0<{}}'.format(binary[:k], k), 2) + 1) / 2
-    result.e = len(binary) - (exp_offset if exp < 0 else 0) - significand_size
-    powers.append(result)
-    # Sanity check.
-    exp_offset10 = 400
-    actual = result.f * 10 ** exp_offset10
-    if result.e > 0:
-        actual *= 2 ** result.e
-    else:
-        for j in range(-result.e):
-            actual /= 2
-    expected = 10 ** (exp_offset10 + exp)
-    precision = len('{}'.format(expected)) - len('{}'.format(actual - expected))
-    if precision < 19:
-        print('low precision:', precision)
-        exit(1)
-
-print('Significands:', end='')
-for i, fp in enumerate(powers):
-    if i % 3 == 0:
-        print(end='\n ')
-    print(' {:0<#16x}'.format(fp.f, ), end=',')
-
-print('\n\nExponents:', end='')
-for i, fp in enumerate(powers):
-    if i % 11 == 0:
-        print(end='\n ')
-    print(' {:5}'.format(fp.e), end=',')
-
-print('\n\nMax exponent difference:',
-      max([x.e - powers[i - 1].e for i, x in enumerate(powers)][1:]))
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/manage.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/manage.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f27066..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/manage.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-"""Manage site and releases.
-
-Usage:
-  manage.py release [<branch>]
-  manage.py site
-
-For the release command $FMT_TOKEN should contain a GitHub personal access token
-obtained from https://github.com/settings/tokens.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import print_function
-import datetime, docopt, errno, fileinput, json, os
-import re, requests, shutil, sys, tempfile
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from distutils.version import LooseVersion
-from subprocess import check_call
-
-
-class Git:
-    def __init__(self, dir):
-        self.dir = dir
-
-    def call(self, method, args, **kwargs):
-        return check_call(['git', method] + list(args), **kwargs)
-
-    def add(self, *args):
-        return self.call('add', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def checkout(self, *args):
-        return self.call('checkout', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def clean(self, *args):
-        return self.call('clean', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def clone(self, *args):
-        return self.call('clone', list(args) + [self.dir])
-
-    def commit(self, *args):
-        return self.call('commit', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def pull(self, *args):
-        return self.call('pull', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def push(self, *args):
-        return self.call('push', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def reset(self, *args):
-        return self.call('reset', args, cwd=self.dir)
-
-    def update(self, *args):
-        clone = not os.path.exists(self.dir)
-        if clone:
-            self.clone(*args)
-        return clone
-
-
-def clean_checkout(repo, branch):
-    repo.clean('-f', '-d')
-    repo.reset('--hard')
-    repo.checkout(branch)
-
-
-class Runner:
-    def __init__(self, cwd):
-        self.cwd = cwd
-
-    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['cwd'] = kwargs.get('cwd', self.cwd)
-        check_call(args, **kwargs)
-
-
-def create_build_env():
-    """Create a build environment."""
-    class Env:
-        pass
-    env = Env()
-
-    # Import the documentation build module.
-    env.fmt_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-    sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(env.fmt_dir, 'doc'))
-    import build
-
-    env.build_dir = 'build'
-    env.versions = build.versions
-
-    # Virtualenv and repos are cached to speed up builds.
-    build.create_build_env(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'virtualenv'))
-
-    env.fmt_repo = Git(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'fmt'))
-    return env
-
-
-@contextmanager
-def rewrite(filename):
-    class Buffer:
-        pass
-    buffer = Buffer()
-    if not os.path.exists(filename):
-        buffer.data = ''
-        yield buffer
-        return
-    with open(filename) as f:
-        buffer.data = f.read()
-    yield buffer
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        f.write(buffer.data)
-
-
-fmt_repo_url = 'git@github.com:fmtlib/fmt'
-
-
-def update_site(env):
-    env.fmt_repo.update(fmt_repo_url)
-
-    doc_repo = Git(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'fmtlib.github.io'))
-    doc_repo.update('git@github.com:fmtlib/fmtlib.github.io')
-
-    for version in env.versions:
-        clean_checkout(env.fmt_repo, version)
-        target_doc_dir = os.path.join(env.fmt_repo.dir, 'doc')
-        # Remove the old theme.
-        for entry in os.listdir(target_doc_dir):
-            path = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, entry)
-            if os.path.isdir(path):
-                shutil.rmtree(path)
-        # Copy the new theme.
-        for entry in ['_static', '_templates', 'basic-bootstrap', 'bootstrap',
-                      'conf.py', 'fmt.less']:
-            src = os.path.join(env.fmt_dir, 'doc', entry)
-            dst = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, entry)
-            copy = shutil.copytree if os.path.isdir(src) else shutil.copyfile
-            copy(src, dst)
-        # Rename index to contents.
-        contents = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'contents.rst')
-        if not os.path.exists(contents):
-            os.rename(os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'index.rst'), contents)
-        # Fix issues in reference.rst/api.rst.
-        for filename in ['reference.rst', 'api.rst', 'index.rst']:
-            pattern = re.compile('doxygenfunction.. (bin|oct|hexu|hex)$', re.M)
-            with rewrite(os.path.join(target_doc_dir, filename)) as b:
-                b.data = b.data.replace('std::ostream &', 'std::ostream&')
-                b.data = re.sub(pattern, r'doxygenfunction:: \1(int)', b.data)
-                b.data = b.data.replace('std::FILE*', 'std::FILE *')
-                b.data = b.data.replace('unsigned int', 'unsigned')
-                #b.data = b.data.replace('operator""_', 'operator"" _')
-                b.data = b.data.replace(
-                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, size_t, string_view, Args&&',
-                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, size_t, const S&, const Args&')
-                b.data = b.data.replace(
-                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, string_view, Args&&',
-                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, const S&, const Args&')
-                if version == ('3.0.2'):
-                    b.data = b.data.replace(
-                        'fprintf(std::ostream&', 'fprintf(std::ostream &')
-                if version == ('5.3.0'):
-                    b.data = b.data.replace(
-                        'format_to(OutputIt, const S&, const Args&...)',
-                        'format_to(OutputIt, const S &, const Args &...)')
-                if version.startswith('5.') or version.startswith('6.'):
-                    b.data = b.data.replace(', size_t', ', std::size_t')
-                if version.startswith('7.'):
-                    b.data = b.data.replace(', std::size_t', ', size_t')
-                    b.data = b.data.replace('join(It, It', 'join(It, Sentinel')
-                b.data = b.data.replace('aa long', 'a long')
-                b.data = b.data.replace('serveral', 'several')
-                if version.startswith('6.2.'):
-                    b.data = b.data.replace(
-                        'vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<' +
-                        'buffer_context<Char>>)',
-                        'vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<' +
-                        'buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>>)')
-        # Fix a broken link in index.rst.
-        index = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'index.rst')
-        with rewrite(index) as b:
-            b.data = b.data.replace(
-                'doc/latest/index.html#format-string-syntax', 'syntax.html')
-        # Build the docs.
-        html_dir = os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'html')
-        if os.path.exists(html_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(html_dir)
-        include_dir = env.fmt_repo.dir
-        if LooseVersion(version) >= LooseVersion('5.0.0'):
-            include_dir = os.path.join(include_dir, 'include', 'fmt')
-        elif LooseVersion(version) >= LooseVersion('3.0.0'):
-            include_dir = os.path.join(include_dir, 'fmt')
-        import build
-        build.build_docs(version, doc_dir=target_doc_dir,
-                         include_dir=include_dir, work_dir=env.build_dir)
-        shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(html_dir, '.doctrees'))
-        # Create symlinks for older versions.
-        for link, target in {'index': 'contents', 'api': 'reference'}.items():
-            link = os.path.join(html_dir, link) + '.html'
-            target += '.html'
-            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(html_dir, target)) and \
-               not os.path.exists(link):
-                os.symlink(target, link)
-        # Copy docs to the website.
-        version_doc_dir = os.path.join(doc_repo.dir, version)
-        try:
-            shutil.rmtree(version_doc_dir)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
-                raise
-        shutil.move(html_dir, version_doc_dir)
-
-
-def release(args):
-    env = create_build_env()
-    fmt_repo = env.fmt_repo
-
-    branch = args.get('<branch>')
-    if branch is None:
-        branch = 'master'
-    if not fmt_repo.update('-b', branch, fmt_repo_url):
-        clean_checkout(fmt_repo, branch)
-
-    # Convert changelog from RST to GitHub-flavored Markdown and get the
-    # version.
-    changelog = 'ChangeLog.rst'
-    changelog_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, changelog)
-    import rst2md
-    changes, version = rst2md.convert(changelog_path)
-    cmakelists = 'CMakeLists.txt'
-    for line in fileinput.input(os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, cmakelists),
-                                inplace=True):
-        prefix = 'set(FMT_VERSION '
-        if line.startswith(prefix):
-            line = prefix + version + ')\n'
-        sys.stdout.write(line)
-
-    # Update the version in the changelog.
-    title_len = 0
-    for line in fileinput.input(changelog_path, inplace=True):
-        if line.decode('utf-8').startswith(version + ' - TBD'):
-            line = version + ' - ' + datetime.date.today().isoformat()
-            title_len = len(line)
-            line += '\n'
-        elif title_len:
-            line = '-' * title_len + '\n'
-            title_len = 0
-        sys.stdout.write(line)
-
-    # Add the version to the build script.
-    script = os.path.join('doc', 'build.py')
-    script_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, script)
-    for line in fileinput.input(script_path, inplace=True):
-      m = re.match(r'( *versions = )\[(.+)\]', line)
-      if m:
-        line = '{}[{}, \'{}\']\n'.format(m.group(1), m.group(2), version)
-      sys.stdout.write(line)
-
-    fmt_repo.checkout('-B', 'release')
-    fmt_repo.add(changelog, cmakelists, script)
-    fmt_repo.commit('-m', 'Update version')
-
-    # Build the docs and package.
-    run = Runner(fmt_repo.dir)
-    run('cmake', '.')
-    run('make', 'doc', 'package_source')
-    update_site(env)
-
-    # Create a release on GitHub.
-    fmt_repo.push('origin', 'release')
-    params = {'access_token': os.getenv('FMT_TOKEN')}
-    r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases',
-                      params=params,
-                      data=json.dumps({'tag_name': version,
-                                       'target_commitish': 'release',
-                                       'body': changes, 'draft': True}))
-    if r.status_code != 201:
-        raise Exception('Failed to create a release ' + str(r))
-    id = r.json()['id']
-    uploads_url = 'https://uploads.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases'
-    package = 'fmt-{}.zip'.format(version)
-    r = requests.post(
-        '{}/{}/assets?name={}'.format(uploads_url, id, package),
-        headers={'Content-Type': 'application/zip'},
-        params=params, data=open('build/fmt/' + package, 'rb'))
-    if r.status_code != 201:
-        raise Exception('Failed to upload an asset ' + str(r))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__)
-    if args.get('release'):
-        release(args)
-    elif args.get('site'):
-        update_site(create_build_env())
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94eddae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# A script to invoke mkdocs with the correct environment.
+# Additionally supports deploying via mike:
+#   ./mkdocs deploy [mike-deploy-options]
+# For example:
+#   ./mkdocs deploy <version>
+# This will checkout the website to fmt/build/fmt.dev and deploy documentation
+# <version> there.
+
+import errno, os, shutil, sys
+from subprocess import call
+
+support_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(__file__))
+build_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(support_dir), 'build')
+
+# Set PYTHONPATH for the mkdocstrings handler.
+env = os.environ.copy()
+path = env.get('PYTHONPATH')
+env['PYTHONPATH'] = \
+  (path + ':' if path else '') + os.path.join(support_dir, 'python')
+
+redirect_page = \
+'''<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title>Redirecting</title>
+  <noscript>
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; url=11.0/" />
+  </noscript>
+  <script>
+    window.location.replace(
+      "api/" + window.location.search + window.location.hash
+    );
+  </script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  Redirecting to <a href="api/">api</a>...
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+
+config_path = os.path.join(support_dir, 'mkdocs.yml')
+args = sys.argv[1:]
+if len(args) > 0:
+  command = args[0]
+  if command == 'deploy' or command == 'set-default':
+    git_url = 'https://github.com/' if 'CI' in os.environ else 'git@github.com:'
+    site_repo = git_url + 'fmtlib/fmt.dev.git'
+
+    site_dir = os.path.join(build_dir, 'fmt.dev')
+    try:
+      shutil.rmtree(site_dir)
+    except OSError as e:
+      if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+        pass
+    ret = call(['git', 'clone', '--depth=1', site_repo, site_dir])
+    if ret != 0:
+      sys.exit(ret)
+
+    # Copy the config to the build dir because the site is built relative to it.
+    config_build_path = os.path.join(build_dir, 'mkdocs.yml')
+    shutil.copyfile(config_path, config_build_path)
+
+    version = args[1]
+    ret = call(['mike'] + args + ['--config-file', config_build_path,
+               '--branch', 'master'], cwd=site_dir, env=env)
+    if ret != 0 or version == 'dev':
+      sys.exit(ret)
+    current_doc_path = os.path.join(site_dir, version)
+    # mike stages files added by deploy for deletion for unclear reason,
+    # undo it.
+    ret = call(['git', 'reset', '--hard'], cwd=site_dir)
+    if False:
+      os.makedirs(current_doc_path, exist_ok=True)
+      redirect_page_path = os.path.join(current_doc_path, 'api.html')
+      with open(redirect_page_path, "w") as file:
+        file.write(redirect_page)
+      ret = call(['git', 'add', redirect_page_path], cwd=site_dir)
+      if ret != 0:
+        sys.exit(ret)
+      ret = call(['git', 'commit', '--amend', '--no-edit'], cwd=site_dir)
+    sys.exit(ret)
+  elif not command.startswith('-'):
+    args += ['-f', config_path]
+sys.exit(call(['mkdocs'] + args, env=env))
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs.yml b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17034cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/mkdocs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+site_name: '{fmt}'
+
+docs_dir: ../doc
+
+repo_url: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt
+
+theme:
+  name: material
+  features:
+    - navigation.tabs
+    - navigation.top
+    - toc.integrate
+
+extra_javascript:
+  - https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/10.7.2/highlight.min.js
+  - fmt.js
+
+extra_css:
+  - https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/10.7.2/styles/default.min.css
+  - fmt.css
+
+markdown_extensions:
+  - pymdownx.highlight:
+      # Use JavaScript syntax highlighter instead of Pygments because it
+      # automatically applies to code blocks extracted through Doxygen.
+      use_pygments: false
+      anchor_linenums: true
+      line_spans: __span
+      pygments_lang_class: true
+  - pymdownx.inlinehilite
+  - pymdownx.snippets
+
+plugins:
+  - search
+  - mkdocstrings:
+      default_handler: cxx
+nav:
+  - Home: index.md
+  - Get Started: get-started.md
+  - API: api.md
+  - Syntax: syntax.md
+
+exclude_docs: ChangeLog-old.md
+
+extra:
+  version:
+    provider: mike
+  generator: false
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/printable.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/printable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fa86b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/printable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# This script is based on
+# https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/library/core/src/unicode/printable.py
+# distributed under https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT.
+
+# This script uses the following Unicode tables:
+# - UnicodeData.txt
+
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+import csv
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+NUM_CODEPOINTS=0x110000
+
+def to_ranges(iter):
+    current = None
+    for i in iter:
+        if current is None or i != current[1] or i in (0x10000, 0x20000):
+            if current is not None:
+                yield tuple(current)
+            current = [i, i + 1]
+        else:
+            current[1] += 1
+    if current is not None:
+        yield tuple(current)
+
+def get_escaped(codepoints):
+    for c in codepoints:
+        if (c.class_ or "Cn") in "Cc Cf Cs Co Cn Zl Zp Zs".split() and c.value != ord(' '):
+            yield c.value
+
+def get_file(f):
+    try:
+        return open(os.path.basename(f))
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        subprocess.run(["curl", "-O", f], check=True)
+        return open(os.path.basename(f))
+
+Codepoint = namedtuple('Codepoint', 'value class_')
+
+def get_codepoints(f):
+    r = csv.reader(f, delimiter=";")
+    prev_codepoint = 0
+    class_first = None
+    for row in r:
+        codepoint = int(row[0], 16)
+        name = row[1]
+        class_ = row[2]
+
+        if class_first is not None:
+            if not name.endswith("Last>"):
+                raise ValueError("Missing Last after First")
+
+        for c in range(prev_codepoint + 1, codepoint):
+            yield Codepoint(c, class_first)
+
+        class_first = None
+        if name.endswith("First>"):
+            class_first = class_
+
+        yield Codepoint(codepoint, class_)
+        prev_codepoint = codepoint
+
+    if class_first is not None:
+        raise ValueError("Missing Last after First")
+
+    for c in range(prev_codepoint + 1, NUM_CODEPOINTS):
+        yield Codepoint(c, None)
+
+def compress_singletons(singletons):
+    uppers = [] # (upper, # items in lowers)
+    lowers = []
+
+    for i in singletons:
+        upper = i >> 8
+        lower = i & 0xff
+        if len(uppers) == 0 or uppers[-1][0] != upper:
+            uppers.append((upper, 1))
+        else:
+            upper, count = uppers[-1]
+            uppers[-1] = upper, count + 1
+        lowers.append(lower)
+
+    return uppers, lowers
+
+def compress_normal(normal):
+    # lengths 0x00..0x7f are encoded as 00, 01, ..., 7e, 7f
+    # lengths 0x80..0x7fff are encoded as 80 80, 80 81, ..., ff fe, ff ff
+    compressed = [] # [truelen, (truelenaux), falselen, (falselenaux)]
+
+    prev_start = 0
+    for start, count in normal:
+        truelen = start - prev_start
+        falselen = count
+        prev_start = start + count
+
+        assert truelen < 0x8000 and falselen < 0x8000
+        entry = []
+        if truelen > 0x7f:
+            entry.append(0x80 | (truelen >> 8))
+            entry.append(truelen & 0xff)
+        else:
+            entry.append(truelen & 0x7f)
+        if falselen > 0x7f:
+            entry.append(0x80 | (falselen >> 8))
+            entry.append(falselen & 0xff)
+        else:
+            entry.append(falselen & 0x7f)
+
+        compressed.append(entry)
+
+    return compressed
+
+def print_singletons(uppers, lowers, uppersname, lowersname):
+    print("  static constexpr singleton {}[] = {{".format(uppersname))
+    for u, c in uppers:
+        print("    {{{:#04x}, {}}},".format(u, c))
+    print("  };")
+    print("  static constexpr unsigned char {}[] = {{".format(lowersname))
+    for i in range(0, len(lowers), 8):
+        print("    {}".format(" ".join("{:#04x},".format(l) for l in lowers[i:i+8])))
+    print("  };")
+
+def print_normal(normal, normalname):
+    print("  static constexpr unsigned char {}[] = {{".format(normalname))
+    for v in normal:
+        print("    {}".format(" ".join("{:#04x},".format(i) for i in v)))
+    print("  };")
+
+def main():
+    file = get_file("https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt")
+
+    codepoints = get_codepoints(file)
+
+    CUTOFF=0x10000
+    singletons0 = []
+    singletons1 = []
+    normal0 = []
+    normal1 = []
+    extra = []
+
+    for a, b in to_ranges(get_escaped(codepoints)):
+        if a > 2 * CUTOFF:
+            extra.append((a, b - a))
+        elif a == b - 1:
+            if a & CUTOFF:
+                singletons1.append(a & ~CUTOFF)
+            else:
+                singletons0.append(a)
+        elif a == b - 2:
+            if a & CUTOFF:
+                singletons1.append(a & ~CUTOFF)
+                singletons1.append((a + 1) & ~CUTOFF)
+            else:
+                singletons0.append(a)
+                singletons0.append(a + 1)
+        else:
+            if a >= 2 * CUTOFF:
+                extra.append((a, b - a))
+            elif a & CUTOFF:
+                normal1.append((a & ~CUTOFF, b - a))
+            else:
+                normal0.append((a, b - a))
+
+    singletons0u, singletons0l = compress_singletons(singletons0)
+    singletons1u, singletons1l = compress_singletons(singletons1)
+    normal0 = compress_normal(normal0)
+    normal1 = compress_normal(normal1)
+
+    print("""\
+FMT_FUNC auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool {\
+""")
+    print_singletons(singletons0u, singletons0l, 'singletons0', 'singletons0_lower')
+    print_singletons(singletons1u, singletons1l, 'singletons1', 'singletons1_lower')
+    print_normal(normal0, 'normal0')
+    print_normal(normal1, 'normal1')
+    print("""\
+  auto lower = static_cast<uint16_t>(cp);
+  if (cp < 0x10000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons0,
+                        sizeof(singletons0) / sizeof(*singletons0),
+                        singletons0_lower, normal0, sizeof(normal0));
+  }
+  if (cp < 0x20000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons1,
+                        sizeof(singletons1) / sizeof(*singletons1),
+                        singletons1_lower, normal1, sizeof(normal1));
+  }\
+""")
+    for a, b in extra:
+        print("  if (0x{:x} <= cp && cp < 0x{:x}) return false;".format(a, a + b))
+    print("""\
+  return cp < 0x{:x};
+}}\
+""".format(NUM_CODEPOINTS))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/__init__.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85d52a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# A basic mkdocstrings handler for {fmt}.
+# Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+# https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE
+
+import os
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ElementTree
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import PIPE, STDOUT, CalledProcessError, Popen
+from typing import Any, List, Mapping, Optional
+
+from mkdocstrings.handlers.base import BaseHandler
+
+
+class Definition:
+    """A definition extracted by Doxygen."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, kind: Optional[str] = None,
+                 node: Optional[ElementTree.Element] = None,
+                 is_member: bool = False):
+        self.name = name
+        self.kind = kind if kind is not None else node.get('kind')
+        self.desc = None
+        self.id = name if not is_member else None
+        self.members = None
+        self.params = None
+        self.template_params = None
+        self.trailing_return_type = None
+        self.type = None
+
+
+# A map from Doxygen to HTML tags.
+tag_map = {
+    'bold': 'b',
+    'emphasis': 'em',
+    'computeroutput': 'code',
+    'para': 'p',
+    'programlisting': 'pre',
+    'verbatim': 'pre'
+}
+
+# A map from Doxygen tags to text.
+tag_text_map = {
+    'codeline': '',
+    'highlight': '',
+    'sp': ' '
+}
+
+
+def escape_html(s: str) -> str:
+    return s.replace("<", "&lt;")
+
+
+def doxyxml2html(nodes: List[ElementTree.Element]):
+    out = ''
+    for n in nodes:
+        tag = tag_map.get(n.tag)
+        if not tag:
+            out += tag_text_map[n.tag]
+        out += '<' + tag + '>' if tag else ''
+        out += '<code class="language-cpp">' if tag == 'pre' else ''
+        if n.text:
+            out += escape_html(n.text)
+        out += doxyxml2html(list(n))
+        out += '</code>' if tag == 'pre' else ''
+        out += '</' + tag + '>' if tag else ''
+        if n.tail:
+            out += n.tail
+    return out
+
+
+def convert_template_params(node: ElementTree.Element) -> Optional[List[Definition]]:
+    template_param_list = node.find('templateparamlist')
+    if template_param_list is None:
+        return None
+    params = []
+    for param_node in template_param_list.findall('param'):
+        name = param_node.find('declname')
+        param = Definition(name.text if name is not None else '', 'param')
+        param.type = param_node.find('type').text
+        params.append(param)
+    return params
+
+
+def get_description(node: ElementTree.Element) -> List[ElementTree.Element]:
+    return node.findall('briefdescription/para') + \
+        node.findall('detaileddescription/para')
+
+
+def normalize_type(type_: str) -> str:
+    type_ = type_.replace('< ', '<').replace(' >', '>')
+    return type_.replace(' &', '&').replace(' *', '*')
+
+
+def convert_type(type_: ElementTree.Element) -> Optional[str]:
+    if type_ is None:
+        return None
+    result = type_.text if type_.text else ''
+    for ref in type_:
+        result += ref.text
+        if ref.tail:
+            result += ref.tail
+    result += type_.tail.strip()
+    return normalize_type(result)
+
+
+def convert_params(func: ElementTree.Element) -> List[Definition]:
+    params = []
+    for p in func.findall('param'):
+        d = Definition(p.find('declname').text, 'param')
+        d.type = convert_type(p.find('type'))
+        params.append(d)
+    return params
+
+
+def convert_return_type(d: Definition, node: ElementTree.Element) -> None:
+    d.trailing_return_type = None
+    if d.type == 'auto' or d.type == 'constexpr auto':
+        parts = node.find('argsstring').text.split(' -> ')
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            d.trailing_return_type = normalize_type(parts[1])
+
+
+def render_param(param: Definition) -> str:
+    return param.type + (f'&nbsp;{param.name}' if len(param.name) > 0 else '')
+
+
+def render_decl(d: Definition) -> str:
+    text = ''
+    if d.id is not None:
+        text += f'<a id="{d.id}">\n'
+    text += '<pre><code class="language-cpp decl">'
+
+    text += '<div>'
+    if d.template_params is not None:
+        text += 'template &lt;'
+        text += ', '.join([render_param(p) for p in d.template_params])
+        text += '&gt;\n'
+    text += '</div>'
+
+    text += '<div>'
+    end = ';'
+    if d.kind == 'function' or d.kind == 'variable':
+        text += d.type + ' ' if len(d.type) > 0 else ''
+    elif d.kind == 'typedef':
+        text += 'using '
+    elif d.kind == 'define':
+        end = ''
+    else:
+        text += d.kind + ' '
+    text += d.name
+
+    if d.params is not None:
+        params = ', '.join([
+            (p.type + ' ' if p.type else '') + p.name for p in d.params])
+        text += '(' + escape_html(params) + ')'
+        if d.trailing_return_type:
+            text += ' -&NoBreak;>&nbsp;' + escape_html(d.trailing_return_type)
+    elif d.kind == 'typedef':
+        text += ' = ' + escape_html(d.type)
+
+    text += end
+    text += '</div>'
+    text += '</code></pre>\n'
+    if d.id is not None:
+        text += f'</a>\n'
+    return text
+
+
+class CxxHandler(BaseHandler):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(handler='cxx', **kwargs)
+
+        headers = [
+            'args.h', 'base.h', 'chrono.h', 'color.h', 'compile.h', 'format.h',
+            'os.h', 'ostream.h', 'printf.h', 'ranges.h', 'std.h', 'xchar.h'
+        ]
+
+        # Run doxygen.
+        cmd = ['doxygen', '-']
+        support_dir = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        top_dir = os.path.dirname(support_dir)
+        include_dir = os.path.join(top_dir, 'include', 'fmt')
+        self._ns2doxyxml = {}
+        build_dir = os.path.join(top_dir, 'build')
+        os.makedirs(build_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        self._doxyxml_dir = os.path.join(build_dir, 'doxyxml')
+        p = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT)
+        _, _ = p.communicate(input=r'''
+            PROJECT_NAME     = fmt
+            GENERATE_XML     = YES
+            GENERATE_LATEX   = NO
+            GENERATE_HTML    = NO
+            INPUT            = {0}
+            XML_OUTPUT       = {1}
+            QUIET            = YES
+            AUTOLINK_SUPPORT = NO
+            MACRO_EXPANSION  = YES
+            PREDEFINED       = _WIN32=1 \
+                               __linux__=1 \
+                               FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)= \
+                               FMT_USE_USER_LITERALS=1 \
+                               FMT_USE_ALIAS_TEMPLATES=1 \
+                               FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS=1 \
+                               FMT_API= \
+                               "FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE=namespace fmt {{" \
+                               "FMT_END_NAMESPACE=}}" \
+                               "FMT_DOC=1"
+            '''.format(
+                ' '.join([os.path.join(include_dir, h) for h in headers]),
+                self._doxyxml_dir).encode('utf-8'))
+        if p.returncode != 0:
+            raise CalledProcessError(p.returncode, cmd)
+
+        # Merge all file-level XMLs into one to simplify search.
+        self._file_doxyxml = None
+        for h in headers:
+            filename = h.replace(".h", "_8h.xml")
+            with open(os.path.join(self._doxyxml_dir, filename)) as f:
+                doxyxml = ElementTree.parse(f)
+                if self._file_doxyxml is None:
+                    self._file_doxyxml = doxyxml
+                    continue
+                root = self._file_doxyxml.getroot()
+                for node in doxyxml.getroot():
+                    root.append(node)
+
+    def collect_compound(self, identifier: str,
+                         cls: List[ElementTree.Element]) -> Definition:
+        """Collect a compound definition such as a struct."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._doxyxml_dir, cls[0].get('refid') + '.xml')
+        with open(path) as f:
+            xml = ElementTree.parse(f)
+            node = xml.find('compounddef')
+            d = Definition(identifier, node=node)
+            d.template_params = convert_template_params(node)
+            d.desc = get_description(node)
+            d.members = []
+            for m in \
+                    node.findall('sectiondef[@kind="public-attrib"]/memberdef') + \
+                    node.findall('sectiondef[@kind="public-func"]/memberdef'):
+                name = m.find('name').text
+                # Doxygen incorrectly classifies members of private unnamed unions as
+                # public members of the containing class.
+                if name.endswith('_'):
+                    continue
+                desc = get_description(m)
+                if len(desc) == 0:
+                    continue
+                kind = m.get('kind')
+                member = Definition(name if name else '', kind=kind, is_member=True)
+                type_text = m.find('type').text
+                member.type = type_text if type_text else ''
+                if kind == 'function':
+                    member.params = convert_params(m)
+                    convert_return_type(member, m)
+                member.template_params = None
+                member.desc = desc
+                d.members.append(member)
+            return d
+
+    def collect(self, identifier: str, _config: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Definition:
+        qual_name = 'fmt::' + identifier
+
+        param_str = None
+        paren = qual_name.find('(')
+        if paren > 0:
+            qual_name, param_str = qual_name[:paren], qual_name[paren + 1:-1]
+
+        colons = qual_name.rfind('::')
+        namespace, name = qual_name[:colons], qual_name[colons + 2:]
+
+        # Load XML.
+        doxyxml = self._ns2doxyxml.get(namespace)
+        if doxyxml is None:
+            path = f'namespace{namespace.replace("::", "_1_1")}.xml'
+            with open(os.path.join(self._doxyxml_dir, path)) as f:
+                doxyxml = ElementTree.parse(f)
+                self._ns2doxyxml[namespace] = doxyxml
+
+        nodes = doxyxml.findall(
+            f"compounddef/sectiondef/memberdef/name[.='{name}']/..")
+        if len(nodes) == 0:
+            nodes = self._file_doxyxml.findall(
+                f"compounddef/sectiondef/memberdef/name[.='{name}']/..")
+        candidates = []
+        for node in nodes:
+            # Process a function or a typedef.
+            params = None
+            d = Definition(name, node=node)
+            if d.kind == 'function':
+                params = convert_params(node)
+                node_param_str = ', '.join([p.type for p in params])
+                if param_str and param_str != node_param_str:
+                    candidates.append(f'{name}({node_param_str})')
+                    continue
+            elif d.kind == 'define':
+                params = []
+                for p in node.findall('param'):
+                    param = Definition(p.find('defname').text, kind='param')
+                    param.type = None
+                    params.append(param)
+            d.type = convert_type(node.find('type'))
+            d.template_params = convert_template_params(node)
+            d.params = params
+            convert_return_type(d, node)
+            d.desc = get_description(node)
+            return d
+
+        cls = doxyxml.findall(f"compounddef/innerclass[.='{qual_name}']")
+        if not cls:
+            raise Exception(f'Cannot find {identifier}. Candidates: {candidates}')
+        return self.collect_compound(identifier, cls)
+
+    def render(self, d: Definition, config: dict) -> str:
+        if d.id is not None:
+            self.do_heading('', 0, id=d.id)
+        text = '<div class="docblock">\n'
+        text += render_decl(d)
+        text += '<div class="docblock-desc">\n'
+        text += doxyxml2html(d.desc)
+        if d.members is not None:
+            for m in d.members:
+                text += self.render(m, config)
+        text += '</div>\n'
+        text += '</div>\n'
+        return text
+
+
+def get_handler(theme: str, custom_templates: Optional[str] = None,
+                **_config: Any) -> CxxHandler:
+    """Return an instance of `CxxHandler`.
+
+    Arguments:
+        theme: The theme to use when rendering contents.
+        custom_templates: Directory containing custom templates.
+        **_config: Configuration passed to the handler.
+    """
+    return CxxHandler(theme=theme, custom_templates=custom_templates)
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/templates/README b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/templates/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7da18db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/python/mkdocstrings_handlers/cxx/templates/README
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mkdocsstrings requires a handler to have a templates directory.
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/release.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/release.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26de7f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/release.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""Make a release.
+
+Usage:
+  release.py [<branch>]
+
+For the release command $FMT_TOKEN should contain a GitHub personal access token
+obtained from https://github.com/settings/tokens.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import datetime, docopt, errno, fileinput, json, os
+import re, shutil, sys
+from subprocess import check_call
+import urllib.request
+
+
+class Git:
+    def __init__(self, dir):
+        self.dir = dir
+
+    def call(self, method, args, **kwargs):
+        return check_call(['git', method] + list(args), **kwargs)
+
+    def add(self, *args):
+        return self.call('add', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def checkout(self, *args):
+        return self.call('checkout', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def clean(self, *args):
+        return self.call('clean', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def clone(self, *args):
+        return self.call('clone', list(args) + [self.dir])
+
+    def commit(self, *args):
+        return self.call('commit', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def pull(self, *args):
+        return self.call('pull', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def push(self, *args):
+        return self.call('push', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def reset(self, *args):
+        return self.call('reset', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def update(self, *args):
+        clone = not os.path.exists(self.dir)
+        if clone:
+            self.clone(*args)
+        return clone
+
+
+def clean_checkout(repo, branch):
+    repo.clean('-f', '-d')
+    repo.reset('--hard')
+    repo.checkout(branch)
+
+
+class Runner:
+    def __init__(self, cwd):
+        self.cwd = cwd
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['cwd'] = kwargs.get('cwd', self.cwd)
+        check_call(args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def create_build_env():
+    """Create a build environment."""
+    class Env:
+        pass
+    env = Env()
+    env.fmt_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+    env.build_dir = 'build'
+    env.fmt_repo = Git(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'fmt'))
+    return env
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__)
+    env = create_build_env()
+    fmt_repo = env.fmt_repo
+
+    branch = args.get('<branch>')
+    if branch is None:
+        branch = 'master'
+    if not fmt_repo.update('-b', branch, 'git@github.com:fmtlib/fmt'):
+        clean_checkout(fmt_repo, branch)
+
+    # Update the date in the changelog and extract the version and the first
+    # section content.
+    changelog = 'ChangeLog.md'
+    changelog_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, changelog)
+    is_first_section = True
+    first_section = []
+    for i, line in enumerate(fileinput.input(changelog_path, inplace=True)):
+        if i == 0:
+            version = re.match(r'# (.*) - TBD', line).group(1)
+            line = '# {} - {}\n'.format(
+                version, datetime.date.today().isoformat())
+        elif not is_first_section:
+            pass
+        elif line.startswith('#'):
+            is_first_section = False
+        else:
+            first_section.append(line)
+        sys.stdout.write(line)
+    if first_section[0] == '\n':
+        first_section.pop(0)
+
+    ns_version = None
+    base_h_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, 'include', 'fmt', 'base.h')
+    for line in fileinput.input(base_h_path):
+        m = re.match(r'\s*inline namespace v(.*) .*', line)
+        if m:
+            ns_version = m.group(1)
+            break
+    major_version = version.split('.')[0]
+    if not ns_version or ns_version != major_version:
+        raise Exception(f'Version mismatch {ns_version} != {major_version}')
+
+    # Workaround GitHub-flavored Markdown treating newlines as <br>.
+    changes = ''
+    code_block = False
+    stripped = False
+    for line in first_section:
+        if re.match(r'^\s*```', line):
+            code_block = not code_block
+            changes += line
+            stripped = False
+            continue
+        if code_block:
+            changes += line
+            continue
+        if line == '\n' or re.match(r'^\s*\|.*', line):
+            if stripped:
+                changes += '\n'
+                stripped = False
+            changes += line
+            continue
+        if stripped:
+            line = ' ' + line.lstrip()
+        changes += line.rstrip()
+        stripped = True
+
+    fmt_repo.checkout('-B', 'release')
+    fmt_repo.add(changelog)
+    fmt_repo.commit('-m', 'Update version')
+
+    # Build the docs and package.
+    run = Runner(fmt_repo.dir)
+    run('cmake', '.')
+    run('make', 'doc', 'package_source')
+
+    # Create a release on GitHub.
+    fmt_repo.push('origin', 'release')
+    auth_headers = {'Authorization': 'token ' + os.getenv('FMT_TOKEN')}
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        'https://api.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases',
+        data=json.dumps({'tag_name': version,
+                         'target_commitish': 'release',
+                         'body': changes, 'draft': True}).encode('utf-8'),
+        headers=auth_headers, method='POST')
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
+        if response.status != 201:
+            raise Exception(f'Failed to create a release ' +
+                            '{response.status} {response.reason}')
+        response_data = json.loads(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
+        id = response_data['id']
+
+    # Upload the package.
+    uploads_url = 'https://uploads.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases'
+    package = 'fmt-{}.zip'.format(version)
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        f'{uploads_url}/{id}/assets?name={package}',
+        headers={'Content-Type': 'application/zip'} | auth_headers,
+        data=open('build/fmt/' + package, 'rb').read(), method='POST')
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
+        if response.status != 201:
+            raise Exception(f'Failed to upload an asset '
+                            '{response.status} {response.reason}')
+
+    short_version = '.'.join(version.split('.')[:-1])
+    check_call(['./mkdocs', 'deploy', short_version])
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rst2md.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rst2md.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cf170fe..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rst2md.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# reStructuredText (RST) to GitHub-flavored Markdown converter
-
-import re, sys
-from docutils import core, nodes, writers
-
-
-def is_github_ref(node):
-    return re.match('https://github.com/.*/(issues|pull)/.*', node['refuri'])
-
-
-class Translator(nodes.NodeVisitor):
-    def __init__(self, document):
-        nodes.NodeVisitor.__init__(self, document)
-        self.output = ''
-        self.indent = 0
-        self.preserve_newlines = False
-
-    def write(self, text):
-        self.output += text.replace('\n', '\n' + ' ' * self.indent)
-
-    def visit_document(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_document(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_section(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_section(self, node):
-        # Skip all sections except the first one.
-        raise nodes.StopTraversal
-
-    def visit_title(self, node):
-        self.version = re.match(r'(\d+\.\d+\.\d+).*', node.children[0]).group(1)
-        raise nodes.SkipChildren
-
-    def visit_title_reference(self, node):
-        raise Exception(node)
-
-    def depart_title(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_Text(self, node):
-        if not self.preserve_newlines:
-            node = node.replace('\n', ' ')
-        self.write(node)
-
-    def depart_Text(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_bullet_list(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_bullet_list(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_list_item(self, node):
-        self.write('* ')
-        self.indent += 2
-
-    def depart_list_item(self, node):
-        self.indent -= 2
-        self.write('\n\n')
-
-    def visit_paragraph(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_paragraph(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_reference(self, node):
-        if not is_github_ref(node):
-            self.write('[')
-
-    def depart_reference(self, node):
-        if not is_github_ref(node):
-            self.write('](' + node['refuri'] + ')')
-
-    def visit_target(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_target(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_literal(self, node):
-        self.write('`')
-
-    def depart_literal(self, node):
-        self.write('`')
-
-    def visit_literal_block(self, node):
-        self.write('\n\n```')
-        if 'c++' in node['classes']:
-            self.write('c++')
-        self.write('\n')
-        self.preserve_newlines = True
-
-    def depart_literal_block(self, node):
-        self.write('\n```\n')
-        self.preserve_newlines = False
-
-    def visit_inline(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def depart_inline(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def visit_image(self, node):
-        self.write('![](' + node['uri'] + ')')
-
-    def depart_image(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def write_row(self, row, widths):
-        for i, entry in enumerate(row):
-            text = entry[0][0] if len(entry) > 0 else ''
-            if i != 0:
-                self.write('|')
-            self.write('{:{}}'.format(text, widths[i]))
-        self.write('\n')
-
-    def visit_table(self, node):
-        table = node.children[0]
-        colspecs = table[:-2]
-        thead = table[-2]
-        tbody = table[-1]
-        widths = [int(cs['colwidth']) for cs in colspecs]
-        sep = '|'.join(['-' * w for w in widths]) + '\n'
-        self.write('\n\n')
-        self.write_row(thead[0], widths)
-        self.write(sep)
-        for row in tbody:
-            self.write_row(row, widths)
-        raise nodes.SkipChildren
-
-    def depart_table(self, node):
-        pass
-
-class MDWriter(writers.Writer):
-    """GitHub-flavored markdown writer"""
-
-    supported = ('md',)
-    """Formats this writer supports."""
-
-    def translate(self):
-        translator = Translator(self.document)
-        self.document.walkabout(translator)
-        self.output = (translator.output, translator.version)
-
-
-def convert(rst_path):
-    """Converts RST file to Markdown."""
-    return core.publish_file(source_path=rst_path, writer=MDWriter())
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    convert(sys.argv[1])
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/conf.py b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/conf.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 124fb9d..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/conf.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Sphinx configuration for readthedocs.
-
-import os, sys
-
-master_doc = 'index'
-html_theme = 'theme'
-html_theme_path = ["."]
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/index.rst b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/index.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c88322..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/index.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-If you are not redirected automatically, follow the
-`link to the fmt documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`_.
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/layout.html b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/layout.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 29ebc55..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/layout.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "basic/layout.html" %}
-
-{% block extrahead %}
-<meta charset="UTF-8">
-<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1;url=https://fmt.dev/latest/">
-<script type="text/javascript">
-    window.location.href = "https://fmt.dev/latest/"
-</script>
-<title>Page Redirection</title>
-{% endblock %}
-
-{% block document %}
-If you are not redirected automatically, follow the <a href='https://fmt.dev/latest/'>link to the fmt documentation</a>.
-{% endblock %}
-
-{% block footer %}
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/theme.conf b/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/theme.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index 89e03bb..0000000
--- a/src/spice2x/external/fmt/support/rtd/theme/theme.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[theme]
-inherit = basic
diff --git a/src/spice2x/games/iidx/camera.cpp b/src/spice2x/games/iidx/camera.cpp
index 42a61cf..334b54b 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/games/iidx/camera.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/games/iidx/camera.cpp
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ namespace games::iidx {
                 // check parse error
                 auto error = doc.GetParseError();
                 if (error) {
-                    log_warning("iidx:camhook", "config parse error: {}", error);
+                    log_warning("iidx:camhook", "config parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
                     return false;
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/hooks/audio/util.cpp b/src/spice2x/hooks/audio/util.cpp
index 0c4256f..62a65cb 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/hooks/audio/util.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/hooks/audio/util.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ std::string share_mode_str(AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE share_mode) {
         ENUM_VARIANT(AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED);
         ENUM_VARIANT(AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE);
         default:
-            return fmt::format("ShareMode(0x{:08x})", share_mode);
+            return fmt::format("ShareMode(0x{:08x})", static_cast<uint32_t>(share_mode));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_backend.cpp b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_backend.cpp
index 4804151..ab49721 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_backend.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_backend.cpp
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ static std::string format2s(D3DFORMAT format) {
         ENUM_VARIANT(D3DFMT_A2B10G10R10_XR_BIAS);
         ENUM_VARIANT(D3DFMT_BINARYBUFFER);
         default:
-            return fmt::to_string(format);
+            return fmt::to_string(static_cast<uint32_t>(format));
     }
 }
 
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE WrappedIDirect3D9::CreateDevice(
 {
     log_misc("graphics::d3d9", "IDirect3D9::CreateDevice hook hit ({}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {})",
             Adapter,
-            DeviceType,
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(DeviceType),
             fmt::ptr(hFocusWindow),
             behavior2s(BehaviorFlags),
             fmt::ptr(pPresentationParameters),
@@ -771,9 +771,9 @@ HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE WrappedIDirect3D9::CreateDevice(
                 params->BackBufferHeight,
                 format2s(params->BackBufferFormat),
                 params->BackBufferCount,
-                params->MultiSampleType,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(params->MultiSampleType),
                 params->MultiSampleQuality,
-                params->SwapEffect,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(params->SwapEffect),
                 params->Windowed,
                 params->EnableAutoDepthStencil,
                 format2s(params->AutoDepthStencilFormat),
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE WrappedIDirect3D9::CreateDeviceEx(
 
     log_misc("graphics::d3d9", "IDirect3D9Ex::CreateDeviceEx hook hit ({}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {})",
              Adapter,
-             DeviceType,
+             static_cast<uint32_t>(DeviceType),
              fmt::ptr(hFocusWindow),
              behavior2s(BehaviorFlags),
              fmt::ptr(pPresentationParameters),
@@ -960,9 +960,9 @@ HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE WrappedIDirect3D9::CreateDeviceEx(
                 params->BackBufferHeight,
                 format2s(params->BackBufferFormat),
                 params->BackBufferCount,
-                params->MultiSampleType,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(params->MultiSampleType),
                 params->MultiSampleQuality,
-                params->SwapEffect,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(params->SwapEffect),
                 params->Windowed,
                 params->EnableAutoDepthStencil,
                 format2s(params->AutoDepthStencilFormat),
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE WrappedIDirect3D9::CreateDeviceEx(
                     fullscreen_display_mode->Height,
                     fullscreen_display_mode->RefreshRate,
                     format2s(fullscreen_display_mode->Format),
-                    fullscreen_display_mode->ScanLineOrdering);
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(fullscreen_display_mode->ScanLineOrdering));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_device.cpp b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_device.cpp
index 47ad120..27a2ebf 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_device.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/backends/d3d9/d3d9_device.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,14 @@ constexpr bool CUSTOM_RESET = false;
 
 constexpr D3DFORMAT D3DFMT_DF24 = static_cast<D3DFORMAT>(MAKEFOURCC('D', 'F', '2', '4'));
 
+auto format_as(D3DPOOL f) {
+    return fmt::underlying(f);
+}
+
+auto format_as(D3DFORMAT f) {
+    return fmt::underlying(f);
+}
+
 std::string usage2s(DWORD dwUsage) {
     FLAGS_START(dwUsage);
     FLAG(dwUsage, D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET);
diff --git a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/nvenc_hook.cpp b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/nvenc_hook.cpp
index e6135be..9e48fae 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/nvenc_hook.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/hooks/graphics/nvenc_hook.cpp
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ namespace nvenc_hook {
                 log_warning(
                     "nvenc_hook",
                     "nvEncInitializeEncoder: unexpected rateControlMode, expected: NV_ENC_PARAMS_RC_CONSTQP, actual: {}",
-                    rc->rateControlMode);
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(rc->rateControlMode));
             }
 
         } catch (const std::exception &ex) {}
diff --git a/src/spice2x/launcher/launcher.cpp b/src/spice2x/launcher/launcher.cpp
index 0b950ba..4f5b34e 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/launcher/launcher.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/launcher/launcher.cpp
@@ -2473,7 +2473,7 @@ void dump_button_bindings(std::vector<Button> *buttons) {
                 button->getName(),
                 button->getDeviceIdentifier(),
                 button->getVKey(),
-                button->getAnalogType()
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(button->getAnalogType())
                 );
         }
 
@@ -2486,7 +2486,7 @@ void dump_button_bindings(std::vector<Button> *buttons) {
                 button->getName(),
                 alt.isNaive() ? "Naive" : alt.getDeviceIdentifier(),
                 alt.getVKey(),
-                alt.getAnalogType()
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(alt.getAnalogType())
                 );
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/spice2x/launcher/options.cpp b/src/spice2x/launcher/options.cpp
index 29c33d6..38a4bb0 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/launcher/options.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/launcher/options.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ static const std::vector<std::string> CATEGORY_ORDER_NONE = {
     ""
 };
 
+static auto format_as(OptionType f) {
+    return fmt::underlying(f);
+}
+
 bool launcher::USE_CMD_OVERRIDE = false;
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/spice2x/misc/clipboard.cpp b/src/spice2x/misc/clipboard.cpp
index bd08573..0a4c2f5 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/misc/clipboard.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/misc/clipboard.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace clipboard {
         Gdiplus::GpBitmap *bitmap = nullptr;
         auto status = imports::GdipCreateBitmapFromFile(path.c_str(), &bitmap);
         if (status != Gdiplus::Ok) {
-            log_warning("clipboard", "failed to create GDI+ bitmap: {}", status);
+            log_warning("clipboard", "failed to create GDI+ bitmap: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(status));
 
             imports::GdiplusShutdown(token);
             CloseClipboard();
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ namespace clipboard {
                 log_warning("clipboard", "failed to save image to clipboard");
             }
         } else {
-            log_warning("clipboard", "failed to retrieve HBITMAP from image bitmap: {}", status);
+            log_warning("clipboard", "failed to retrieve HBITMAP from image bitmap: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(status));
         }
 
         // Clean up after ourselves. hmem can't be deleted because it is owned by the clipboard now.
diff --git a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/card_manager.cpp b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/card_manager.cpp
index dd22c03..6517870 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/card_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/card_manager.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 
 using namespace rapidjson;
 
-
 namespace overlay::windows {
 
     CardManager::CardManager(SpiceOverlay *overlay) : Window(overlay) {
@@ -451,7 +450,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
             // check parse error
             auto error = doc.GetParseError();
             if (error) {
-                log_warning("cardmanager", "config parse error: {}", error);
+                log_warning("cardmanager", "config parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
             }
 
             // verify root is a dict
@@ -542,7 +541,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
         // check parse error
         auto error = doc.GetParseError();
         if (error) {
-            log_warning("cardmanager", "template parse error: {}", error);
+            log_warning("cardmanager", "template parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
         }
 
         // add cards
diff --git a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/generic_sub.cpp b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/generic_sub.cpp
index b148cc0..9558860 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/generic_sub.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/generic_sub.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "generic_sub.h"
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
-
 #include "avs/game.h"
 #include "games/io.h"
 #include "cfg/screen_resize.h"
diff --git a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/patch_manager.cpp b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/patch_manager.cpp
index c8b9a8a..bf8b8cb 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/patch_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/overlay/windows/patch_manager.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 
 using namespace rapidjson;
 
-
 namespace overlay::windows {
 
 
@@ -943,7 +942,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
             // check parse error
             auto error = doc.GetParseError();
             if (error) {
-                log_warning("patchmanager", "config file parse error: {}", error);
+                log_warning("patchmanager", "config file parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
             }
 
             // verify root is a dict
@@ -1051,7 +1050,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
         // check parse error
         auto error = doc.GetParseError();
         if (error) {
-            log_warning("patchmanager", "template parse error: {}", error);
+            log_warning("patchmanager", "template parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
         }
 
         // auto apply setting
@@ -1183,7 +1182,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
         // check parse error
         auto error = doc.GetParseError();
         if (error) {
-            log_warning("patchmanager", "embedded patches json file parse error: {}", error);
+            log_warning("patchmanager", "embedded patches json file parse error: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(error));
         }
 
         // iterate patches
@@ -1515,7 +1514,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
                 }
                 case PatchType::Unknown:
                 default:
-                    log_warning("patchmanager", "unknown patch type: {}", patch_data.type);
+                    log_warning("patchmanager", "unknown patch type: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(patch_data.type));
                     break;
             }
 
@@ -1737,7 +1736,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
                 "patchmanager",
                 "patches file parse error at offset {}: {} ({})",
                 error_offset,
-                error,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(error),
                 rapidjson::GetParseError_En(error));
         }
 
@@ -2245,7 +2244,7 @@ namespace overlay::windows {
             }
             case PatchType::Unknown:
             default:
-                log_warning("patchmanager", "unknown patch type: {}", patch_data.type);
+                log_warning("patchmanager", "unknown patch type: {}", static_cast<uint32_t>(patch_data.type));
                 break;
             }
 
diff --git a/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxdedicab.cpp b/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxdedicab.cpp
index c60659a..a42653f 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxdedicab.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxdedicab.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "smx.h"
 #include "util/logging.h"
-#include <fmt/format.h>
 
 namespace {
     static const std::string DEVICE_NAMES[] = {
diff --git a/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxstage.cpp b/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxstage.cpp
index 9931a39..6f498ec 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxstage.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/rawinput/smxstage.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "smx.h"
 #include "util/logging.h"
-#include <fmt/format.h>
 
 namespace {
     static const std::string PANEL_NAMES[] = {
diff --git a/src/spice2x/util/fileutils.cpp b/src/spice2x/util/fileutils.cpp
index f92b89e..5570d91 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/util/fileutils.cpp
+++ b/src/spice2x/util/fileutils.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "fileutils.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <fstream>
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
diff --git a/src/spice2x/util/logging.h b/src/spice2x/util/logging.h
index 4a059bd..1bb6cde 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/util/logging.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/util/logging.h
@@ -42,13 +42,12 @@ struct fmt_log {
 
 template<>
 struct fmt::formatter<fmt_log> {
-    template<typename ParseContext>
-    constexpr auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) {
+    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context &ctx) {
         return ctx.begin();
     }
 
     template<typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const fmt_log &v, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const fmt_log &v, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         return format_to(ctx.out(), FMT_COMPILE("{} {}:{}: "), log_get_datetime(v.ts), v.level, v.module);
     }
 };
@@ -60,13 +59,12 @@ struct fmt_hresult {
 
 template<>
 struct fmt::formatter<fmt_hresult> {
-    template<typename ParseContext>
-    constexpr auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) {
+    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context &ctx) {
         return ctx.begin();
     }
 
     template<typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const fmt_hresult &v, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const fmt_hresult &v, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         return format_to(ctx.out(), FMT_COMPILE("0x{:08x}"), static_cast<unsigned>(v.result));
     }
 };
diff --git a/src/spice2x/util/utils.h b/src/spice2x/util/utils.h
index d656236..747f171 100644
--- a/src/spice2x/util/utils.h
+++ b/src/spice2x/util/utils.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <locale>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>